Antibodies, combinations comprising antibodies, biomarkers, uses &amp; methods

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to combinations comprising anti-human OX40L antibodies, new biomarkers of autoimmune or alloimmune deseases, and their use in various therapeutic methods.

The present invention relates to combinations comprising anti-human OX40 or anti-human OX40L antibodies, new medical uses and methods.

BACKGROUND

OX40 ligand (OX40L) is a TNF family member; a 34 kDa type II transmembrane protein. The crystallized complex of human OX40 and OX40L is a trimeric configuration of one OX40L (trimer) and three OX40 monomers. The human extracellular domain is 42% homologous to mouse OX40L.

OX40L is not constitutively expressed but can be induced on professional APCs such as B-cells, dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages. Other cell types such as Langerhans cells, endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, mast cells and natural killer (NK) cells can be induced to express OX40L T-cells can also express OX40L. The OX40L receptor, OX40, is expressed on activated T-cells (CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T-cells, Th2, Th1 and Th17 cells) and CD4⁺Foxp3⁺ cells, even in the absence of activation.

The interaction between OX40 and OX40L occurs during the T-cell-DC interaction 2 or 3 days after antigen recognition. After leaving DCs, the OX40-expressing T-cell may interact with an OX40L-expressing cell other than a DC and receive an OX40 signal from this cell, which may provide essential signals for the generation of memory T-cells, the enhancement of Th2 response and the prolongation of the inflammatory responses. OX40 signals into responder T-cells render them resistant to Treg mediated suppression.

Graft versus host disease is a major cause of mortality following allogeneic bone marrow treatment. In the acute version of the disease, mature T-cells present in the bone marrow graft recognise the donor tissue as foreign in an environment of damaged tissue, which, via host APC's cause the activation and proliferation of the donor T-cells, with subsequent T-cell migration into the liver, spleen, gut, skin and lungs, causing tissue damage by the CTL effector response and inflammatory cytokine/chemokne release. Onset for acute disease is usually within the first 100 days post transplantation (Hill-Ferrara, Blood May 1, 2000 vol. 95 no. 9 2754-275, Reddy-Ferrara Blood, Volume 17, Issue 4, December 2003).

Chronic GvHD usually appears 100 days post transplantation and several factors are thought to be involved, including thymic damage caused by prior acute GvHD which results in a reduced clearance of pathogenic T-cells (Zhang et a, Sep. 1, 2007 vol. 179 no. 5 3305-3314), up-regulation of TGF-β, which causes fibrosis (McCormick et al J Immuno, Nov. 15, 1999 vol. 163 no. 10 5693-5699), and a B-cell component driven by elevated B-Cell activating factor (BAFF) (Sarantopoulos eta, Cin Cancer Res Oct. 15, 2007 13; 6107) as well as auto-antibodies against platelet derived growth factor receptor (Svegllati et al, Blood Jul. 1, 2007 vol. 110 no. 1 237-241).

Clinical studies have shown that OX40 is up-regulated in both acute (Morante et al, Clinical and Experimental Immunology, 145:36-43) and chronic (Kotani et al, Blood Nov. 15, 2001 vol. 98 no. 10 3162-3164) GvHD. Administration of an antagonistic anti-OX40L enhanced survival in a lethal acute mouse model of GvHD, with a 70% survival in the treated group compared to the untreated who all died by day 43 (Tsukada et al, Blood, 1 Apr. 2000, Volume 95, Number 7) whereas treatment with an agonistic anti-OX40 Ab accelerated the disease and mortality (Blazar et al Blood May 1, 2003 vol. 101 no. 9 3741-3748). Blockade of the OX40-OX40L interaction has been shown to be efficacious in several other inflammatory diseases, with anti-OX40L Ab being used to treat a mouse model of colitis (Totsuka et al., AP-GI Apr. 1, 2003 vol. 284 no. 4 G595-G603), and that an anti-OX40L Ab could block the development of diabetes in NOD mice (Pakala et al European Journal of Immunology Volume 34, Issue 11, pages 3039-3046, November 2004).

REFERENCES

-   Lamb, L. S., Abhyankar, S. A., Hazlett, L., O'Neal, W., Folk, R. S.,     Vogt, S., Parrish, R. S., Bridges, K., Henslee-Downey, P. J. and     Gee, A. P. (1999), Expression of CD134 (OX-40) on T-cells during the     first 100 days following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation as a     marker for lymphocyte activation and therapy-resistant     graft-versus-host disease. Cytonetry, 38: 238-243. -   Xupeng Ge, Julia Brown, Megan Sykes, Vassiliki A. Boussiotis,     CD134-Alodepletion Allows Selective Elimination of Alloreactive     Human T-cells without Loss of Virus-Specific and Leukemia-Specific     Effectors, Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Volume 14,     Issue 5, May 2008, Pages 518-530. -   Naoto Ishii, Takeshi Takahashi, Pejman Soroosh, Kazuo Sugamura,     Chapter 3—OX40-OX40 Ligand Interaction in T-Cell-Medlated Immunity     and Immunopathology, In: Frederick W. Alt, Editor(s), Advances in     Immunology, Academic Press, 2010, Volume 105, Pages 63-98. -   Croft, M., So, T., Duan, W. and Soroosh, P. (2009), The significance     of OX40 and OX40L to T-cell biology and immune disease.     Immunological Reviews, 229: 173-191.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention provides anti-human OX40L (hOX40L) antibodies and fragments and novel medical applications for treating or preventing hOX40L-mediated diseases or conditions in humans. To this end, the invention provides:—

In a First Configuration

An antibody or a fragment thereof that specifically binds to hOX40L for treating or preventing a hOX40L-mediated disease or condition in a human in a method wherein the antibody or fragment is administered to said human, wherein the antibody or fragment is for treating or preventing said hOX40L-mediated disease or condition by decreasing one, more or all of

-   -   a. secretion of a cytokine selected from TNF alpha, IL-2, IL-3,         IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-13, IL-17, RANTES and         interferon gamma in the human;     -   b. the proliferation of leukocytes of the human; and     -   c. binding of hOX40 receptor expressed by human T-cells with         endothelial cell expressed hOX40L.

In a Second Configuration

An antibody or a fragment thereof, that specifically binds to hOX40L and competes for binding to said hOX40L with an antibody selected from the group consisting of 02D10, 10A07, 09H04 and 19H01.

In a Third Confiauration

Use of an antibody or a fragment thereof, that specifically binds to hOX40L in the manufacture of a medicament for administration to a human, for treating or preventing a hOX40L-mediated disease or condition in the human by decreasing one, more or all of

-   -   a. secretion of a cytokine selected from TNF alpha, IL-2, IL-3,         IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-13, IL-17, RANTES and         interferon gamma in the human;     -   b. the proliferation of leukocytes of the human; and     -   c. binding of hOX40 receptor expressed by human T-cells with         endothelial cell expressed hOX40L.

In a Fourth Confiauration

A method of treating or preventing a hOX40L-mediated disease or condition in a human by decreasing one, more or all of

-   -   a. secretion of a cytokine selected from TNF alpha, IL-2, IL-3,         IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-13, IL-17, RANTES and         interferon gamma in the human;     -   b. the proliferation of leukocytes of the human; and     -   c. binding of hOX40 receptor expressed by human T-cells with         endothellal cell expressed hOX40L;         -   wherein the method comprises administering to said human a             therapeutically effective amount of an antibody or fragment             that specifically binds to hOX40L.

In a Fifth Configuration

An antibody or a fragment thereof, that specifically binds to hOX40L and competes for binding to said hOX40L with the antibody 02D10, wherein the antibody or fragment comprises a VH domain which comprises a HCDR3 comprising the motif VRGXYYY, wherein X is any amino acid.

In a Sixth Configuration

An antibody or a fragment thereof, that specifically binds to hOX40L and competes for binding to said hOX40L with the antibody 02D10, wherein the antibody or fragment comprises a VH domain which comprises the HCDR3 sequence of SEQ ID NO:40 or 46 or the HCDR3 sequence of SEQ ID NO:40 or 46 comprising less than 5 amino acid substitutions.

In a Seventh Configuration

A human antibody or fragment thereof comprising a HCDR3 of from 16 to 27 amino acids and derived from the recombination of a human VH gene segment, a human D gene segment and a human JH gene segment, wherein the human JH gene segment is IGHJ6, which specifically binds to hOX40L for treating or preventing an autoimmune disease selected from an autoimmune disease or condition, a systemic inflammatory disease or condition, or transplant rejection.

In an Eighth Configuration

Use of a human antibody or fragment thereof comprising a HCDR3 of from 16 to 27 amino acids and derived from the recombination of a human VH gene segment, a human D gene segment and a human JH gene segment, wherein the human JH gene segment is IGHJ6, which specifically binds to hOX40L in the manufacture of a medicament for administration to a human for treating or preventing a hOX40L mediated disease or condition in the human selected from an autoimmune disease or condition, a systemic inflammatory disease or condition, or transplant rejection.

In a Ninth Configuration

A method of treating or preventing a hOX40L mediated disease or condition selected from an autoimmune disease or condition, a systemic inflammatory disease or condition, or transplant rejection, comprising administering to said human a therapeutically effective amount of a human antibody or fragment thereof comprising a HCDR3 of from 16 to 27 amino acids and derived from the recombination of a human VH gene segment, a human D gene segment and a human JH gene segment, wherein the human JH gene segment is IGHJ6, which specifically binds to hOX40L, wherein the hOX40L mediated disease or condition is thereby treated or prevented.

The invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions, kits, nucleic acids, vectors and hosts.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1: Profiling of fully human recombinant anti-OX40L antibodies in HTRF Ligand/Receptor Neutralisation assay. Data shown is representative of three repeat experiments.

FIG. 2: Determining effect of anti-OX40L antibodies in allogeneic PBMC/T Mixed Lymphocyte Reaction. Data shown is from three independent donor pairings where it is assumed each donor is a different individual.

FIG. 3: Expansion of Tscm cells following allogeneic HCT. Plots are gated on CD4⁺CD45RA⁺CCR7⁺ T-cells.

FIG. 4: OX40L blockade controls expansion of CD4⁺ Tscm cells while preserving CD4⁺ T naïve cells following allogeneic HCT. Absolute numbers of peripheral blood CD4⁺ Tscm (left) and T naïve (right) following allogeneic HCT in control animal and 2D10 IgG4-PE treated animals.

FIG. 5: OX40 expression on naïve CD4⁺ T and memory stem T-cells in a representative animal following allogeneic HCT. Left and middle FACS plots were gated on CD3⁺CD4⁺CD45RA⁺CCR7⁺. The histogram on the right shows OX40 expression in different T-cell subsets of CD4+ T-cells: Naïve (CD45RA⁺CCR7⁺CD95⁻), memory stem (SCM: CD45RA⁺CCR7⁺CD95), central memory (CM: CD45RA⁻CCR7⁺), effector memory (EM: CD45RA⁻CCR7⁻) and terminally differentiated effector-memory cells re-expressing CD45RA (TEMRA: CD45RA⁺CCR7⁻).

FIG. 6A: Effects of OX40L blockade on SCM CD4⁺ T-cells. Datapoints for 02D10 Ig4PE are shown by circles (●), rapamycin by filled squares (▪) and tacrolimus plus methotrexate (Tac/MTX) by open squares (□).

FIG. 6B: Effects of OX40L blockade on SCM CD8⁺ T-cells. Datapoints for 02D10 Ig4PE are shown by circles (●), rapamycin by filled squares (▪) and Tac/MTX by unfilled squares (□).

FIG. 7A: Kaplan-Meier survival curve for rhesus monkey recipients of hematopoietic stem cell transplants derived from the peripheral blood of haploidentical half-sibling donors. Results are shown for animals that did not receive post-transplant prophylactic therapy (No-treatment control; median survival time, MST=8 days; n=4), and those receiving rapamycin monotherapy (MST=17 days; n=4), 2D10 monotherapy (MST=19 days; n=4), or rapamycin plus 2D10 (MST>82 days; n=3). Note that animals 2 and 3 indicated on the figure were on-study at the time of drafting; neither showed signs of GVHD at Day 82 or Day 41 post-transplant, respectively. Asterix * for the no treatment control and rapamycin monotherapy groups is data taken from Furlan et al., 2015, Science Translational Medicine, vol 7 (315), 315ra191.

FIGS. 7B & 7C: The combined clinical score (FIG. 7B), as detailed in Example 11, and survival (FIG. 7C) of recipients after allo-HCT in the unprophylaxed cohort (n=11, No Rx; ▪) and in cohorts prophylaxed with KY1005 (n=4, ▾), Sirolimus (n=6, Siro; ▴) and KY1005/Sirolimus (n=5, KY1005/Siro; ●). Differences between clinical scores were analysed using the Holm-Sidak multiple comparisons t-test, *p<0.05 (FIG. 7B). Bars indicate significantly different groups with p<0.05 using the long-rank method, **p>0.01 (FIG. 7C).

FIG. 7D: The combined GVHD pathology score (summarising liver, colon and skin) of untreated recipients following autologous (Auto; n=5) or unprophylaxed allogeneic HCT (No Rx; n=8), or animals prophylaxed with KY1005 (n=4), Sirolimus (Siro; n=5) or KY105/Sirolimus (KY1005/Siro; n=5). Histopathologic scorings were performed at the time of terminal analysis in a blinded manner. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA with Fisher's LSD post-test for comparison between individual groups.

FIGS. 7E & 7F: Representative flow cytometry plots showing CellTrace Dilution profiles of CD3⁺ (either CD4⁺ or CD8⁺) CD14/CD20⁻ T-cells from donors (Figure E) and recipients at terminal analysis (Figure F) stimulated by donor PBMC (left), recipient PBMC (center) or third-party healthy control PBMC (right) after ex-vivo culture for 7 days. Inset numbers in FIGS. 7E & 7F indicate the percentage of cells undergoing ≥1 divisions.

FIG. 7G: The calculated Proliferation Indexes from recipient MLR cultures (Grey symbols) were normalised to the values of the Proliferation Indexes of the corresponding donor samples (Black symbols), and then plotted in pair-wise fashion. The paired t-test was used for statistical analysis. *p<0.05, NS—not significant.

FIGS. 8A-8D: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated at different time points by Ficoll-Paque gradient and then were stained for cell surface markers (CD3, CD4, CD8) followed by fixation/permeabilisation (using BD Cytofix/Cytoperm kit) and intracellular staining for Ki-67. Plots show Ki-67 expression in NHP peripheral blood CD4⁺ (FIG. 8A) and CD8⁺ (FIG. 8B) T-cells before (pre-HCT) and following allo-HCT in recipients being untreated (No Rx) or treated with OX40L antibody. Plots show Ki-67 expression in NHP peripheral blood bulk CD4⁺ (FIG. 8C) and CD8⁺ (FIG. 8D) T-cells before (pre-HCT) and following allo-HCT in recipients treated with rapamycin and with a combination of rapamycin and anti-OX40L antibody. Statistical analysis was performed using Holm-Sidak multiple-comparison post-test. *p<0.05.

FIG. 8E: Impact of KY1005 on T-cell expansion and cytokine secretion after HCT. Experimental schema detailing the HCT protocol and KY1005-based GVHD immunoprophylaxis regimen used in this study.

FIGS. 8F & 8G: Ki67 expression in peripheral blood CD4⁺ (FIG. 8F) and CD8⁺ (FIG. 8G) T-cells before and after allogeneic HCT in recipients without GVHD immunoprophylaxis (n=7, No Rx; ▪) or prophylaxed with KY1005 (n=4, ●). Statistical analysis was performed using Holm-Sidak multiple-comparison t-test, *p<0.05.

FIGS. 8H & 8I: OX40 expression on peripheral blood CD4⁺ T-cells was quantified before and following allogeneic HCT in experiments shown in (FIGS. 8F and 8G), and the percentages of OX40⁺CD4⁺ T-cells (FIG. 8H) and the absolute numbers of OX40⁺ and OX40-CD4⁺ T-cells (FIG. 8I) were quantified on day 7 after allo-HCT in untreated (n=7, No Rx; ▪) and prophylaxed with KY1005 (n=4, KY1005; ●) cohorts. Statistical analysis was performed using Holm-Sidak multiple-comparison t-test (on FIG. 8H) or Student's t-test (on FIG. 8I), *p<0.05.

FIGS. 8J-8M: The relative numbers of CD28⁺CD95⁻ Naïve (T_(N)), CD28⁺CD95⁺ central memory (T_(CM)) CD4⁺ (FIGS. 8J and 8K) and CD8⁺ (FIGS. 8L and 8M) T-cells in peripheral blood before and at different time points following allo-HCT in recipients without immunoprophylaxis (n=7, No Rx; ▪) or prophylaxed with KY1005 (n=4, ●). Statistical analysis was performed using Holm-Sidak multiple-comparison t-test, *p<0.05, NS—not significant.

FIG. 8N: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from allo-HCT recipients without immunoprophylaxis (n=7, No Rx; ▪) or prophylaxed with KY1005 (n=4, ●) were activated with PMA/Ionomycin and cultured 4 hours as detailed in Example 11, then were stained for CD3, CD4, CD8, CD14, CD20, OX40, IFNγ, TNFα, IL-2 and IL-17A (FIG. 8N). Numbers of T-cells producing the indicated cytokines were quantified in OX40⁺CD4⁺ T-cells subset. Statistical analysis was performed using Student's t-test, *p<0.05.

FIG. 8O: Spleen cells were isolated from healthy, immunologically-naïve Rhesus macaques (n=5, Healthy Ctrl, ▴) or from allo-HCT recipients either without immunoprophylaxis (n=7, No Rx; ▪) or prophylaxed with KY1005 (n=4, ●) at the time of terminal analysis (FIG. 8O). The percentage of OX40⁺ cells was quantified in Treg (CD25⁺CD127⁻FoxP3⁺) and Tconv (CD25⁻CD12⁷) CD4⁺ T-cell subsets and shown as the percentage of corresponding parent population (either Treg or Tconv, respectively). Statistical analysis was performed using Student's t-test. *p<0.05; **p<0.01, NS—not significant.

FIG. 8O-1: Spleen cells were isolated from healthy, immunologically-naïve Rhesus macaques (n=5, Healthy Ctrl, ●) or from allo-HCT recipients either without immunoprophylaxis (n=7, No Rx;

) or prophylaxed with KY1005 (n=4,

) at the time of terminal analysis. The percentage of OX40⁺ cells was quantified in Treg (CD25⁺CD127-FoxP3⁺) and Tconv (CD25⁻CD127⁺) CD4⁺ T-cell subsets each as a % of total CD4⁺ T-cells. Percentage of total CD4⁺ T-cells statistical analysis was performed using Student's t-test. **p<0.01.

FIG. 8O-2: PBMC were isolated from healthy, immunologically-naïve Rhesus macaques (Healthy Ctrl, ▴) or from allo-HCT recipients either without immunoprophylaxis (No Rx; ▪) or prophylaxed with KY1005 (●) at the time of terminal analysis. The percentage of OX40⁺ cells was quantified in Treg (CD25⁺CD127⁻FoxP3⁺) and Tconv (CD25⁻CD127⁺) CD4 T-cell subsets and shown as the percentage of corresponding parent population (either Treg or Tconv, respectively). Statistical analysis was performed using Student's t-test. *p<0.05; **p<0.01, NS—not significant.

FIG. 8P: Experimental schema detailing the HCT protocol, sirolimus and KY1005/Sirolimus-based GVHD immunoprophylaxis regimens used in this study (FIG. 8P).

FIGS. 8Q & 8R: Ki67 expression in NHP peripheral blood CD4⁺ (FIG. 8Q) and CD8⁺ (FIG. 8R) T-cells after allo-HCT in recipients prophylaxed with Sirolimus (n=10, Siro; ▪) and KY1005/Sirolimus (n=5, KY1005/Siro; ●). Statistical analysis was performed using the Holm-Sidak multiple-comparison t-test, *p<0.05.

FIG. 8S: The relative (FIG. 8S left panels) and absolute (FIG. 8S right panels) numbers of CD28⁺CD95⁻ Naïve (T_(N)) CD4⁺ (top) and CD8⁺ (bottom) T-cells in the peripheral blood measured longitudinally after allo-HCT in recipients prophylaxed with Sirolimus (n=10, Siro; ▪) or KY1005/Sirolimus (n=5, KY1005/Siro; ●). Statistical analysis was performed using the Holm-Sidak multiple-comparison t-test, *p<0.05.

FIGS. 8T & 8U: The relative numbers of CD28⁺CD95⁺ central memory (T_(CM)) CD4⁺ (FIG. 8T) and CD8⁺ (FIG. 8U) T-cells in the peripheral blood of allo-HCT recipients prophylaxed with Sirolimus (Siro; ▪) or KY1005/Sirolimus (KY1005/Siro; ●).

FIGS. 8V & 8W: Representative GSEA plots (FIGS. 8V and 8W) performed as previously described (Subramanian A, et al., Gene set enrichment analysis: a knowledge-based approach for interpreting genome-wide expression profiles, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 102, 15545-15550 (2005)) showing naïve T-cell-related gene sets over-represented in KY1005/Sirolimus (n=4) versus sirolimus (n=4) and KY1005/Sirolimus versus KY1005 (n=3, *FDR q<0.05, **FDR q<0.01, ***FDR q<0.001.GSE11057 naïve vs memory CD4⁺ T-cell UP (FIG. 8V) and GSE9650 Naïve vs EFF CD8⁺ T-cell UP (FIG. 8W). All depicted gene sets are enriched in KY1005/Sirolimus cohort with FDR<0.05.

FIG. 9: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated prior (pre-HCT) and during terminal analysis following allogeneic HCT without immunoprophylaxis (No Rx), or treatment with rapamycin, or treatment with anti-OX40L antibody, or treatment with a combination of anti-OX40L antibody and rapamycin by Ficoll-Paque gradient and then were stained for cell surface markers (CD3, CD4, CD25 and CD127) followed by fixation/permeabilisation (using BioLegend FoxP3 kit) and intracellular staining for FoxP3. The plot shows absolute numbers of CD25⁺CD127⁻FoxP⁺ Treg cells in the peripheral blood tracked longitudinally by flow cytometry in No Rx (n=7), Ky1005 (n=4), Sirolimus (n=9) and Ky1005/sirolimus (n=5) cohorts. Data were normalised to the pre-HCT level for each experiment, in the peripheral blood before and at different time points after HCT. Animals were kept on the indicated immunoprophylaxis regimens. Time-points with n<3 were censored. Multiple t-test with Holm-Sidak correction was performed between the groups.

FIG. 10: Whole blood cells were stained for CD3, CD4, CD8, CD14, CD20, CD45RA and CCR7 and then analysed by FACS. T-cells were defined as CD3⁺CD14⁻CD20⁻ lymphocytes and divided into CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T-cell subsets. Memory T-cells (Tmem) were defined as CD45RA⁻ and effector Tcells (Teff) as CD45RA⁺CCR7⁻ Tcells in both CD4 and CD8 gates. Combined populations of memory+effector CD4⁺ (FIG. 10A) and CD8⁺ (FIG. 10B) T-cells were longitudinally tracked before and at different time point following allo-HCT in recipients kept without immunoprophylaxis (No Rx) or treated with anti-OX40L antibody, treated with rapamycin, or with a combination of rapamycin and anti-OX40L antibody.

FIG. 11A: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated prior (pre-HCT) and at different time points following allogeneic HCT from recipients without immunoprophylaxis (No Rx), and from anti-OX40L mAb-treated and anti-OX40L mAb in combination with rapamycin-treated cohorts by Ficoll-Paque gradient and then were stained for cell surface markers (CD3, CD4, CD8, CD25, CD127) followed by fixation/permeabilisation (using BioLegend FoxP3 kit) and intracellular staining for FoxP3. Treg cells were defined as CD3⁺CD4⁺CD25⁺CD127⁻FoxP3⁺ cells and conventional T-cells (Tconv) were defined as total CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T-cells excluding Treg cell population. Plot shows the Treg: 100 Tconv cells ratio in the peripheral blood before and at different time points after HCT. Animals are grouped by the immunoprophylaxis regimens. Time-points with n<2 were censored. Multiple t-test with Holm-Sidak correction was performed between the groups.

FIG. 11B: The ratio of CD25⁺CD127⁻FoxP3⁺ Tregs to 100 Tconv cells in the peripheral blood is shown before HCT (Pre) and at terminal analysis (Nx) (FIG. 11B). Each line represents a single transplant recipient. Individual graphs indicate the different GVHD prophylaxis regimens: No immunoprophylaxis (n=7, No Rx; □ & ▪), KY1005 (n=4, Δ & ▴), Sirolimus (n=4, Siro; ◯& ●) and KY1005/Sirolimus (n=5, KY1005/Siro; ∇& ▾). Paired t-test was used for statistical analysis. *p<0.05, **p<0.01, NS—not significant.

FIG. 11C: The ratio of CD25⁺CD127⁻FoxP3⁺ Treg to 100 Tconv cells in the peripheral blood tracked longitudinally in the KY1005/Sirolimus cohort.

FIG. 11D: Representative GSEA plots performed as previously described (Subramanian et al., 2005 infra) showing Treg-related gene sets over-represented with FDR q<0.05 in KY1005/Sirolimus (n=4) versus sirolimus (n=4) or versus KY1005 (n=3) cohorts. *FDR q<0.05, ***FDR q<0.001.

FIG. 12A: OX40 and OX40L are upregulated during GVHD in NHP. Representative flow cytometry plots showing OX40 expression on peripheral blood CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T-cells obtained from healthy, immunologically naïve Rhesus macaques (Healthy Ctrl) or from allo-HCT recipients transplanted without immunoprophylaxis, performed at terminal analysis (No Rx) and stained for OX40, CD3, CD4 and CD8.

FIG. 12B: The percentages of OX40⁺ T-cells in CD28 CD95⁻ (Naïve), CD28⁺CD95⁺ (CM) and CD28-CD95⁺ (EM) CD4⁺ T-cells were quantified in healthy immunologically naïve animals (Healthy Ctrl, n=6; ●) and at terminal analysis in recipients transplanted without GVHD immunoprophylaxis (No Rx, n=3; ◯) from a single experiment from a single experiment shown in FIG. 12A. Data represent one of 2 similar experiments. Statistical analysis was performed using the Student's t-test ****p<0.001.

FIG. 12C: Peripheral blood from the healthy immunologically naïve animals (n=5, Healthy Ctrl; * & ◯) and after allo-HCT recipients transplanted without GVHD immunoprophylaxis, performed at terminal analysis (n=4, No Rx; ▾& ∇) were activated with PMA/Ionomycin and cultured 4 hours as detailed in Example 11, then were stained for CD3, CD4, CD8, CD14, CD20, OX40, IFNγ, TNFα, IL-2 and IL-17A. Numbers of T-cells co-producing ≥2 cytokines simultaneously were quantified in OX40⁻ and OX40⁺CD4⁺ T-cells subsets. Statistical analysis was performed using a paired t-test (between OX40- and OX40⁺CD4⁺ T-cells belonging to the same animal) or an unpaired Student's t-test (between different experimental groups). *p<0.05, **p<0.01, NS—not significant.

FIG. 12D: Relative expression (Log₂ normalised fluorescent intensity signal) of the TNFRSF4 gene transcript (encoding OX40) in CD3⁺CD20⁻ T-cells, flow cytometrically sorted from the peripheral blood of healthy immunologically naïve animals (Healthy Ctrl; ●), following autologous HCT at day 100 post-transplant (n=4, Auto; ▪), following allogeneic HCT at the time of terminal analysis in experimental groups without GVHD immunoprophylaxis (n=4, No Rx; ◯), prophylaxed with Tacrolimus/Methotrexate (n=3, Tac/MTX; ▴), or with Sirolimus (n=4, Siro; ▾). The transcripts levels were measured using the GeneChip Rhesus Macaque Genome Array (Affimetrix) as detailed in Example 11. Horizontal significance bars denote comparisons with a moderated t-statistic <0.05 corrected for multiple hypotheses testing using the Benjamini-Hochberg procedure.

FIGS. 12E & 12F: Representative flow cytometry plots showing anti-OX40L staining on CD11^(c) myeloid dendritic cell (mDC) and CD123⁺ plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC), both gated on HLA-DR+CD3-CD56-CD20⁻ cells (FIG. 12E) and the relative number of OX40L⁺ mDC and pDC (FIG. 12F). Flow cytometry was performed on lymph node cells from HC (n=5) and from No Rx animals (n=4), using both an OX40L antibody and an isotype control (Table 9). Staining is shown for mDC (top panel of FIG. 12E) and pDC (bottom panel of FIG. 12E) and is representative of 2 independent experiments. Statistical analysis was performed using Student's t-test, *p<0.05.

FIG. 12G: Relative expression (Log₂ normalised fluorescent intensity signal) of the TNFRSF4 gene transcript (encoding OX40) in human T-cells (defined as CD4⁺ or CD8⁺ and CD11c/CD14/CD16/CD20/CD56⁻lymphocytes), flow cytometrically sorted from the peripheral blood of HCT recipients with (n=7, ∇) or without (n=7, ▴) GVHD on day 28 post-transplant. Gene expression was measured using the Human Transcriptome 2.0 Array (Affymetrix) as detailed in Example 11. Statistical analysis was performed using Student's t-test, *p<0.05.

FIG. 12H: The percentage of human CD3⁺ T-cells, isolated from healthy controls and labeled with CellTrace Violet dye, which underwent proliferation in an allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reaction in the absence (n=9, No drug; ▴) or the presence (n=9,

) of 150 μg/mL KY1005. ***p<0.001 using a paired t-test.

FIG. 13A: Donor chimerism, determined using microsatellite analysis, in flow-cytometrically-sorted CD3⁺CD20⁻ T-cells following allo-HCT. Chimerism for the No Rx (n=7), KY1005 (n=4) and sirolimus (n=5) cohorts are shown at terminal analysis. Chimerism for the KY1005/Sirolimus cohort is shown at Day 28, 60 and 100 after transplant.

FIG. 13B: Absolute blood cell counts: total white blood cell counts (WBC; FIG. 13B) each line represents an individual recipient.

FIGS. 13C-13F-1: Absolute blood cell counts: absolute neutrophil counts (ANC; FIG. 13C & FIG. 13C-1), absolute lymphocyte counts (ALC; FIGS. 13D & 13D-1), absolute platelet counts (PLT; FIGS. 13E & 13E-1), absolute CD3⁺CD14⁻CD20⁻ T-cell counts (T-cells; FIG. 13F & FIG. 13F-1). FIGS. 13C, 13D, 13E and 13F show allo-HCT recipients from the KY1005/Sirolimus cohort; each line represents an individual recipient. FIGS. 13C-1, 13D-1 and 13E-1 data show allo-HCT recipients from the KY1005/Sirolimus cohort (n=5, light grey) and autologous HCT cohort (n=6, dark grey); data are shown as mean (line with symbols) with SEM (shaded area around the line). FIG. 13F-1 shows absolute CD3⁺CD14⁻CD20⁻ T-cell counts in allo-HCT recipients from the KY1005/Sirolimus cohort (R217, R218, R219, R220 and R221) and autologous HCT cohort (R200, R201, R202, R60 and R63), each line represents an individual recipient.

FIGS. 13G & 13G-1: CMV viral load in the peripheral blood of KY1005/Sirolimus-prophylaxed recipients, each line represents an individual recipient. (FIG. 13G). FIG. 13G-1 shows CMV viral load in the peripheral blood of auto-HCT recipients (R200, R201, R202, R60 and R63) and KY1005/Sirolimus-prophylaxed allo-HCT recipients (R217, R218, R219, R220 and R221). Each line represents an individual recipient.

FIGS. 14A-14C: Relative expression (Log₂ normalised fluorescent intensity signal) of MKI67 (FIG. 14A), GZMA (FIG. 14B) and RORC (FIG. 14C) gene transcripts (encoding Ki67, Granzyme A and RORγt, respectively) in CD3⁺CD20⁻ T-cells, flow-cytometrically sorted from the peripheral blood of animals from the indicated experimental cohorts. The transcripts levels were measured using GeneChip Rhesus Macaque Genome Array (Affimetrix) as detailed in Example 11. * denotes comparisons with a moderated t-statistic *p<0.05 corrected for multiple hypotheses testing using the Benjamini-Hochberg procedure between the indicated experimental groups.

FIGS. 14D & 14E: Representative GSEA plots (FIGS. 14D and 14E) performed as previously described (Subramanian et al., 2005 infra) showing Th/Tc1-related gene sets under-represented in KY1005/Sirolimus on day 14 (n=5) versus Sirolimus (n=4, Siro) or versus KY1005 (n=3) cohorts at the time of necropsy, *FDR q<0.05; ***FDR q<0.001.

FIGS. 14F & 14G: Representative GSEA plots (FIGS. 14F and 14G) performed as previously described (Subramanian et al., 2005 infra) showing Th/Tc17-related gene sets under-represented in KY1005/Sirolimus on day 100 (n=4) versus CTLA4-Ig/Sirolimus (n=7, CTLA4-Ig/Siro) or versus Tacrolimus/Methotrexate (n=3, Tac/MTX) cohorts at the time of necropsy. **FDR q<0.01; ***FDR q<0.001.

FIGS. 15A & FIG. 15A-1: First, second and third principal component (PC) projections reveal clustering of transplanted animals by immunoprophylactic regimens. Healthy controls (n=46; ●), No immunoprophylaxis (No Rx, n=4;

), Sirolimus (n=4;

), KY1005 (n=3;

) and KY1005/Sirolimus (n=4; ◯). Each dot represents an individual array sample.

FIG. 15B: Weighted Venn diagram showing the number of transcripts over-represented in the KY1005/Sirolimus cohort at different time points after transplant compared to HC (FIG. 15B top diagram). Overlapping areas indicate over-represented transcripts shared between multiple comparisons. 101 transcripts, over-represented in the KY1005/Sirolimus cohort at all time-points, were then used for pathway analysis using DAVID (Huang da W, Sherman B T & Lempicki R A., Systematic and integrative analysis of large gene lists using DAVID bioinformatics resources., Nat Protoc 4, 44-57 (2009)), which documented enrichment for type I Interferon signalling-related genes as well as for genes related to signalling through the JAK/STAT pathway.

FIGS. 15C & 15D: Representative GSEA plots performed as previously described (Subramanian et al., 2005 infra) showing JAK/STAT pathway-related gene sets and type I Interferon signalling-related gene set over-represented in gene arrays from the KY1005/Sirolimus cohort at Day 14 (n=5), 28 (n=5) and 100 (n=4) post-transplants versus HC. *FDR q<0.05; ***FDR q<0.001.

FIG. 15E: Representative GSEA plot performed as previously described (Subramanian et al., 2005 infra) showing type I Interferon signalling-related gene sets over-represented in KY1005/Sirolimus versus T-cells purified from autologous HCT recipients at day 100 (n=4), from the sirolimus cohort (n=4) and from the KY1005 cohort (n=3). ***FDR q<0.001.

FIGS. 16A & 16B: KY1005 pharmacokinetics in animals who received KY1005 as a monotherapy (n=4, FIG. 16A) or in combination with Sirolimus (FIG. 16B). Serum samples were collected 30 minutes before and 30 minutes after each KY1005 dose (with each dose being 10 mg/kg body weight, given once weekly from days −2 until day +54). After KY1005 dosing was discontinued, serum samples were collected once weekly until the end of the study. Pharmacokinetic analysis was performed using an antigen (OX40L) capture electrochemiluminescence (ECL) assay on the MSD platform as detailed in Example 11. Data presented as mean+SEM.

FIG. 17A: The relative numbers of OX40⁺CD4⁺ T-cells isolated from the blood and indicated organs at the time of terminal analysis from healthy control animals (n=8, Healthy Ctrl; ⋅) or recipients from the following cohorts: autologous HCT (n=3, Auto; ▪); allogeneic HCT without GVHD immunoprophylaxis (n=6, No Rx; ▴); treated with Tacrolimus and Methotrexate (n=3, Tac/MTX; ♦) (FIG. 17A). Statistical analysis was performed using the Holm-Sidak multiple comparison t-test, *p<0.05.

FIGS. 17B & 17C: T-cells from the peripheral blood from unprophylaxed allo-HCT recipients (n=4) at the time of terminal analysis (MST=8 days) were activated with PMA/Ionomycin and cultured for 4 hours as detailed in Example 11, then were stained for IFNγ, TNFα, IL-2 and IL-17A. The relative numbers of T-cells producing the indicated cytokines (FIG. 17B) and co-producing 0-4 cytokines (FIG. 17C) were quantified in the OX40⁻ and OX40⁺CD4⁺ T-cells subsets. The pie-plot was made using the SPICE 5.35 program (NIAID) (Roederer M, et al SPICE: exploration and analysis of post-cytometric complex multivariate datasets. Cytometry A 79, 167-174 (2011)). Statistical analysis was performed using paired t-test (FIG. 17B) or using two-way ANOVA (FIG. 17C), *p<0.05, **p<0.01.

FIG. 18: Gating strategy to identify mDC and pDC in NHP lymph nodes based on CD11c and CD123 expression in HLA⁻DR⁺Lin (CD3/CD20/CD56)⁻ cells.

FIGS. 19A & 19B: The absolute number of CD28⁺CD95⁻ Naïve (T_(N); FIG. 19A), CD28⁺CD95⁺ central memory (T_(CM); FIG. 19B) CD4⁺ T-cells longitudinally tracked by FACS in the peripheral blood before and at different timepoints following allo-HCT in recipients without GVHD immunoprophylaxis (n=7, ●), prophylaxed with KY1005 (n=4, ▪). Statistical analysis was performed using the Holm-Sidak multiple-comparison t-test. *p<0.05 between the indicated time points and day 1 post-HCT in No Rx cohort.

FIGS. 19C & 19D: The absolute numbers of CD28⁺CD95⁻ Naïve (T_(N); FIG. 19C), and the of combination of CD28⁺CD95⁺ central memory and CD28⁻CD95⁺ effector memory (T_(CM+EM); FIG. 19D) CD8⁺ T-cells longitudinally tracked by FACS in the peripheral blood before and at different time points following allo-HCT in recipients without GVHD immunoprophylaxis (n=7, No prophylaxis ●) or in recipients prophylaxed with KY1005 (n=4, ▪).

FIG. 19D-1: The of combination of CD28⁺CD95⁺ central memory and CD28⁻CD95⁺ effector memory (T_(CM+EM); FIG. 19D) CD8⁺ T-cells longitudinally tracked by FACS in the peripheral blood before and at different time points following allo-HCT in recipients without GVHD immunoprophylaxis (No prophylaxis: black. Data points end at Day 8) or in recipients prophylaxed with KY1005 (Grey. Data points end at Day 21).

FIGS. 19E & 19F: Ki67 expression in NHP peripheral blood CD4⁺ (FIG. 19E) and CD8⁺ (FIG. 19F) T-cells before (pre-HCT) and following allo-HCT in recipients treated with KY1005/Sirolimis (n=5, KY1005/Siro; ●), CTLA4-Ig/Sirolimus (n=7, CTLA4-Ig/Siro; ▴) and Tacrolimus/Methotrexate (n=3, Tac/MTX; ♦). Differences between experimental groups were analysed using the Holm-Sidak multiple-comparison t-test.

FIG. 19G: Survival of recipients after allo-HCT with KY1005/Sirolimus-prophylaxed (n=5, KY1005/Siro; ●) compared with previously published results [Furlan et al., Blood, 2016; Furlan et al., Sci Transl Med, 2015; Miller et al., Blood, 2010; all infra] of recipients prophylaxed with CTLA4-Ig/Sirolimus (n=7, CTLA4-Ig/Siro; ▴) and Tacrolimus/Metothrexate-treated (n=3, Tac/MTX; ♦) cohorts. Bars indicate significantly different groups with p<0.05 using long-rank statistics.

FIG. 19H-J: The relative numbers of CD28⁺CD95⁻ Naïve (T_(N)) (FIG. 19H), CD28⁺CD95⁺ central memory (T_(CM)) (FIG. 19I) and CD28⁻CD95⁺ effector memory (TEM) (FIG. 19J) CD8⁺ T-cells in peripheral blood before and at different time points following allo-HCT in recipients without immunoprophylaxis (n=7, No Rx; black. Data points end at day 8) or prophylaxed with KY1005 (n=4, Grey. Data points end at day 21). Statistical analysis was performed using Holm-Sidak multiple-comparison t-test, *p<0.05.

FIG. 20: mTOR-dependent genes are under-represented in Sirolimus cohort in comparison to No Rx GVHD cohort. Representative GSEA plot showing mTOR-related gene sets under-represented (FDR q<0.001) in the Sirolimus cohort (n=4) versus the No Rx cohorts (n=4) at the time of terminal analysis.

FIG. 21: The absolute numbers of CD28⁺CD95⁺ central memory (T_(CM)) CD4⁺ (A) and CD8⁺ (B) T-cells in the peripheral blood of allo-HCT recipients prophylaxed with sirolimus (n=9, A) or KY1005/sirolimus (n=5, P).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The invention provides the following aspects 1 to 113.

The invention is useful, for example, for treating or preventing transplant rejection, e.g., graft versus host disease (GvHD) or allogeneic transplant rejection. The invention is also useful, for example, for treating or preventing an inflammatory bowel disease, e.g., UC or CD, or for treating or preventing an airway inflammatory disease or condition. In an example, this aspect is useful for treating or preventing asthma. The invention is also useful, for example, for treating or preventing fibrosis. The invention is also useful, for example, for treating or preventing diabetes. The invention is also useful, for example, for treating or preventing uveitis. The invention is also useful, for example, for treating or preventing pyoderma gangrenosum. The invention is also useful, for example, for treating or preventing giant cell arteritis. The invention is also useful, for example, for treating or preventing Schnitzler syndrome. The invention is also useful, for example, for treating or preventing non-infectious scleritis.

-   1. An antibody or a fragment thereof that specifically binds to     hOX40L for treating or preventing a hOX40L-mediated disease or     condition in a human in a method wherein the antibody or fragment is     administered to said human, wherein the antibody or fragment is for     treating or preventing said hOX40L-mediated disease or condition by     decreasing one, more or all of     -   a. secretion of a cytokine selected from TNF alpha, IL-2, IL-3,         IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-13, IL-17, RANTES and         interferon gamma in the human;     -   b. the proliferation of leukocytes of the human; and     -   c. binding of hOX40 receptor expressed by human T-cells with         endothelial cell expressed hOX40L.

The inventors, thus identified for the first time decreases of (a), (b) and (c) as ways of treating and/or preventing OX40L-mediated disease and conditions in humans and they provide antibodies and antibody fragments for this purpose.

In an example, the secretion is leukocyte secretion. In an example, (a) is indicated by a significantly elevated level of the cytokine(s) in human blood, plasma or serum.

In an example, the cytokine is selected from (i) TNF alpha, (ii) IL-2 and (iii) interferon gamma. In example, the cytokine TNF alpha. In example, the cytokine is IL-2. In an example, the cytokine is interferon gamma. In an example, the cytokines are (i) and (ii); or (i) and (iii); or (ii) and (iii); or (i)-(iii).

In an example, the decrease of (a), (b) or (c) or any other decrease disclosed herein is a decrease of at least 10 or 20% compared to the level in a human at risk of or suffering from the hOX40L-mediated disease or condition. In an example, the latter is the human recited in aspect 1 prior to administration of the antibody or fragment; in another example, the latter human is a different human. In an example, said decrease is at least 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 or 60%.

-   -   (i) In an example, the antibody or fragment is capable of         effecting a decrease of secretion of the relevant cytokine from         leukocytes (eg, human T-cells) in an in vitro assay (as         explained further below), and thus administration of such         antibody or fragment to the human leads to decrease of (a).     -   (ii) In an example, the antibody or fragment is capable of         effecting a decrease of the proliferation of leukocytes (eg,         human PBMCs and/or human T-cells) in an in vitro assay (as         explained further below), and thus administration of such         antibody or fragment to the human leads to decrease of (b).     -   (iii) In an example, the antibody or fragment is capable of         effecting a decrease of the binding of hOX40 receptor expressed         by human T-cells with endothelial cell expressed hOX40L in an in         vitro assay (as explained further below), and thus         administration of such antibody or fragment to the human leads         to decrease of (c).

In an example, (i) and (ii); or (i) and (iii); or (ii) and (iii); or (i)-(iii) apply.

In another embodiment, there is provided an antibody or a fragment thereof that specifically binds to hOX40L which:

-   -   i) Antagonises binding of OX40 to OX40L; and     -   ii) Comprises an IgG4 constant region (e.g. and IgG4-PE constant         region, such as that described by SEQ ID No: 128); and     -   iii) decreases IL-2 secretion by at least 50% (e.g. 55%, 60%,         65% or 70%) as compared to IL-2 secretion in the absence of the         anti-OX40L antibody or fragment, optionally wherein IL-2         secretion is measured in an allogenic mixed lymphocyte reaction         (MLR) assay; and/or     -   iv) decreases IL-13 secretion by at least 50% (e.g. 55%, 60%,         65% or 70%) as compared to IL-2 secretion in the absence of the         anti-OX40L antibody or fragment, optionally wherein IL-13         secretion is measured in an allogenic mixed lymphocyte reaction         (MLR) assay; and/or     -   v) specifically binds to hOX40L with a Kd of from 1 nM to 0.01         nM, optionally wherein the specific binding is measured by         surface plasmon resonance (SPR).

Additionally or alternatively, assessment of said decreases can be performed using samples from the treated human. For example, reference is made to J. Clin. Immunol., 2004 January, 24(1):74-85; “Increased expression of CCL20 in human inflammatory bowel disease”, Kaser A et al. This publication provides an example of a generally-applicable technique of using tissue biopsies and reading out decreased cytokine levels indicative of decreased cytokine secretion after treatment with an antibody in vivo. Similar methods can be used to determine decrease of the secretion of one or more cytokines in a human having received an antibody of the invention. The skilled person will be familiar with techniques for assessing cytokine levels in patients and patient samples, for example, by use of one or more of tissue biopsy, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, tissue staining, cytokine mRNA quantification (e.g., using PCR, such as Taqman™ PCR), cytokine protein detection and quantification (e.g., using cytokine-specific tool antibody and quantification, such as by ELISA or another standard protein quantification technique). For example, where the disease or condition is one of the GI tract (e.g., IBD), one can perform biopsy of relevant gut tissue from a patient that has received an antibody of the invention, followed by quantification of cytokine mRNA and/or cytokine protein (e.g., using quantitative PCR). The result can be compared with a cytokine quantification in biopsied relevant tissue from the same patient prior to antibody administration or compared to another human patient suffering from the same disease or condition but receiving no anti-OX40L treatment or no treatment for the disease or condition. In this way, the skilled person can determine that the antibody of the invention decreases secretion of the cytokine in the human recipient. Instead of assessing gut tissue levels, one can instead use a different tissue or sample from the human patient dependent upon the nature and location of the disease or condition. For example, where the disease or condition is one of the airways (e.g., lung), it is possible to take a lung or other airway tissue sample for cytokine assessment. Alternatively, one can use a Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) sample, as will be apparent to the skilled person. In another example, for some disease or conditions one can assess the decrease in cytokine in a blood, serum or plasma sample taken from a human that has received an antibody of the invention, and then comparing to the level before receiving the antibody or comparing to the level in an untreated human, as discussed above.

As is known in the art, the term “leukocytes” includes, for example, one or more of lymphocytes, polymorphonuclear leukocyte and monocytes. As is also readily apparent to the skilled person the term “monocytes” includes, for example, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) or monocyte derived cells, e.g., dendritic cells (DCs). See, for example, Immunobiology, 2013 November, 218(11):1392-401. doi: 10.1016/j.imbio. 2013.07.005. Epub 2013 Jul. 25; “Leukoreduction system chambers are an efficient, valid, and economic source of functional monocyte-derived dendritic cells and lymphocytes”, Pfeiffer I A et al.

The proliferation of leukocytes, e.g., lamina propria lymphocytes (LPLs), can be assessed using tissue biopsy, staining and histology, as will be apparent to the skilled person. Hematoxylin and eosin stain (H&E stain or HE stain) is, for example, commonly used in histology to look for infiltrating lymphocytes a whole range of human tissue and is one of the principal stains in histology. It is the most widely used stain in medical diagnosis and is often the gold standard, and as such can be used to assess proliferation of leukocytes as per the invention. For example, GI tract tissue (e.g., gut tissue) from a human that is suffering from or at risk of a hOX40L-mediated disease or condition can be obtained, stained and assessed for the extent of infiltration of LPLs. Comparison can be made between such tissue from a human that has received an antibody of the invention compared to the extent of infiltration in tissue obtained from the same human prior to administration of antibody or from another human that has not received treatment and is at risk of or suffering from the disease or condition. For example, the comparison is between human gut tissues taken from the same (or different) humans suffering from IBD.

One can, for example, determine if the antibody or fragment is capable of decreasing binding of hOX40 receptor expressed by human T-cells with endothelial cell expressed hOX40L using standard binding assays are familiar to the skilled person, e.g., using ELISA or SPR.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory disorder affecting the gastrointestinal tract with an apparently ever-increasing incidence and tendency to more severe clinical phenotypes. The disease is characterised by an exaggerated immune response to the luminal flora, suggesting that deficiencies in barrier function of intestinal flora may be involved, and studies support this notion (Cucchiara et al., 2012; Jostins et al., 2012; Manichanh et al., 2012; Salzman et al., 2007, all cited in Deuring et al., “The cell biology of the intestinal epithelium and its relation to inflammatory bowel disease”, The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology 45 (2013) 798-806). IBD includes two main groups: Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). CD patients can have inflammatory lesions in their entire gastrointestinal tract, whereas the inflammation in UC patients is restricted to the colon. Reference is also made to Hisamatsu et al. (“Immune aspects of the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease”, Pharmacology & Therapeutics 137 (2013) 283-297) and the documents cited therein.

Granuloma formation is the one of the most important pathological characteristics of human Crohn's disease. Mizoguchi et a/demonstrated that F4/80-positive immature CD11c+dendritic cells (DCs) produce IL-23 and contribute to granuloma formation in a murine colitis model (Mizoguchi et al., 2007). A Th1 immune response is predominant in Crohn's disease. Indeed, CD4⁺ T-cells in the LP of Crohn's disease expressed T-bet and produced large amounts of interferon (IFN)-γ (Matsuoka et al., 2004). Sakuraba eta/demonstrated that DCs in the mesentric lymph nodes of patients with Crohn's disease strongly promoted a Th1 and Th17 immune response (Sakuraba et al., 2009). Mesentric lymph node DCs contribute to IBD pathogenesis, particularly that of Crohn's disease.

Role of Cytokines in Disease and Conditions

Reference is made to Muzes et al, World J Gastroenterol 2012 Nov. 7; 18(41): 5848-5861 ISSN 1007-9327 (print) ISSN 2219-2840 (online), “Changes of the cytokine profile in inflammatory bowel Diseases”.

Cytokines are indispensable signals of the mucosa-associated immune system for maintaining normal gut homeostasis. An imbalance of their profile in favour of inflammation initiation may lead to disease states, such as that is observed in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), e.g., Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). The role of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, -6, -8, -12, -17, -23, IFN-gamma, or TNF alpha in IBD is associated with the initiation and progression of UC and CD. CD is often described as a prototype of T-helper (Th) 1-mediated diseases because the primary inflammatory mediators are the Th1 cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-12, interferon (IFN)-γ, and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α.

Binding of TNF-like ligands to their receptors triggers intracellular pathways that are directly involved in cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival. Most members of the TNF/TNF-receptor protein superfamilies are expressed on immune cells and play a critical role in multiple components of the immune response. TNF-α is a master cytokine in the pathogenesis of IBD. It exerts its pleiotropic effects through the expression of adhesion molecules, fibroblast proliferation, procoagulant factors, as well as the initiation of cytotoxic, apoptotic and acute-phase responses. The source of TNF-α in IBD is partly the innate immune cells, such as macrophages or monocytes, and also differentiated Th1 cells. The serum levels of TNF-α correlate with the clinical activity of UC and CD[31]. It plays an orchestrating role in colonic inflammation in IBD. The role of TNF-α in CD has been widely investigated. Binding TNF-α to serum soluble TNF receptor 1 and 2 (sTNFR1 and 2) initiates pro-inflammatory signalling. The levels of sTNFR1 and 2 are elevated in CD.

Tumour necrosis factor-like factor (TL1A), another member of the TNF family, stimulates IFN-γ secretion by binding to death receptor 3 (DR3). DR3 is expressed by a high percentage of cells from mucosal biopsies of UC and CD, and an increase of IFN-γ level has been observed with disease activity in IBD patients. The TL1A/DR3 system is involved in the pathogenesis of CD. The macrophages of the lamina propria are a major producer of TL1A, which expression is markedly enhanced in CD. It has been found that TL1A and IL-23 synergistically promotes the production of IFN-γ by mucosal T-cells. FN-Y: is produced by TH1 T-cells. Once inflammation is initiated, IFN-γ is produced and subsequently acts through various molecules and pathways of the immune system to intensify the inflammatory process. There is an overwhelming body of literature extensively documenting the proinflammatory nature of IFN-γ which has led to the mainstream opinion that IFN-γ is a prime proinflammatory cytokine in inflammation and autoimmune disease. Interferon-gamma is causatively involved in experimental inflammatory bowel disease in mice (Ito et a, Clinical and Experimental Immunology (2006), 146:330-338). The study clearly demonstrated that IFN-γ^(−/−) mice manifested attenuated colitis after stimulation with DSS, in terms of the degree of body weight loss, DAI, histological score and MPO activity. IFN-γ was increasingly produced in the colon of DSS-treated WT mice that showed severe IBD-like symptoms.

Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is produced by T-cells and is mostly important for T-cells to differentiate into effector T-cells. IL-2 is also important for T-cell proliferation. This is important for IBD because effector T-cells are thought to be a major cell type to cause damage in IBD.

IL-8 (interleukin-8; aka CXCL8) primarily mediates the activation and migration of neutrophils into tissue from peripheral blood and to sites of inflammation. The tissue level of IL-8 has been found to be higher in active UC compared to normal colonic tissue, and its serum concentration has been related to endoscopic and histological severity of UC. IL-8 is important for inflammatory settings and cancer (see, e.g., “The Chemokine CXCL8 in Carcinogenesis and Drug Response”, ISRN Oncol. 2013 Oct. 9; 2013:859154; Gales D et al, and Future Oncol., 2010 January; 6(1):111-6. doi: 10.2217/fon.09.128; “CXCL8 and its cognate receptors in melanoma progression and metastasis”, Singh S et al). In cancer particularly, IL-8 is thought to contribute also by supporting angiogenesis.

In any configuration, aspect, concept or example herein the antibody or fragment antagonises the binding of hOX40L to an OX40 receptor.

In any configuration, aspect, concept or example herein, the antibody or fragment antagonises the binding of hOX40L to OX40.

In any configuration, aspect, concept or example herein, the OX40L receptor can be human OX40.

In any configuration, aspect, concept or example herein the human is suffering from or at risk of asthma and the antibody or fragment decreases IgE in a human.

In any configuration, aspect, concept or example herein the human is suffering from or at risk of asthma and the antibody or fragment is for decreasing IgE in a human. 2. The antibody or fragment of aspect 1, wherein the antibody or fragment decreases the binding of hOX40 receptor expressed by human T-cells with endothelial cell expressed hOX40L and decreases the proliferation of human T-cells; wherein the antibody or fragment is for treating or preventing said hOX40L-mediated disease or condition by decreasing the secretion of a cytokine selected from TNF alpha, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-13, IL-17, RANTES and interferon gamma.

In an example, the cytokine is selected from (i) TNF alpha, (ii) IL-2 and (iii) interferon gamma. In an example, the cytokine is TNF alpha. In an example, the cytokine is IL-2. In an example, the cytokine is interferon gamma. In an example, the cytokines are (i) and (ii); or (i) and (iii); or (ii) and (iii); or (i)-(iii).

-   3. The antibody or fragment of aspect 1, wherein the leukocytes are     selected from the group consisting of polymorphonuclear leukocytes,     monocytes, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), lymphocytes,     T-cells, antigen presenting cells (APCs), dendritic cells (DC cells)     and natural killer cells (NK cells).

In one embodiment, the leukocytes are peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and T-cells (e.g. PBMCs).

-   4. The antibody or fragment of aspect 3, wherein the leukocytes     comprise lamina propria lymphocytes (LPLs) and the disease or     condition is a disease or condition of the gastrointestinal tract     (GI tract). -   5. The antibody or fragment of any preceding aspect, wherein the     epithelial cells comprise cells selected from the group consisting     of gastrointestinal cells, colon cells, intestinal cells and airway     (e.g., lung) epithelial cells.

In another embodiment, the epithelial cells comprise cells selected from the group consisting of gastrointestinal cells, colon cells, intestinal cells, ocular cells and airway (e.g., lung) epithelial cells. In another embodiment, the epithelial cells comprise cells selected from the group consisting of gastrointestinal cells, colon cells, intestinal cells and ocular cells. In a further embodiment, the epithelial cells comprise ocular cells.

-   6. The antibody or fragment of any preceding aspect, for treating or     preventing said hOX40L-mediated disease or condition in said human     by decreasing the proliferation of T-cells in said human.

In an example, the antibody or fragment is capable of effecting a decrease of the proliferation of T-cells in an in vitro assay (e.g., in a human DC cell/T-cell in vitro assay, for example as explained further below), and thus administration of such antibody or fragment to the human leads to decrease of the proliferation of T-cells in said human.

-   7. The antibody or fragment of any preceding aspect, for treating or     preventing said hOX40L-mediated disease or condition in said human     by antagonising the interaction between hOX40L and leukocytes of the     human, wherein the proliferation of leukocytes is decreased.

In an example, the antibody or fragment is capable of effecting a decrease of the proliferation of leukocytes (e.g., monocuclear cells) in an in vitro assay (e.g., in a MLR in vitro assay, for example as explained further below), and thus administration of such antibody or fragment to the human leads to decrease of the proliferation of leukocytes in said human.

-   8. The antibody or fragment of any preceding aspect, for treating or     preventing said hOX40L-mediated disease or condition in said human     by decreasing the proliferation of leukocytes of the human by     antagonising the OX40L/OX40L receptor interaction mediated by     T-cells in said human.

In an example, the antibody or fragment is capable of effecting a decrease of the proliferation of leukocytes (e.g., monocuclear cells) in an in vitro assay wherein the antibody or fragment antagonises OX40L/OX40L receptor interaction mediated by T-cells in said assay, and thus administration of such antibody or fragment to the human leads to decrease of the proliferation of leukocytes in said human.

-   9. The antibody or fragment of any preceding aspect, for treating or     preventing said hOX40L-mediated disease or condition in said human     by decreasing the secretion of a cytokine selected from TNF alpha,     IL-2 and interferon gamma in the human.

In an example, the antibody or fragment is for treating or preventing said hOX40L-mediated disease, condition or epithelial cell damage in said human by decreasing the secretion of (i) IL-2 and interferon gamma, (ii) IL-2 and TNF alpha or (iii) interferon gamma and TNF alpha in the human.

In an example, the antibody or fragment is capable of effecting a decrease of the secretion of a cytokine selected from IL-2, TNF alpha and interferon gamma in an in vitro assay (e.g., in a MLR in vitro assay, for example as explained further below), and thus administration of such antibody or fragment to the human leads to decrease of the secretion of said selected cytokine(s) in said human.

In an example, the antibody or fragment is capable of effecting a decrease of the secretion of IL-8 in an in vitro assay (e.g., in a MLR in vitro assay, for example as explained further below), and thus administration of such antibody or fragment to the human leads to decrease of the secretion of IL-8 in said human.

-   10. The antibody or fragment of aspect 9, for treating or preventing     said disease or condition by decreasing the secretion of said     cytokine mediated by the interaction of dendritic cells (DC cells)     with T-cells in the human.

In an example, the antibody or fragment is capable of effecting a decrease of said cytokine(s) secretion in a DC cell/T-cell in vitro assay (for example as explained further below), and thus administration of such antibody or fragment to the human leads to decrease of the secretion of said cytokine(s) in said human.

-   11. The antibody or fragment of any preceding aspect, wherein     gastrointestinal cell, colon cell, intestinal cell or airway (e.g.,     lung) cell damage is a symptom or cause of said disease or condition     in humans.

In another embodiment, the epithelial cells comprise cells selected from the group consisting of gastrointestinal cells, colon cells, intestinal cells, ocular cells and airway (e.g., lung) epithelial cells. In another embodiment, the epithelial cells comprise cells selected from the group consisting of gastrointestinal cells, colon cells, intestinal cells and ocular cells. In a further embodiment, the epithelial cells comprise ocular cells.

-   12. The antibody or fragment of any preceding aspect, wherein the     human is suffering from or at risk of an inflammatory bowel disease     (IBD), allogeneic transplant rejection, graft-versus-host disease     (GvHD), diabetes or airway inflammation and said method treats or     prevents IBD, allogeneic transplant rejection, GvHD, diabetes or     airway inflammation in the human. -   12a. The antibody or fragment of any preceding aspect, wherein the     human is suffering from or at risk of an inflammatory bowel disease     (IBD), allogeneic transplant rejection, graft-versus-host disease     (GvHD), uveitis, pyoderma gangrenosum, giant cell arteritis,     Schnitzler syndrome, non-infectious scleritis, diabetes or airway     inflammation and said method treats or prevents IBD, allogeneic     transplant rejection, GvHD, uveitis, pyoderma gangrenosum, giant     cell arteritis, Schnitzler syndrome, non-infectious scleritis,     diabetes or airway inflammation in the human.

In an example of any preceding aspect the human is suffering from or at risk of an inflammatory or autoimmune disease or condition or has been diagnosed as such.

In an example, the autoimmune disease or condition is selected from the following:—

Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM)

Addison's disease

Allergic granulomatosis and angiitis or Churg-Strauss syndrome (CSS)

Alopecia or Alopecia Areata (AA)

Anklosing spondylitis

Autoimmune chronic active hepatitis (CAH)

Autoimmune hemolytic anemia

Autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP)

Autoimmune retinopathy (AR) see Retinopathy

Autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura

Autoimmune neutropenia

Autoimmune Inner Ear Disease (AIED)

Antiphospholipid Syndrome (APS)

Autoimmune Lymphoproliferative Syndrome (ALPS)

Behcet's syndrome

Bullus pemphigoid

Celiac disease

Churg-Strauss Syndrome (CSS) or Allergic Granulomatosis Angiitis

Chronic bullous disease of childhood

Chronic inflammatory demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP)

Cictricial pemphigoid (CP)

Central Nervous System Vasculitis

Crohn's Disease

Cryoglobulinemia

Dermatitis

Dermatitis herpetiformis (DH)

Discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE)

Encephalomyelitis

Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita (EBA)

Giant Cell Arteritis see Temporal arteritis

Graft-versus-host disease

Graves' Disease

Gullain-Barre syndrome

Hanot Syndrome see Primary biliary Cirrhosis

Hashimoto's thyroiditis also called autoimmune thyroiditis and chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis

Hypersensitivity Vasculitis (HV) or small vessel vasculitis

Immune-mediated infertility

Inflammatory bowel disease

Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

Isolated vasculitis of the Central nervous system or CNS Vasculitis

Isaacs' Syndrome: Neuromyotonia

Kawasaki disease (KD)

Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS)

Linear IgA disease

Lupus—see Systemic lupus erythematosus

Meniere's Disease

Microscopic Polyangiitis (MPA)

Mixed connective tissue disease or MCTD

Monoclonal Gammopathy

Myasthenia Gravis

Multiple Sclerosis

Multifocal motor neuropathy

Neuromyotonia or Isaac's syndrome

Neutropenia see Autoimmune Neutropenia

Oophoritis

Opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome

orchitis

Paraneoplastic neurologic disorders

Pemphigus vulgaris

Pemphigus follaceus PF)

Pemphigoid gestationis (PG)

Pernicious anemia

Paraneoplastic pemphigus (PNP)

Polyangiitis—see Microscopic polyangiitis

Polyarteritis nodosa (PAN)

Polymyositis/Dermatomyositis

Polymyalgia Rheumatica

Primary biliary Cirrhosis (PBC) also called Hanot Syndrome

Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC)

Raynaud's phenomenon

Recoverin-associated retinopathy(RAR) see Retinopathy

Reactive Arthritis formerly known as Reiter's syndrome,

Retinopathy

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

Sarcoidosis

Sclerosing cholangitis see Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis

Sjogren's syndrome

Systemic necrotizing vascolitides

Stiff man syndrome or Moersch-Woltmann syndrome

Systemic lupus erythematosus

Systemic sclerosis (scleroderma)

Temporal arteritis or giant cell arteritis (GCV)

Takayasu's arteritis

Thromboangiitis obliterans or Buerger's disease

Thyroiditis with hypothyroidism

Thyroiditis with hyperthyroidism

Type I autoimmune polyglandular syndrome (PAS)

Type II autoimmune polyglandular syndrome

Vasculitis

Vitiligo

Wegener's granulomatosis

In an example of any aspect, configuration, concept or embodiment, the human is suffering from uveitis. For example, the uveitis is non-infectious and/or autoimmune in nature, i.e. is non-infectious uveitis or is autoimmune uveitis. For example, the non-infectious/autoimmune uveitis is caused by and/or is associated with Behçet disease, Fuchs heterochromic iridocyclitis, granulomatosis with polyangiitis, HLA-B27 related uveitis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, sarcoidosis, spondyloarthritis, sympathetic ophthalmia, tubulointerstitial nephritis or uveitis syndrome. In an example, the uveitis is systemic in nature, i.e. is systemic uveitis. For example, the systemic uveitis is caused by and/or is associated with ankylosing spondylitis, Behçet's disease, chronic granulomatous disease, enthesitis, inflammatory bowel disease, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, Kawasaki's disease, multiple sclerosis, polyarteritis nodosa, psoriatic arthritis, reactive arthritis, sarcoidosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome or Whipple's disease.

In an example of any aspect, configuration, concept or embodiment, the human is suffering from pyoderma gangrenosum, giant cell arteritis, Schnitzler syndrome or non-infectious scleritis. In an example, the human is suffering from pyoderma gangrenosum. In an example, the human is suffering from giant cell arteritis. In an example, the human is suffering from Schnitzler syndrome. In an example, the human is suffering from non-infectious scleritis.

In an example of any aspect, configuration, concept or embodiment, the human is suffering from a hOX40L mediated disease or condition selected from an autoimmune disease or condition, a systemic inflammatory disease or condition, or transplant rejection; for example inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), Crohn's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, transplant rejection, allogeneic transplant rejection, graft-versus-host disease (GvHD), ulcerative colitis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), diabetes, uveitis, ankylosing spondylitis, contact hypersensitivity, multiple sclerosis and atherosclerosis, in particular GvHD. In another embodiment, the human is suffering from or is at risk from multiviscreal organ transplant rejection.

-   13. An antibody or a fragment thereof, that specifically binds to     hOX40L and competes for binding to said hOX40L with an antibody     selected from the group consisting of 02D10, 10A07, 09H04 and 19H01.

In an example of any aspect, configuration, concept or embodiment, competition is determined by surface plasmon resonance (SPR), such techniques being readily apparent to the skilled person. SPR can be carried out using Biacore™, Proteon™ or another standard SPR technique. Such competition may be due, for example, to the antibodies/fragments binding to identical or overlapping epitopes of hOX40L. In an example of any aspect, configuration, concept or embodiment, competition is determined by ELISA, such techniques being readily apparent to the skilled person. In an example of any aspect, configuration, concept or embodiment, competition is determined by homogenous time resolved fluorescence (HTRF), such techniques being readily apparent to the skilled person. In an example of any aspect, configuration, concept or embodiment, competition is determined by fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS), such techniques being readily apparent to the skilled person. In one aspect, the HTRF, ELISA and/or FACS methods are carried out as described in the Examples hereinbelow.

-   14. The antibody or fragment of aspect 13, wherein the antibody or     fragment is according to any one of aspects 1 to 12. -   15. The antibody or fragment of any preceding aspect, comprising     lambda light chain variable domains (optionally which are human).

In an example of any aspect, configuration, concept or embodiment of the present invention, the variable domains of the antibody or fragment are human or humanised. Additionally, optionally the antibody or fragment further comprises human or humanised constant regions (e.g., human Fc and/or human CL). In an example of any aspect of the present invention, the variable domains of the antibody or fragment are produced by a transgenic animal (e.g., a rodent, mouse, rat, rabbit, chicken, sheep, Camelid or shark). In an example of any aspect of the present invention, the variable domains of the antibody or fragment are produced or identified by phage display, ribosome display or yeast display.

In an example of any aspect, configuration, concept or embodiment of the present invention, the antibody or fragment is recombinant.

In an example of any aspect, configuration, concept or embodiment of the present invention, the antibody or fragment is produced by a recombinant mammalian, bacterial, insect, plant or yeast cell. In an example, the mammalian cell is a CHO or HEK293 cell and the antibody or fragment comprises CHO or HEK293 cell glycosylation.

In an example of any aspect, configuration, concept or embodiment of the present invention, the antibody or fragment is isolated.

-   16. The antibody or fragment of any preceding aspect, comprising a     VH domain which comprises a HCDR1 sequence selected from the group     consisting of the HCDR1 of:     -   a. 02D10, and wherein the antibody or fragment competes with         02D10 for binding to said hOX40L;     -   b. 10A07, and wherein the antibody or fragment competes with         10A07 for binding to said hOX40L;     -   c. 09H04, and wherein the antibody or fragment competes with         09H04 for binding to said hOX40L; and     -   d. 19H01, and wherein the antibody or fragment competes with         19H01 for binding to said hOX40L. -   17. The antibody or fragment of any preceding aspect, comprising a     VH domain which comprises a HCDR2 sequence selected from the group     consisting of the HCDR2 of:     -   a. 02D10, and wherein the antibody or fragment competes with         02D10 for binding to said hOX40L;     -   b. 10A07, and wherein the antibody or fragment competes with         10A07 for binding to said hOX40L;     -   c. 09H04, and wherein the antibody or fragment competes with         09H04 for binding to said hOX40L; and     -   d. 19H01, and wherein the antibody or fragment competes with         19H01 for binding to said hOX40L. -   18. The antibody or fragment of any preceding aspect, comprising a     VH domain which comprises a HCDR3 sequence selected from the group     consisting of the HCDR3 of:     -   a. 02D10, and wherein the antibody or fragment competes with         02D10 for binding to said hOX40L;     -   b. 10A07, and wherein the antibody or fragment competes with         10A07 for binding to said hOX40L;     -   c. 09H04, and wherein the antibody or fragment competes with         09H04 for binding to said hOX40L; and     -   d. 19H01, and wherein the antibody or fragment competes with         19H01 for binding to said hOX40L. -   19. The antibody or fragment of any preceding aspect, comprising a     VH domain which comprises (i) the CDR1 and 2, (ii) CDR1 and 3, (iii)     CDR2 and 3 or (iv) CDR1, 2 and 3 sequences:     -   a. recited in (a) of aspects 16-18, and wherein the antibody or         fragment competes with 02D10 for binding to said hOX40L;     -   b. recited in (b) of aspects 16-18, and wherein the antibody or         fragment competes with 10A07 for binding to said hOX40L;     -   c. recited in (c) of aspects 16-18, and wherein the antibody or         fragment competes with 09H04 for binding to said hOX40L; or     -   d. recited in (d) of aspects 16-18, and wherein the antibody or         fragment competes with 19H01 for binding to said hOX40L. -   20. The antibody or fragment of any preceding aspect, comprising a     VH domain which comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the     group consisting of the VH amino acid sequences in the

SEQUENCE LISTING

In an aspect, the invention provides an anti-hOX40L antibody or fragment (optionally according to any other aspect recited herein) comprising a VH domain which comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of the VH amino acid sequences in the sequence listing.

In an aspect, the VH domain comprises an amino acid sequence selected from Seq ID No:2, Seq ID No:34, Seq ID No:66, Seq ID No:94, Seq ID No:122, Seq ID No:124, Seq ID NO:126, Seq ID No:128, Seq ID No:132 or Seq ID No:134.

In another example of the invention, the antibody or fragment comprises a VH domain amino acid sequence set out in the sequence listing below. Additionally or alternatively, the antibody or fragment comprises a HCDR1 domain amino acid sequence set out in the sequence listing below (i.e. Seq ID No:4, Seq ID No:10, Seq ID No:36, Seq ID No:42, Seq ID No:68, Seq ID No:74, Seq ID No:96 or Seq ID No:102, in particular, Seq ID No:36 or Seq ID No:42). Additionally or alternatively, the antibody or fragment comprises a HCDR2 domain amino acid sequence set out in the sequence listing below (i.e. Seq ID No:6, Seq ID No:12, Seq ID No:38, Seq ID No:44, Seq ID No:70, Seq ID No:76, Seq ID No:98 or Seq ID No:104, in particular Seq ID No:38 or Seq ID No:44). Additionally or alternatively, the antibody or fragment comprises a HCDR3 domain amino acid sequence set out in the sequence listing below (i.e. Seq ID No:8, Seq ID No:14, Seq ID No:40, Seq ID No:46, Seq ID No:72, Seq ID No:78, Seq ID No:100 or Seq ID No:106, in particular Seq ID No:40 or Seq ID No:46).

In an example of the invention, the antibody or fragment comprises a VL domain amino acid sequence set out in the sequence listing below. Additionally or alternatively, the antibody or fragment comprises a LCDR1 domain amino acid sequence set out in the sequence listing below (i.e. Seq ID No:18, Seq ID No:24, Seq ID No:50, Seq ID No:56, Seq ID No:82, Seq ID No:88, Seq ID No:110 or Seq ID No:116, in particular Seq ID No:50 or Seq ID No:56). Additionally or alternatively, the antibody or fragment comprises a LCDR2 domain amino acid sequence set out in the sequence listing below (i.e. Seq ID No:20, Seq ID No:26, Seq ID No:52, Seq ID No:58, Seq ID No:84, Seq ID No:90, Seq ID No:112 or Seq ID No:118, in particular Seq ID No:52 or Seq ID No:58). Additionally or alternatively, the antibody or fragment comprises a LCDR3 domain amino acid sequence set out in the sequence listing below (i.e. Seq ID No:22, Seq ID No:28, Seq ID No:54, Seq ID No:60, Seq ID No:86, Seq ID No:92, Seq ID No:114 or Seq ID No:120, in particular Seq ID No:54 or Seq ID No:60).

In an example of any aspect herein, the antibody or fragment comprises a heavy chain comprising a constant region selected from the group consisting of the heavy chain constant region SEQ ID NOs in the sequence listing (i.e. any of Seq ID Nos: 126, 128, 132, or 134, in particular the constant region of Seq ID No:128); and optionally a VH domain as recited in aspect 19 or 20. In an example, the antibody or fragment comprises two copies of such a heavy chain. In another example, the heavy chain comprise a rodent, rat, mouse, human, rabbit, chicken, Camelid, sheep, bovine, non-human primate or shark constant region (e.g., Fc), in particular a mouse constant region.

In an example of any aspect herein, the antibody or fragment comprises a heavy chain comprising a gamma (e.g., human gamma) constant region, e.g., a human gamma1 constant region. In another example of any aspect herein, the antibody of fragment comprises a human gamma 4 constant region. In another embodiment, the heavy chain constant region does not bind Fc-y receptors, and e.g. comprises a Leu235Glu mutation (i.e. where the wild type leucine residue is mutated to a glutamic acid residue). In another embodiment, the heavy chain constant region comprises a Ser228Pro mutation to increase stability. In another embodiment, the heavy chain constant region is IgG4 comprising both the Leu235Glu mutation and the Ser228Pro mutation. This heavy chain constant region is referred to as “IgG4-PE” herein.

In an example of any aspect herein, the antibody or fragment is chimaeric, e.g., it comprises human variable domains and non-human (e.g., rodent, mouse or rat, such as mouse) constant regions.

-   21. The antibody or fragment of any one of aspects 16 to 20,     comprising first and second copies of said VH domain. -   22. The antibody or fragment of any preceding aspect, comprising a     VL domain which comprises a LCDR1 sequence selected from the group     consisting of the LCDR1 of:     -   a. 02D10, and wherein the antibody or fragment competes with         02D10 for binding to said hOX40L;     -   b. 10A07, and wherein the antibody or fragment competes with         10A07 for binding to said hOX40L;     -   c. 09H04, and wherein the antibody or fragment competes with         09H04 for binding to said hOX40L; and     -   d. 19H01, and wherein the antibody or fragment competes with         19H01 for binding to said hOX40L. -   23. The antibody or fragment of any preceding aspect, comprising a     VL domain which comprises a LCDR2 sequence selected from the group     consisting of the LCDR2 of:     -   a. 02D10, and wherein the antibody or fragment competes with         02D10 for binding to said hOX40L;     -   b. 10A07, and wherein the antibody or fragment competes with         10A07 for binding to said hOX40L;     -   c. 09H04, and wherein the antibody or fragment competes with         09H04 for binding to said hOX40L; and     -   d. 19H01, and wherein the antibody or fragment competes with         19H01 for binding to said hOX40L. -   24. The antibody or fragment of any preceding aspect, comprising a     VL domain which comprises a LCDR3 sequence selected from the group     consisting of the LCDR3 of:     -   a. 02D10, and wherein the antibody or fragment competes with         02D10 for binding to said hOX40L;     -   b. 10A07, and wherein the antibody or fragment competes with         10A07 for binding to said hOX40L;     -   c. 09H04, and wherein the antibody or fragment competes with         09H04 for binding to said hOX40L; and     -   d. 19H01, and wherein the antibody or fragment competes with         19H01 for binding to said hOX40L. -   25. The antibody or fragment of any preceding aspect, comprising a     VL domain which comprises (i) the CDR1 and 2, (ii) CDR1 and 3, (iii)     CDR2 and 3 or (iv) CDR1, 2 and 3 sequences:     -   a. recited in (a) of aspects 22-24, and wherein the antibody or         fragment competes with 02D10 for binding to said hOX40L;     -   b. recited in (b) of aspects 22-24, and wherein the antibody or         fragment competes with 10A07 for binding to said hOX40L;     -   c. recited in (c) of aspects 22-24, and wherein the antibody or         fragment competes with 09H04 for binding to said hOX40L; or     -   d. recited in (d) of aspects 22-24, and wherein the antibody or         fragment competes with 19H01 for binding to said hOX40L. -   26. The antibody or fragment of any preceding aspect, comprising a     VL domain which comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the     group consisting of the VL amino acid sequences in the

SEQUENCE LISTING

In an aspect of the invention, there is provided an anti-hOX40L antibody or fragment (optionally according to any other aspect herein), comprising a VL domain which comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of the VL amino acid sequences in the sequence listing (i.e. Seq ID No:16, Seq ID No:48, Seq ID No:80 or Seq ID No:108, in particular Seq ID No:48).

In an example of any aspect herein, the antibody or fragment comprises a light chain (e.g., lambda light chain) comprising a constant region selected from the group consisting of the light chain constant region sequences in the sequence listing (i.e. Seq ID No: 136, Seq ID No: 138, Seq ID No: 140, Seq ID No: 142, Seq ID No:144, Seq ID No:146, Seq ID No: 148, Seq ID No:152, Seq ID No: 154, Seq ID No:156, Seq ID No:158, Seq ID No:160, Seq ID No:162, Seq ID No:164 or Seq ID No:166); and optionally a VL domain (e.g., lambda VL) as recited in aspect 25 or 26. In an example, the antibody or fragment comprises two copies of such a light chain (optionally also two copies of the heavy chain described above). In another example, the light chain comprises a rodent, rat, mouse, human, rabbit, chicken, Camelid, sheep, bovine, non-human primate or shark constant region.

In an example of any aspect herein, the antibody or fragment comprises a light chain (e.g., kappa light chain) comprising a constant region selected from the group consisting of the light chain constant region sequences in the sequence listing (i.e. Seq ID No: 136, Seq ID No:138, Seq ID No:140, Seq ID No:142, Seq ID No:144, Seq ID No:146, Seq ID No: 148, Seq ID No:152, Seq ID No: 154, Seq ID No:156, Seq ID No:158, Seq ID No:160, Seq ID No:162, Seq ID No:164 or Seq ID No:166); and optionally a VL domain (e.g., kappa VL) as recited in aspect 25 or 26. In an example, the antibody or fragment comprises two copies of such a light chain (optionally also two copies of the heavy chain described above). In another example, the light chain comprises a rodent, rat, mouse, human, rabbit, chicken, Camelid, sheep, bovine, non-human primate or shark constant region.

In an example, the antibody or fragment comprises a lambda light chain comprising a constant region selected from the group consisting of the light chain constant region sequences in the sequence listing (i.e. Seq ID No:146, Seq ID No:148, Seq ID No:152, Seq ID No:154, Seq ID No:156, Seq ID No: 158, Seq ID No: 160, Seq ID No: 162, Seq ID No: 164 or Seq ID No: 166); and optionally a lambda VL domain.

In an example, the antibody or fragment comprises a kappa light chain comprising a constant region selected from the group consisting of the light chain constant region sequences in the sequence listing (i.e. i.e. Seq ID No:136, Seq ID No:138, Seq ID No:140, Seq ID No:142 or Seq ID No:144); and optionally a kappa VL domain.

In an example, the VL domains of the antibody or fragment are lambda Light chain variable domains. In an example, the VL domains of the antibody or fragment are kappa Light chain variable domains.

-   27. The antibody or fragment of any one of aspects 22 to 26,     comprising first and second copies of said VL domain. -   28. The antibody or fragment of any preceding aspect, wherein the     hOX40L is human cell surface-expressed hOX40L, e.g., on endothelial     cells (e.g., an airway or GI tract endothelial cell).

In another embodiment, the epithelial cells comprise cells selected from the group consisting of gastrointestinal cells, colon cells, intestinal cells, ocular cells and airway (e.g., lung) epithelial cells. In another embodiment, the epithelial cells comprise cells selected from the group consisting of gastrointestinal cells, colon cells, intestinal cells and ocular cells. In a further embodiment, the epithelial cells comprise ocular cells.

-   29. The antibody or fragment of any preceding aspect, wherein the     antibody or fragment decreases the proliferation of human PBMCs or     T-cells in the presence of hOX40L in an in vitro mixed lymphocyte     reaction (MLR) assay by at least 20, 30, 40, 50 or 60% compared to     the proliferation of human PBMCs or T-cells in the presence of     hOX40L in an in vitro control MLR assay in the absence of an     antibody that is specific for hOX40L. An illustration of a suitable     assay is provided in the examples below. 30. The antibody or     fragment of aspect 29, wherein the hOX40L in the assay is     surface-expressed on human dendritic cells (DC cells).

An illustration of a suitable assay is provided in the examples below.

-   31. The antibody or fragment of any preceding aspect, wherein the     antibody or fragment decreases NF-κB activity in human HT-1080 cells     expressing hOX40 receptor in vitro in the presence of hOX40L.

In an example, the antibody or fragment the decrease in NF-κB activity is determined by detecting a decrease in IL-8 secretion by HT-1080 cells (ATCC® CCL-121) (optionally transfected with hOX40 Receptor, in the presence of hOX40) in vitro.

-   32. The antibody or fragment of any preceding aspect, wherein the     antibody or fragment decreases IL-8 secretion from human HT-1080     cells expressing hOX40 receptor in vitro in the presence of hOX40L. -   33. The antibody or fragment of aspect 32, wherein the antibody or     fragment decreases IL-8 secretion by at least 20, 30, 40, 50 or 60%     compared to the IL-8 production by HT-1080 cells expressing hOX40     receptor in vitro in the presence of hOX40L in the absence of an     antibody that is specific for hOX40L. -   34. The antibody or fragment of any preceding aspect, wherein the     antibody or fragment decreases hOX40L-stimulated human T-cell     proliferation in vitro. -   35. The antibody or fragment of any preceding aspect, wherein the     antibody or fragment decreases hOX40L-stimulated IL-2 secretion from     human T-cells in vitro. -   36. The antibody or fragment of any preceding aspect, wherein the     antibody or fragment decreases cytokine secretion mediated by the     interaction of human dendritic cells (DC cells) with human T-cells,     wherein the cytokine is selected from one, two, more or all of TNF     alpha, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-13,     IL-17, RANTES and interferon gamma.

This can be assessed, for example, using a MLR in vitro assay (e.g., a DC/T-cell MLR in vitro assay). An illustration of a suitable assay is provided in the examples below.

In an example, the DC cells are mismatched to the T-cells, e.g., MHC mis-matched, as is possible for example when the DC cells are from a human that is different from the T-cell human source. In an example, the DC cells are produced by in vitro induction of human monocytes with GMCSF and IL-4.

-   37. The antibody or fragment of any preceding aspect, wherein the     antibody or fragment decreases interferon gamma secretion by at     least 20, 30, 40, 50 or 60% compared to the production of interferon     gamma mediated by the interaction of human dendritic cells (DC     cells) with human T-cells in the absence of an antibody that is     specific for hOX40L. -   38. The antibody or fragment of any preceding aspect, wherein the     antibody or fragment decreases TNF alpha secretion by at least 20,     30, 40, 50 or 60% compared to the production of TNF alpha mediated     by the interaction of human dendritic cells (DC cells) with human     T-cells in the absence of an antibody that is specific for hOX40L. -   39. The antibody or fragment of any preceding aspect, wherein the     antibody or fragment decreases IL-2 secretion by at least 10, 20,     30, 40, 50 or 60% compared to the production of IL-2 mediated by the     interaction of human dendritic cells (DC cells) with human T-cells     in the absence of an antibody that is specific for hOX40L. -   40. The antibody or fragment of any preceding aspect, wherein the     antibody or fragment decreases cytokine secretion (e.g., leukocyte     cytokine secretion) in a human peripheral blood mononuclear cell     (PBMC) mixed lymphocyte (MLR) assay, wherein the cytokine is     selected from one, two, more or all of TNF alpha, IL-2, IL-4, IL-3,     IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-17, RANTES and interferon gamma. -   41. The antibody or fragment of any preceding aspect, wherein the     antibody or fragment decreases interferon gamma secretion by at     least 20, 30, 40, 50 or 60% compared to the production of interferon     gamma in a human PBMC MLR assay in the absence of an antibody that     is specific for hOX40L.

In one embodiment, the comparison is to the production of interferon gamma in a human PBMC MLR assay in the absence of antibody.

-   42. The antibody or fragment of any preceding aspect, wherein the     antibody or fragment decreases TNF alpha secretion by at least 20,     30, 40, 50 or 60% compared to the production of TNF alpha in a human     PBMC MLR assay in the absence of an antibody that is specific for     hOX40L. -   43. The antibody or fragment of any preceding aspect, wherein the     antibody or fragment decreases IL-2 secretion by at least 10, 20,     30, 40, 50 or 60% compared to the production of IL-2 in a human PBMC     MLR assay in the absence of an antibody that is specific for hOX40L. -   44. The antibody or fragment of any one of aspects 36 to 43, wherein     the cells are primary cells.

A “primary cell” refers to a cell in a human or such a cell that has been taken from the patient for binding to the antibody or fragment of the invention in vitro (as may be useful, for example, in a method of diagnosis of OX40L status or disease/condition status in the human). Primary cells as used herein are not cells of human cell lines, which typically have undergone many cultures in vitro. The ability of the antibody or fragment of the invention to specifically inhibit hOX40L binding to receptor in this embodiment is advantageous since it provides a direct indication of the utility for addressing cells in human patients suffering or at risk of a hOX40L-mediated disease or condition.

-   45. The antibody or fragment of any preceding aspect, wherein the     antibody or fragment inhibits binding of hOX40L to a hOX40L receptor     (e.g., hOX40) with an IC₅₀ of 1×10⁻⁸ or less in a HTRF (homogenous     time resolved fluorescence) assay.

In an example, the IC₅₀ is in the range from 1×10⁻⁸ to 1×10⁻¹¹ or in the range from 1×10⁻⁹ to 1×10⁻¹⁰.

-   46. A pharmaceutical composition for treating and/or preventing a     OX40L-mediated condition or disease, the composition comprising an     antibody or fragment of any preceding aspect and a diluent,     excipient or carrier; and optionally further comprising an     anti-inflammatory drug.

In an example, the anti-inflammatory drug is independently selected from the group consisting of corticosteroids (e.g. methylprednisolone), anti-IL12/IL-23 antibodies (e.g. ustekinumab), anti-VLA4 antibodies (e.g. natalizumab), anti-LFA1 antibodies, anti-complement C5 antibodies (e.g. eculizumab), anti-a4b7 integrin antibodies (e.g. vedolizumab), anti-IL6 antibodies (e.g. tocilizumab), anti-IL2R antibodies (e.g. basilixumab) or anti-TNFa antibodies/TNFa-Fc molecules (e.g. etanercept, adalimumab, infliximab, golimumab, certolizumab pegol). In an example, the anti-inflammatory drug is independently selected from the group consisting of corticosteroids (e.g. methylprednisolone) and anti-LFA1 antibodies.

-   47. A pharmaceutical composition or kit for treating and/or     preventing a OX40L-mediated condition or disease, the composition or     kit comprising an antibody or fragment of the invention (and     optionally an anti-inflammatory drug) optionally in combination with     a label or instructions for use to treat and/or prevent said disease     or condition in a human; optionally wherein the label or     instructions comprise a marketing authorisation number (e.g., an FDA     or EMA authorisation number); optionally wherein the kit comprises     an IV or injection device that comprises the antibody or fragment. -   48. A nucleic acid that encodes the HCDR3 of an antibody recited in     any one of aspects 1 to 45.

In one embodiment, the HCDRs herein are according to Kabat nomenclature. In another embodiment, the HCDRs herein are according to the IMGT nomenclature.

-   49. The nucleic acid of aspect 48 comprising a nucleotide sequence     that is at least 80, 85, 90, 95, 96, 97, 98 or 99% identical or is     100% identical to a HCDR3 sequence in the sequence listing.

In an aspect, the invention provides a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence that encodes a VH domain of an anti-hOX40L antibody, wherein the nucleotide sequence comprises a HCDR3 sequence that is at least 80, 85, 90, 95, 96, 97, 98 or 99% identical or is 100% identical to a HCDR3 sequence in the sequence listing. Optionally, the antibody is according to any other aspect herein.

In another embodiment, there is provided the nucleic acid of aspect 48 comprising a nucleotide sequence that is 100% identical to a HCDR3 sequence in the sequence listing, except for 1, 2 or 3 nucleotide substitutions, wherein each substitution produces no amino acid change or produces a conservative amino acid change (i.e., the nucleotide substitution is a synonymous substitution) in the corresponding protein sequence. The skilled person will be familiar with conservative amino acid changes.

Amino acid substitutions include alterations in which an amino acid is replaced with a different naturally-occurring amino acid residue. Such substitutions may be classified as “conservative”, in which case an amino acid residue contained in a polypeptide is replaced with another naturally occurring amino acid of similar character either in relation to polarity, side chain functionality or size. Such conservative substitutions are well known in the art. Substitutions encompassed by the present invention may also be “non-conservative”, in which an amino acid residue which is present in a peptide is substituted with an amino acid having different properties, such as naturally-occurring amino acid from a different group (e.g., substituting a charged or hydrophobic amino; acid with alanine), or alternatively, in which a naturally-occurring amino acid is substituted with a non-conventional amino acid.

Additionally or alternatively, there is provided the nucleic acid of aspect 49 comprising a nucleotide sequence that is 100% identical to a HCDR3 sequence in the sequence listing, except for 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7 synonymous nucleotide substitutions and no, 1, 2 or 3 nucleotide substitutions that produce conservative amino acid changes in the corresponding protein sequence.

-   50. A nucleic acid that encodes the HCDR2 of an antibody recited in     any one of aspects 1 to 45; optionally wherein the nucleic acid is     according to aspect 48 or 49. -   51. The nucleic acid of aspect 50 comprising a nucleotide sequence     that is at least 80, 85, 90, 95, 96, 97, 98 or 99% identical or is     100% identical to a HCDR2 sequence in the sequence listing.

In an aspect, the invention provides a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence that encodes a VH domain of an anti-hOX40L antibody, wherein the nucleotide sequence comprises a HCDR2 sequence that is at least 80, 85, 90, 95, 96, 97, 98 or 99% identical or is 100% identical to a HCDR2 sequence in the sequence listing. Optionally, the antibody is according to any other aspect herein.

In another embodiment, there is provided the nucleic acid of aspect 51 comprising a nucleotide sequence that is 100% identical to a HCDR2 sequence in the sequence listing, except for 1, 2 or 3 nucleotide substitutions, wherein each substitution produces no amino acid change or produces a conservative amino acid change (i.e., the nucleotide substitution is a synonymous substitution) in the corresponding protein sequence. The skilled person will be familiar with conservative amino acid changes.

Additionally or alternatively, there is provided the nucleic acid of aspect 50 comprising a nucleotide sequence that is 100% identical to a HCDR2 sequence in the sequence listing, except for 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7 synonymous nucleotide substitutions and no, 1, 2 or 3 nucleotide substitutions that produce conservative amino acid changes in the corresponding protein sequence.

-   52. A nucleic acid that encodes the HCDR1 of an antibody recited in     any one of aspects 1 to 45; optionally wherein the nucleic acid is     according to any one of aspects 48 to 51. -   53. The nucleic acid of aspect 52 comprising a nucleotide sequence     that is at least 80, 85, 90, 95, 96, 97, 98 or 99% identical to or     is 100% identical to a HCDR1 sequence in the sequence listing.

In an aspect, the invention provides a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence that encodes a VH domain of an anti-hOX40L antibody, wherein the nucleotide sequence comprises a HCDR1 sequence that is at least 80, 85, 90, 95, 96, 97, 98 or 99% identical or is 100% identical to a HCDR1 sequence in the sequence listing. Optionally, the antibody is according to any other aspect herein.

In another embodiment, there is provided the nucleic acid of aspect 52 comprising a nucleotide sequence that is 100% identical to a HCDR1 sequence in the sequence listing, except for 1, 2 or 3 nucleotide substitutions, wherein each substitution produces no amino acid change or produces a conservative amino acid change (i.e., the nucleotide substitution is a synonymous substitution) in the corresponding protein sequence. The skilled person will be familiar with conservative amino acid changes.

Additionally or alternatively, there is provided the nucleic acid of aspect 52 comprising a nucleotide sequence that is 100% identical to a HCDR1 sequence in the sequence listing, except for 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7 synonymous nucleotide substitutions and no, 1, 2 or 3 nucleotide substitutions that produce conservative amino acid changes in the corresponding protein sequence.

-   54. A nucleic acid that encodes a VH domain and/or a VL domain of an     antibody recited in any one of aspects 1 to 45. -   55. The nucleic acid of aspect 54 comprising a nucleotide sequence     that is at least 80, 85, 90, 95, 96, 97, 98 or 99% identical to or     is 100% identical to a VH domain nucleotide sequence in the

SEQUENCE LISTING

In another embodiment, there is provided the nucleic acid of aspect 54 comprising a nucleotide sequence that is 100% identical to a VH domain nucleotide sequence in the sequence listing, except for 1, 2 or 3 nucleotide substitutions, wherein each substitution produces no amino acid change or produces a conservative amino acid change (i.e., the nucleotide substitution is a synonymous substitution) in the corresponding protein sequence. The skilled person will be familiar with conservative amino acid changes.

Additionally or alternatively, there is provided the nucleic acid of aspect 54 comprising a nucleotide sequence that is 100% identical to a VH domain nucleotide sequence in the sequence listing, except for 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7 synonymous nucleotide substitutions and no, 1, 2 or 3 nucleotide substitutions that produce conservative amino acid changes in the corresponding protein sequence.

-   56. The nucleic acid of aspect 54 or 55 comprising a nucleotide     sequence that is at least 80, 85, 90, 95, 96, 97, 98 or 99%     identical to or is 100% identical to a VL domain nucleotide sequence     in the sequence listing.

In another embodiment, there is provided the nucleic acid of aspect 54 or 55 comprising a nucleotide sequence that is 100% identical to a VL domain nucleotide sequence in the sequence listing, except for 1, 2 or 3 nucleotide substitutions, wherein each substitution produces no amino acid change or produces a conservative amino acid change (i.e., the nucleotide substitution is a synonymous substitution) in the corresponding protein sequence. The skilled person will be familiar with conservative amino acid changes.

Additionally or alternatively, there is provided the nucleic acid of aspect 54 or 55 comprising a nucleotide sequence that is 100% identical to a VL domain nucleotide sequence in the sequence listing, except for 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7 synonymous nucleotide substitutions and no, 1, 2 or 3 nucleotide substitutions that produce conservative amino acid changes in the corresponding protein sequence.

-   57. A nucleic acid that encodes a heavy chain or a light chain of an     antibody recited in any one of aspects 1 to 45. -   58. The nucleic acid of aspect 57, comprising a nucleotide sequence     as recited in any one of aspects 48 to 56. -   59. A vector (e.g., a mammalian expression vector) comprising the     nucleic acid of any one of aspects 48 to 58; optionally wherein the     vector is a CHO or HEK293 vector. In an example, the vector is a     yeast vector, e.g., a Saccharomyces or Pichia vector. -   60. A host comprising the nucleic acid of any one of aspects 48 to     58 or the vector of aspect 59. In an example, the host is a     mammalian (e.g., human, e.g., CHO or HEK293) cell line or a yeast or     bacterial cell line. -   61. Use of an antibody or a fragment thereof, that specifically     binds to hOX40L in the manufacture of a medicament for     administration to a human, for treating or preventing a     hOX40L-mediated disease or condition in the human by decreasing one,     more or all of     -   a. secretion of a cytokine selected from TNF alpha, IL-2, IL-3,         IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-13, IL-17, RANTES and         interferon gamma in the human;     -   b. the proliferation of leukocytes of the human; and     -   c. binding of hOX40 receptor expressed by human T-cells with         endothelial cell expressed hOX40L.

The features of any of the previous aspects, configurations, concepts, examples or embodiments optionally apply mutatis mutandis to this use.

In an example, the human is suffering from or at risk of asthma and the antibody or fragment is for decreasing IgE in the human, thereby treating, preventing or reducing asthma in the human.

-   62. A method of treating or preventing a hOX40L-mediated disease or     condition in a human by decreasing one, more or all of     -   a. secretion of a cytokine selected from TNF alpha, IL-2, IL-3,         IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-13, IL-17, RANTES and         interferon gamma in the human;     -   b. the proliferation of leukocytes of the human; and     -   c. binding of hOX40 receptor expressed by human T-cells with         endothelial cell expressed hOX40L;         -   wherein the method comprises administering to said human a             therapeutically effective amount of an antibody or fragment             that specifically binds to hOX40L.

The features of any of the previous aspects, examples or embodiments optionally apply mutatis mutandis to this method.

The method of the invention treats or prevents said disease or condition in the human. A “therapeutically effective amount” of the antibody or fragment is that amount (administered in one or several doses, which may be spaced in time, e.g., substantially monthly administration) that is effective to bring about said treatment or prevention. This will be readily apparent to the skilled person and may vary according to the particular human patient and disease or condition being addressed.

In an example, the human is suffering from or at risk of asthma and the antibody or fragment decreases IgE in the human, thereby treating, preventing or reducing asthma in the human.

-   63. The method or use of aspect 61 or 62, for treating or preventing     said hOX40L-mediated disease, condition or epithelial cell damage in     said human by decreasing the proliferation of T-cells in said human. -   64. The method or use of any one of aspects 61 to 63, for treating     or preventing said hOX40L-mediated disease, condition or epithelial     cell damage in said human by antagonising the interaction between     hOX40L and leukocytes of the human, wherein the proliferation of     leukocytes is decreased. -   65. The method or use of any one of aspects 61 to 64, for treating     or preventing said hOX40L-mediated disease, condition or epithelial     cell damage in said human by decreasing the proliferation of     leukocytes of the human by antagonising the OX40L/OX40L receptor     interaction mediated by T-cells in said human. -   66. The method or use of any one of aspects 61 to 65, for treating     or preventing said hOX40L-mediated disease, condition or epithelial     cell damage in said human by decreasing the secretion of IL-8     cytokine in the human. -   67. The method of aspect 66, for treating or preventing said     disease, condition or epithelial cell damage by decreasing the     secretion of said IL-8 mediated by the interaction of dendritic     cells (DC cells) with T-cells in the human. -   68. The method or use of any one of aspects 61 to 67, wherein     gastrointestinal cell, colon cell, intestinal cell or airway (e.g.,     lung) cell damage is a symptom or cause of said disease or condition     in humans.

In another embodiment, the epithelial cells comprise cells selected from the group consisting of gastrointestinal cells, colon cells, intestinal cells, ocular cells and airway (e.g., lung) epithelial cells. In another embodiment, the epithelial cells comprise cells selected from the group consisting of gastrointestinal cells, colon cells, intestinal cells and ocular cells. In a further embodiment, the epithelial cells comprise ocular cells.

-   69. The method or use of any one of aspects 61 to 68, wherein the     human is suffering from or at risk of an inflammatory bowel disease     (IBD), allogeneic transplant rejection, graft-versus-host disease     (GvHD), diabetes or airway inflammation and said method treats or     prevents IBD, allogeneic transplant rejection, GvHD, diabetes or     airway inflammation in the human. -   69a. The method or use of any one of aspects 61 to 68, wherein the     human is suffering from or at risk of an inflammatory bowel disease     (IBD), allogeneic transplant rejection, graft-versus-host disease     (GvHD), uveitis, pyoderma gangrenosum, giant cell arteritis,     Schnitzler syndrome, non-infectious scleritis, diabetes or airway     inflammation and said method treats or prevents IBD, allogeneic     transplant rejection, GvHD, uveitis, pyoderma gangrenosum, giant     cell arteritis, Schnitzler syndrome, non-infectious scleritis,     diabetes or airway inflammation in the human.

In any aspect, configuration, concept or embodiment, the human is suffering from or at risk of a hOX40L-mediated disease or condition selected from an autoimmune disease or condition, a systemic inflammatory disease or condition, or transplant rejection; for example inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), Crohn's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, transplant rejection, allogeneic transplant rejection, graft-versus-host disease (GvHD), ulcerative colitis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), diabetes, uveitis, ankylosing spondylitis, contact hypersensitivity, multiple sclerosis and atherosclerosis, in particular GvHD. In any aspect, configuration, concept or embodiment, the human is suffering from or at risk of a hOX40L-mediated disease or condition which is a cancer and/or malignant tumour.

-   70. The method or use of any one of aspects 61 to 69a, wherein the     antibody or fragment is according to any one of aspects 1 to 45 or     any example, configuration, concept, aspect or embodiment described     herein. -   71. The antibody, fragment, composition, kit, method or use of any     preceding aspect, for treating or preventing an inflammatory or     automimmune disease or condition in a human or for reducing or     preventing angiogenesis in a human. -   72. The antibody, fragment, composition, kit, method or use of any     preceding aspect, wherein the disease or condition is selected from     the group consisting of an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD),     Chrohn's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, bronchiolitis,     gingivitis, transplant rejection, allogeneic transplant rejection,     graft-versus-host disease (GvHD), asthma, adult respiratory distress     syndrome (ARDS), septic shock, ulcerative colitis, Sjorgen's     syndrome, airway inflammation, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE),     diabetes, contact hypersensitivity, multiple sclerosis and     atherosclerosis. -   72a. The antibody, fragment, composition, kit, method or use of any     preceding aspect, wherein the disease or condition is selected from     the group consisting of an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD),     Chrohn's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, bronchiolitis,     gingivitis, transplant rejection, allogeneic transplant rejection,     graft-versus-host disease (GvHD), asthma, adult respiratory distress     syndrome (ARDS), septic shock, ulcerative colitis, Sjorgen's     syndrome, airway inflammation, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE),     uveitis, pyoderma gangrenosum, giant cell arteritis, Schnitzler     syndrome, non-infectious scleritis, diabetes, contact     hypersensitivity, multiple sclerosis and atherosclerosis.

In any aspect, configuration, concept or embodiment, the human is suffering from or at risk of a hOX40L-mediated disease or condition selected from an autoimmune disease or condition, a systemic inflammatory disease or condition, or transplant rejection; for example inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), Crohn's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, transplant rejection, allogeneic transplant rejection, graft-versus-host disease (GvHD), ulcerative colitis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), diabetes, uveitis, ankylosing spondylitis, contact hypersensitivity, multiple sclerosis and atherosclerosis, in particular GvHD.

In an example, the disease or condition is an OX40L-mediated disease or condition disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,812,133 or EP1791869.

In an example, the disease or condition is an inflammatory or autoimmune disease or condition. In an example, the disease or condition is transplant rejection.

As used herein, inflammatory disease or condition refers to pathological states resulting in inflammation, for example caused by neutrophil chemotaxis. Examples of such disorders include inflammatory skin diseases including psoriasis; responses associated with inflammatory bowel disease (such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis); ischemic reperfusion; adult respiratory distress syndrome; dermatitis; meningitis; encephalitis; uveitis; autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, Sjorgen's syndrome, vasculitis; diseases involving leukocyte diapedesis; central nervous system (CNS) inflammatory disorder, multiple organ injury syndrome secondary to septicaemia or trauma; alcoholic hepatitis, bacterial pneumonia, antigen-antibody complex mediated diseases; inflammations of the lung, including pleurisy, alveolitis, vasculitis, pneumonia, chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis, and cystic fibrosis; etc. The preferred indications are bacterial pneumonia and inflammatory bowel disease such as ulcerative colitis. The invention is thus in an example provided for treating or preventing any one or more of such conditions.

In an example, the disease or condition is cancer.

In an example, the disease is uveitis, such as systemic uveitis or autoimmune/non-infectious uveitis.

-   73. An antibody or a fragment thereof, that specifically binds to     hOX40L and competes for binding to said hOX40L with the antibody     02D10, wherein the antibody or fragment comprises a VH domain which     comprises a HCDR3 comprising the motif VRGXYYY, wherein X is any     amino acid.

The features of the antibodies of any of the aspects, configurations, concepts, examples or embodiments described herein optionally apply mutatis mutandis to these antibodies, e.g the antibody may be a human antibody or chimeric antibody having functional features as described herein. Competition may be determined as described in any aspect, embodiment, example, concept or configuration described herein, e.g. as determined by SPR, ELISA, HTRF or FACS.

In one embodiment, the antibody or fragment competes with the variable regions of 02D10 (e.g. competes with an antibody comprising the heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID No: 34 and the light chain variable region of SEQ ID No:48). In another embodiment, the antibody or fragment competes with 02D10 IgG4-PE having a heavy chain amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No:62 and a light chain amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No:64.

In another embodiment, the antibody or fragment additionally or alternatively competes with 10A7. In one embodiment, the antibody or fragment competes with the variable regions of 10A7 (e.g. competes with an antibody comprising the heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID No: 2 and the light chain variable region of SEQ ID No:16). In another embodiment, the antibody or fragment competes with 10A7 IgG4-PE having a heavy chain amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No:30 and a light chain amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No:32.

In one embodiment, the amino acid is any naturally-occurring amino acid.

-   74. The antibody or fragment according to aspect 73, where X is a     neutral amino acid, optionally P or G.

In an embodiment, X is P or G. In an embodiment, X is selected from P, N, A or G. In another embodiment, X is selected from P, G or N. In another embodiment, X is selected from P, G or A.

-   75. An antibody or a fragment thereof, optionally according to     aspect 73 or 74, that specifically binds to hOX40L and competes for     binding to said hOX40L with the antibody 02D10, wherein the antibody     or fragment comprises a VH domain which comprises the HCDR3 sequence     of SEQ ID NO:40 or 46 or the HCDR3 sequence of SEQ ID NO:40 or 46     comprising less than 5 amino acid substitutions.

The features of the antibodies of any of the aspects, configurations, concepts, examples or embodiments described herein optionally apply mutatis mutandis to these antibodies, e.g the antibody may be a human antibody or chimeric antibody having functional features as described herein. Competition may be determined as described in any aspect, embodiment, concept, example or configuration described herein, e.g. as determined by SPR, ELISA, HTRF or FACS.

In an embodiment, the HCDR3 sequence of SEQ ID NO:40 or 46 comprises less than 4 amino acid substitutions (i.e. 3 or fewer). In an embodiment, the HCDR3 sequence of SEQ ID NO:40 or 46 comprises less than 3 amino acid substitutions (i.e. 2 or 1 substitutions). In an embodiment, the HCDR3 sequence of SEQ ID NO:40 or 46 comprises less than 2 amino acid substitutions (i.e. one substitution).

In one embodiment, the antibody or fragment competes with the variable regions of 02D10 (e.g. competes with an antibody comprising the heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID No: 34 and the light chain variable region of SEQ ID No:48). In another embodiment, the antibody or fragment competes with 02D10 IgG4-PE having a heavy chain amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No:62 and a light chain amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No:64.

In another embodiment, the antibody or fragment additionally or alternatively competes with 10A7. In one embodiment, the antibody or fragment competes with the variable regions of 10A7 (e.g. competes with an antibody comprising the heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID No: 2 and the light chain variable region of SEQ ID No:16). In another embodiment, the antibody or fragment competes with 02D10 IgG4-PE having a heavy chain amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No:30 and a light chain amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No:32.

-   76. An antibody or fragment according to any one of aspects 73 to     75, the VH domain comprising a HCDR3 of from 16 to 27 amino acids     and which is derived from the recombination of a human VH gene     segment, a human D gene segment and a human JH gene segment, wherein     the human JH gene segment is IGHJ6 (e.g. IGHJ6*02).

In an embodiment, the human JH gene segment is selected from IGHJ6*01, IGHJ6*02, IGHJ6*03 and IGHJ6*04. In another embodiment, the human JH gene segment is selected from IGHJ6*01, IGHJ6*02 and IGHJ6*04. In another embodiment, the JH gene segment is IGHJ6*02.

In a further embodiment, the human VH gene segment is IGHV3-23, for example selected from IGHV3-23*01, IGHV3-23*02, IGHV3-23*03, IGHV3-23*04 or IGHV3-23*05. In another embodiment, the human VH gene segment is IGHV3-23*01 or IGHV3-23*04, in particular IGHV3-23*04.

In a further embodiment, the human DH gene segment is IGHD3-10, for example selected from IGHD3-10*01 or IGHD3-10*02. In one embodiment, the human DH gene segment is IGHD3-10*01. In one embodiment, the human DH gene segment is IGHD3-10*02.

-   77. The antibody or fragment according to any one of aspects 73 to     76, the VH domain comprising the HCDR1 sequence of SEQ ID NO:36 or     42 or the HCDR1 sequence of SEQ ID NO:36 or 42 comprising less than     4 amino acid substitutions.

In an embodiment, the HCDR1 sequence of SEQ ID NO:36 or 42 comprises less than 3 amino acid substitutions (i.e. 2 or 1 substitutions). In an embodiment, the HCDR1 sequence of SEQ ID NO:36 or 42 comprises less than 2 amino acid substitutions (i.e. one substitution).

-   78. The antibody or fragment according to any one of aspects 73 to     77, the VH domain comprising the HCDR2 sequence of SEQ ID NO:38 or     44, or the HCDR2 sequence of SEQ ID NO:38 or 44 comprising less than     5 amino acid substitutions.

In an embodiment, the HCDR2 sequence of SEQ ID NO:38 or 44 comprises less than 4 amino acid substitutions (i.e. 3 or fewer). In an embodiment, the HCDR2 sequence of SEQ ID NO:38 or 44 comprises less than 3 amino acid substitutions (i.e. 2 or 1 substitutions). In an embodiment, the HCDR2 sequence of SEQ ID NO:38 or 44 comprises less than 2 amino acid substitutions (i.e. one substitution).

-   79. The antibody or fragment according to any one of aspects 73 to     78, the VH domain comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:     34, or a heavy chain variable domain amino acid sequence that is at     least 80% (e.g. at least 85%) identical to SEQ ID NO:34.

In an embodiment, the heavy chain variable domain amino acid sequence is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, least 96% at least 97% at least 98% or at least 99% identical to SEQ ID NO:34.

-   80. The antibody or fragment according to any one of aspects 73 to     79 comprising first and second copies of said VH domain. -   81. The antibody or fragment according to any one of aspects 73 to     80, comprising a VL domain which comprises the LCDR1 sequence of SEQ     ID NO:54 or 60, or the LCRD3 sequence of SEQ ID NO:54 or 60     comprising less than 5 amino acid substitutions.

In an embodiment, the LCRD3 sequence of SEQ ID NO:54 or 60 comprises less than 4 amino acid substitutions (i.e. 3 or fewer). In an embodiment, the LCRD3 sequence of SEQ ID NO:54 or 60 comprises less than 3 amino acid substitutions (i.e. 2 or 1 substitutions). In an embodiment, the LCRD3 sequence of SEQ ID NO:54 or 60 comprises less than 2 amino acid substitutions (i.e. one substitution).

-   82. The antibody or fragment according to any one of aspects 73 to     81, comprising a or said VL domain, which VL domain comprises the     LCDR2 sequence of SEQ ID NO:52 or 58, or the LCRD2 sequence of SEQ     ID NO:52 or 58 comprising less than 2 amino acid substitutions. -   83. The antibody or fragment according to any one of aspects 73 to     82, comprising a or said VL domain, which VL domain comprises the     LCDR1 sequence of SEQ ID NO:54 or 60, or the LCRD1 sequence of SEQ     ID NO:54 or 60 comprising less than 4 amino acid substitutions.

In an embodiment, the LCDR1 sequence of SEQ ID NO:54 or 60 comprises less than 3 amino acid substitutions (i.e. 2 or 1 substitutions). In an embodiment, the LCDR1 sequence of SEQ ID NO:54 or 60 comprises less than 2 amino acid substitutions (i.e. one substitution).

-   84. The antibody or fragment according to any one of aspects 73 to     83, comprising a or said VL domain, which VL domain comprises an     amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 48, or a light chain variable     domain amino acid sequence that is at least 80% (e.g. at least 85%)     identical to SEQ ID NO:48.

In an embodiment, the light chain variable domain amino acid sequence is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, least 96% at least 97% at least 98% or at least 99% identical to SEQ ID NO:48.

-   85. The antibody or fragment according to any one of aspects 81 to     84, comprising first and second copies of said VL domain. -   86. The antibody or fragment according to any one of aspects 81 to     85, wherein the antibody or fragment comprises a kappa light chain.

In another embodiment, the VL domain is a kappa VL domain. In an embodiment, the kappa VL domain is derived from the recombination of a human VL gene segment, and a human JL gene segment, wherein the human VL gene segment is IGKV1D-39. In another embodiment, the VL gene segment is IGKV1D-39*01.

In a further embodiment, the human JL gene segment is IGKJ1 or IGKJ3. In another embodiment, the JL gene segment is IGKJ1*01. In another embodiment, the JL gene segment is IGKJ3*01.

-   87. The antibody or fragment according to any one of aspects 75 to     86 wherein the amino acid substitutions are conservative amino acid     substitutions, optionally wherein the conservative substitutions are     from one of six groups (each group containing amino acids that are     conservative substitutions for one another) selected from:

1) Alanine (A), Serine (S), Threonine (T);

2) Aspartic acid (D), Glutamic acid (E);

3) Asparagine (N), Glutamine (Q);

4) Arginine (R), Lysine (K);

5) Isoleucine (I), Leucine (L), Methionine (M), Valine (V); and

6) Phenylalanine (F), Tyrosine (Y), Tryptophan (W)

In an embodiment, the conservative amino acid substitutions are as described herein. For example, the substitution may be of Y with F, T with S or K, P with A, E with D or Q, N with D or G, R with K, G with N or A, T with S or K, D with N or E, I with L or V, F with Y, S with T or A, R with K, G with N or A, K with R, A with S, K or P. In another embodiment, the conservative amino acid substitutions may be wherein Y is substituted with F, T with A or S, I with L or V, W with Y, M with L, N with D, G with A, T with A or S, D with N, I with L or V, F with Y or L, S with A or T and A with S, G, T or V.

-   88. The antibody or fragment according to any one of aspects 73 to     87, wherein the antibody or fragment comprises a constant region,     e.g. an IgG4 constant region, optionally wherein the constant region     is IgG4-PE (Seq ID No:128).

In another example of any aspect herein, the antibody of fragment comprises a human gamma 4 constant region. In another embodiment, the heavy chain constant region does not bind Fc-y receptors, and e.g. comprises a Leu235Glu mutation (i.e. where the wild type leucine residue is mutated to a glutamic acid residue). In another embodiment, the heavy chain constant region comprises a Ser228Pro mutation to increase stability.

An alternative effector null human constant region is a disabled IgG1 being an IgG1*01 allele comprising the L235A and/or G237A mutations. In one embodiment, the antibodies or antibody fragments disclosed herein comprise an IgG1 heavy chain constant region, wherein the sequence contains alanine at position 235 and/or 237 (EU index numbering).

-   89. The antibody according to any one of aspects 73 to 88, wherein     the antibody comprises a heavy chain and a light chain, the heavy     chain amino acid sequence consisting of the sequence of SEQ ID No:62     and the light chain amino acid sequence consisting of the sequence     of SEQ ID No:64. -   90. An antibody or fragment as defined in any one of aspects 73 to     89, 98, 99, 101 or 102 for use in treating or preventing a     hOX40L-mediated disease or condition selected from an autoimmune     disease or condition, a systemic inflammatory disease or condition,     or transplant rejection; for example inflammatory bowel disease     (IBD), Crohn's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, transplant rejection,     allogeneic transplant rejection, graft-versus-host disease (GvHD),     ulcerative colitis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), diabetes,     uveitis, ankylosing spondylitis, contact hypersensitivity, multiple     sclerosis or atherosclerosis, in particular GvHD.

The features of the antibodies, and the hOX40L-mediated disease of any of the aspects, configurations, concepts, examples or embodiments as described herein optionally apply mutatis mutandis to this use. Any of the compositions, dosing schedules or modes of administration as described in any aspect, configuration, concept, example or embodiment herein optionally apply mnutatis mutandis to this use.

-   91. Use of an antibody or fragment as defined in any one of aspects     73 to 89, 98, 99, 101 or 102 in the manufacture of a medicament for     administration to a human for treating or preventing a hOX40L     mediated disease or condition in the human selected from an     autoimmune disease or condition, a systemic inflammatory disease or     condition, or transplant/host rejection; for example inflammatory     bowel disease (IBD), Crohn's disease, rheumatoid arthritis,     transplant rejection, allogeneic transplant rejection,     graft-versus-host disease (GvHD), ulcerative colitis, systemic lupus     erythematosus (SLE), diabetes, uveitis, ankylosing spondylitis,     contact hypersensitivity, multiple sclerosis or atherosclerosis, in     particular GvHD.

The features of the antibodies, and the hOX40L-mediated disease of any of the aspects, configurations, concepts, examples or embodiments as described herein optionally apply mutatis mutandis to this use. Any of the compositions, dosing schedules or modes of administration as described in any aspect, configuration, concept, example or embodiment herein optionally apply mutatis mutandis to this use.

-   92. A method of treating or preventing a hOX40L mediated disease or     condition selected from an autoimmune disease or condition, a     systemic inflammatory disease or condition, or transplant rejection;     for example inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), Crohn's disease,     rheumatoid arthritis, transplant rejection, allogeneic transplant     rejection, graft-versus-host disease (GvHD), ulcerative colitis,     systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), diabetes, uveitis, ankylosing     spondylitis, contact hypersensitivity, multiple sclerosis or     atherosclerosis, in particular GvHD in a human, comprising     administering to said human a therapeutically effective amount of an     antibody or fragment as defined in any one of aspects 73 to 89, 98,     99, 101 or 102, wherein the hOX40L mediated disease or condition is     thereby treated or prevented.

The features of the antibodies, and the hOX40L-mediated disease of any of the aspects, configurations, concepts, examples or embodiments as described herein optionally apply mutatis mutandis to this method. Any of the compositions, dosing schedules or modes of administration as described in any aspect, configuration, concept, example or embodiment herein optionally apply mutatis mutandis to this method.

-   93. The antibody or fragment according to aspect 90, the use     according to aspect 91, or the method according to aspect 92,     wherein the hOX40L-mediated disease or condition is GvHD.

In another embodiment, the antibody or fragment is capable of treating or preventing GvHD.

-   94. The antibody or fragment, the use or the method according to any     one of aspects 90 to 93, wherein the antibody is administered     prophylactically.

In an embodiment, the prophylaxis prevents the onset of the disease or condition or of the symptoms of the disease or condition. In one embodiment, the prophylactic treatment prevents the worsening, or onset, of the disease or condition. In one embodiment, the prophylactic treatment prevents the worsening of the disease or condition.

In another embodiment, said antibody is administered intravenously. In another embodiment, said antibody is administered at a dose of about 5-10 mg/kg (e.g. at about 8 mg/kg). In another embodiment, said antibody is administered at a dose selected from about 0.1 mg/kg, about 0.5 mg/kg, about 1 mg/kg, 3 mg/kg, 5 mg/kg, about 10 mg/kg, about 15 mg/kg, about 20 mg/kg, about 25 mg/kg, about 30 mg/kg, about 40 mg/kg, about 50 mg/kg, about 60 mg/kg, about 70 mg/kg, about 80 mg/kg about 90 mg/kg or about 100 mg/kg, in particular about 1 mg/kg, or about 3 mg/kg.

In another embodiment, said antibody is administered 1-4 days before transplant, e.g. 1-3 days before transplant or 1-2 days before transplant. In another embodiment, said antibody is administered twice a week, weekly, bi-weekly or monthly following transplant, e.g. bi-weekly. In a further embodiment, said antibody is administered intravenously prophylactically 1-3 days before transplant at a dose of about 5-10 mg/kg (e.g. about 8 mg/kg) and then intravenously, bi-weekly at a dose of about 5-10 mg/kg (e.g. about 8 mg/kg).

In another embodiment, the patient is monitored periodically post-transplant, for the presence of a biomarker predictive for the development of GvHD (e.g. acute GvHD), and the anti-OX40L antibody of the invention is administered once the biomarker levels are such that the patient is determined to be at risk of developing GvHD (e.g. acute GvHD). This strategy would avoid unnecessary dosing of drug and unnecessary suppression of the immune system. Examples of biomarkers which may be useful as predictive biomarkers of actue GvHD may be those identified in Levine et al., “A prognostic score for acute graft-versus-host disease based on biomarkers: a multicentre study”, Lancet Haematol 2015; 2:e21-29. These biomarkers include, but are not limited to TNFR1, ST-2, elafin and IL2Rα and Reg3α.

-   95. A human antibody or fragment thereof comprising a HCDR3 of from     16 to 27 amino acids and derived from the recombination of a human     VH gene segment, a human D gene segment and a human JH gene segment,     wherein the human JH gene segment is IGHJ6 (e.g. IGHJ6*02), which     specifically binds to hOX40L for treating or preventing a     hOX40L-mediated disease or condition selected from an autoimmune     disease or condition, a systemic inflammatory disease or condition,     or transplant rejection; for example inflammatory bowel disease     (IBD), Crohn's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, transplant rejection,     allogeneic transplant rejection, graft-versus-host disease (GvHD),     ulcerative colitis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), diabetes,     uveitis, ankylosing spondylitis, contact hypersensitivity, multiple     sclerosis or atherosclerosis, in particular GvHD (e.g. wherein the     antibody is for the prevention of GvHD).

The features of the antibodies, and the hOX40L-mediated disease of any of the aspects, configurations, concepts, examples or embodiments optionally apply mutatis mutandis to this use. Any of the compositions, dosing schedules or modes of administration as described in any aspect, configuration, concept, example or embodiment herein optionally apply mutatis mutandis to this use.

-   96. Use of a human antibody or fragment thereof comprising a HCDR3     of from 16 to 27 amino acids and derived from the recombination of a     human VH gene segment, a human D gene segment and a human JH gene     segment, wherein the human JH gene segment is IGHJ6 (e.g. IGHJ6*02),     which specifically binds to hOX40L in the manufacture of a     medicament for administration to a human for treating or preventing     a hOX40L mediated disease or condition in the human selected from an     autoimmune disease or condition, a systemic inflammatory disease or     condition, or transplant rejection; for example inflammatory bowel     disease (IBD), Crohn's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, transplant     rejection, allogeneic transplant rejection, graft-versus-host     disease (GvHD), ulcerative colitis, systemic lupus erythematosus     (SLE), diabetes, uveitis, ankylosing spondylitis, contact     hypersensitivity, multiple sclerosis or atherosclerosis, in     particular GvHD.

The features of the antibodies, and the hOX40L-mediated disease of any of the aspects, configurations, concepts, examples or embodiments optionally apply mutatis mutandis to this use. Any of the compositions, dosing schedules or modes of administration as described in any aspect, configuration, concept, example or embodiment herein optionally apply mutatis mutandis to this use.

-   97. A method of treating or preventing a hOX40L mediated disease or     condition selected from an autoimmune disease or condition, a     systemic inflammatory disease or condition, or transplant rejection;     for example inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), Crohn's disease,     rheumatoid arthritis, transplant rejection, allogeneic transplant     rejection, graft-versus-host disease (GvHD), ulcerative colitis,     systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), diabetes, uveitis, ankylosing     spondylitis, contact hypersensitivity, multiple sclerosis or     atherosclerosis, in particular GvHD in a human, comprising     administering to said human a therapeutically effective amount of a     human antibody or fragment thereof comprising a HCDR3 of from 16 to     27 amino acids and derived from the recombination of a human VH gene     segment, a human D gene segment and a human JH gene segment, wherein     the human JH gene segment is IGHJ6 (e.g. IGHJ6*02), which     specifically binds to hOX40L, wherein the hOX40L mediated disease or     condition is thereby treated or prevented.

The features of the antibodies, and the hOX40L-mediated disease of any of the aspects, configurations, concepts, examples or embodiments optionally apply mutatis mutandis to this method. Any of the compositions, dosing schedules or modes of administration as described in any aspect, configuration, concept, example or embodiment herein optionally apply mutatis mutandis to this method.

In an embodiment of any one of aspects 95 to 97, the human JH gene segment is selected from IGHJ6*01, IGHJ6*02, IGHJ6*03 and IGHJ6*04. In another embodiment of any one of aspects 95 to 97, the human JH gene segment is selected from IGHJ6*01, IGHJ6*02 and IGHJ6*04. In another embodiment of any one of aspects 95 to 97, the JH gene segment is IGHJ6*02.

In a further embodiment of any one of aspects 95 to 97, the human VH gene segment is IGHV3-23, for example selected from IGHV3-23*01, IGHV3-23*02, IGHV3-23*03, IGHV3-23*04 or IGHV3-23*05. In another embodiment of any one of aspects 95 to 97 the human VH gene segment is IGHV3-23*01 or IGHV3-23*04, in particular IGHV3-23*04.

In a further embodiment of any one of aspects 95 to 97, the human DH gene segment is IGHD3-10, for example selected from IGHD3-10*01 or IGHD3-10*02. In one embodiment of any one of aspects 95 to 97, the human DH gene segment is IGHD3-10*01. In one embodiment of any one of aspects 95 to 97, the human DH gene segment is IGHD3-10*02.

In an embodiment of any one of aspects 90 to 97, the antibody is capable of treating or preventing GvHD. In another embodiment of any one of aspects 90 to 97, the antibody or fragment is used for the treatment or prevention of a disease other than GvD, but the antibody or fragment is capable of treating or preventing GvHD.

-   98. The antibody or fragment according to aspect 86, or the antibody     or fragment according to aspect 95, the use according to aspect 96,     or the method according to aspect 97, wherein the antibody or     fragment comprises a kappa light chain, e.g. wherein the VL domain     of the light chain is derived from the recombination of a human VL     gene segment, and a human JL gene segment, wherein the human VL gene     segment is IGKV1D-39 (e.g. IGKV1D-39*01), and optionally the human     JL gene segment is IGKJ1 (e.g. IGKJ1*01) or IGKJ3 (e.g. IGKJ3*01).

In another embodiment, the VL domain is a kappa VL domain. In an embodiment, the kappa VL domain is derived from the recombination of a human VL gene segment, and a human JL gene segment, wherein the human VL gene segment is IGKV1D-39. In another embodiment, the VL gene segment is IGKV1D-39*01.

In a further embodiment, the human JL gene segment is IGKJ1. In another embodiment, the JL gene segment is IGKJ1*01. In a further embodiment, the human JL gene segment is IGKJ3. In another embodiment, the JL gene segment is IGKJ3*01 99. The antibody or fragment according to any one of aspects 73 to 89, 98, 101 or 102, or the antibody or fragment use or method according to any one of aspects 90 to 98, wherein the antibody or fragment enables greater than 80% stem cell donor chimerism by day 12 in a Rhesus macaque model of haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, optionally wherein the antibody is for the prevention of GvHD.

In another aspect, there is provided an antibody or fragment, use or method according to any one of aspects 95 to 98, wherein the antibody or fragment is for treating or preventing transplant rejection (e.g. GvHD) in a human by enabling greater than 80% stem cell donor chimerism by day 12 in said human following donor human hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

In another embodiment, there is provided an antibody or fragment according to any one of aspects 73 to 89, 98, 101 or 102, wherein the antibody or fragment enables greater than 80% stem cell donor chimerism by day 12 in a Rhesus macaque model of haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

In one embodiment, the chimerism is T-cell (CD3⁺/CD20⁻) chimerism. In another embodiment, the chimerism is peripheral blood chimerism. In another embodiment, the chimerism is peripheral blood or T-cell (CD3⁺/CD20⁻) chimerism.

In one embodiment, the stem cell donor chimerism (e.g. the peripheral blood or T-cell (CD3⁺/CD20⁻) chimerism) is determined using divergent donor- and recipient-specific MHC-linked microsatellite markers, by comparing peak heights of the donor- and recipient-specific amplicons. In another embodiment, stem cell donor chimerism is determined as described in Kean, L S, et al., “Induction of chimerism in rhesus macaques through stem cell transplant and costimulation blockade-based immunosuppression”, Am J Transplant. 2007 February; 7(2):320-35. In another embodiment, stem cell donor chimerism is determined as described in Example 7.

In one embodiment, the Rhesus macaque model of haploidentical haematopoietic stem cell is performed by the transplant (HSCT) recipient animals undergoing a conditioning procedure together with anti-OX40L antibody administration, followed by infusion of a peripheral blood product isolated from a half-sibling donor animal, following which animals continue to receive weekly doses of the anti-OX40L antibody of the invention, and blood samples are taken and analysed for chimerism.

In another embodiment, in the HSCT model, recipient animals receive a conditioning radiation dose of 1020 cGy in 4 dose fractions over 2 days (experimental Day −2 and Day −1) to ablate the host haematopoietic system before intravenous administration of an anti-OX40L antibody of the invention (Day −2, with subsequent intravenous doses on Days 5, 12, 19, 26, 33, 40, 47) and transplant of white blood cell- and stem cell-enriched peripheral blood from an MHC half-matched (half-sibling) donor animal to reconstitute the recipient's immune system, together with provision of continuous supportive care, blood sampling and monitoring for signs of GVHD.

In one embodiment, the antibody or fragment, use or method is for the prevention of GvHD.

In an embodiment, the anti-hOX40L antibody of the invention is administered prophylactically. In one embodiment, the prophylactic treatment prevents the worsening or onset of the disease or condition.

In another embodiment, said antibody is administered intravenously. In another embodiment, said antibody is administered at a dose of about 5-10 mg/kg (e.g. at about 8 mg/kg). In another embodiment, said antibody is administered intravenously. In another embodiment, said antibody is administered at a dose of about 5-10 mg/kg (e.g. at about 8 mg/kg). In another embodiment, said antibody is administered at a dose selected from about 0.1 mg/kg, about 0.5 mg/kg, about 1 mg/kg, 3 mg/kg, 5 mg/kg, about 10 mg/kg, about 15 mg/kg, about 20 mg/kg, about 25 mg/kg, about 30 mg/kg, about 40 mg/kg, about 50 mg/kg, about 60 mg/kg, about 70 mg/kg, about 80 mg/kg about 90 mg/kg or about 100 mg/kg, in particular about 1 mg/kg, or about 3 mg/kg.

In another embodiment, said antibody is administered 1-4 days before transplant, e.g. 1-3 days before transplant or 1-2 days before transplant. In another embodiment, said antibody is administered twice-weekly, weekly, bi-weekly or monthly following transplant, e.g. bi-weekly. In a further embodiment, said antibody is administered intravenously prophylactically 1-3 days before transplant at a dose of about 5-10 mg/kg (e.g. about 8 mg/kg) and then intravenously, bi-weekly at a dose of about 5-10 mg/kg (e.g. about 8 mg/kg).

In another embodiment, the patient is monitored periodically post-transplant, for the presence of a biomarker predictive for the development of GvHD (e.g. acute GvHD), and the anti-OX40L antibody of the invention is administered once the biomarker levels are such that the patient is determined to be at risk of developing GvHD (e.g. acute GvHD). This strategy would avoid unnecessary dosing of drug and unnecessary suppression of the immune system. Examples of biomarkers which may be useful as predictive biomarkers of actue GvHD may be those identified in Levine et al., “A prognostic score for acute graft-versus-host disease based on biomarkers: a multicentre study”, Lancet Haematol 2015; 2:e21-29. These biomarkers include, but are not limited to TNFR1, ST-2, elafin and IL2Rα and Reg3α.

In a further embodiment, the HSCT model is conducted as described in Miller, Weston P., et al. “GVHD after haploidentical transplantation: a novel, MHC-defined rhesus macaq ue model identifies CD28⁻CD8⁺ T-cells as a reservoir of breakthrough T-cell proliferation during costimulation blockade and sirolimus-based immunosuppression.” Blood, 116, 24(2010):5403-5418. In a further embodiment, the HSCT model is carried out as described in Example 7.

-   100. The antibody or fragment, use or method according to any one of     aspects 95 to 99, wherein the antibody is as defined in any one of     aspects 73 to 89, 98, 99, 101 or 102. -   101. The antibody or fragment according to any one of aspects 73 to     89, 98, 99 or 102, or the antibody or fragment, use or method     according to any one of aspects 90 to 100, wherein the antibody or     fragment expresses as a stably transfected pool in Lonza GS-Xceed™     at level greater than 1.5 g/L in a fed batch overgrow culture using     Lonza version 8 feed system with an overgrow period of 14 days.

In one embodiment, the expression level is greater than 1.0 g/L, greater than 1.lg/L, greater than 1.2 g/L, greater than 1.3 g/L or greater than 1.4 g/L.

-   102. An antibody or fragment according to any one of aspects 73 to     89, 98, 99 or 101, or the antibody or fragment, use or method     according to any one of aspects 90 to 101, wherein the antibody or     fragment maintains a naïve population of CD4⁺ T-cells of >20% of     total CD4⁺ T-cell population at day 12 in a Rhesus macaque model of     haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

In another aspect, there is provided an antibody or fragment according to any one of aspects 73 to 89, 98, 99 or 101, or an antibody or fragment, use or method according to any one of aspects 90 to 101, wherein the antibody or fragment is for treating or preventing transplant rejection in a human by maintaining a naïve population of donor CD4⁺ T-cells of >20% of total CD4⁺ T-cell population at day 12 in said human following donor human hematopoietic stem cell transplantation In one embodiment, the HSCT model is as described in any embodiment contemplated hereinabove, e.g. as described in connection with aspect 99.

In another embodiment, the naïve population is measured by evaluating the relative proportion of specific T-cell phenotypes using flow cytometry where cell subsets are identified by labelling with fluorescent antibody probes and whereby naïve CD4⁺ or CD8⁺ T-cells are labelled CD4⁺/CD28⁺/CD95⁻ or CD8⁺/CD28⁺/CD95⁻, respectively, central memory CD4⁺ or CD8⁺ T-cells are labelled CD4⁺/CD28⁺/CD95⁺ or CD8⁺/CD28⁺/CD95⁺, respectively, and effector memory CD4⁺ or CD8⁺ T-cells are labelled CD4⁺/CD28⁻/CD95⁺ or CD8⁺/CD28⁻/CD95⁺, respectively.

-   103. The antibody or fragment, use or the method according to any     one of aspects 90 to 102, further comprising administering to the     human a further therapeutic agent, optionally wherein the further     therapeutic agent is independently selected from the group     consisting of rapamycin (sirolimus), tacrolimus, ciclosporin,     corticosteroids (e.g. methylprednisolone), methotrexate,     mycophenolate mofetil, anti-CD28 antibodies, anti-IL12/IL-23     antibodies (e.g. ustekinumab), anti-CD20 antibodies (e.g.rituximab),     anti-CD30 antibodies (e.g. brentuximab), CTLA4-Fc molecules (e.g.     abatacept), CCR5 receptor antagonists (e.g. maraviroc), anti-CD40L     antibodies, anti-VLA4 antibodies (e.g. natalizumab), anti-LFA1     antibodies, fludarabine, anti-CD52 antibodies (e.g. alemtuzumab),     anti-CD45 antibodies, cyclophosphamide, anti-thymocyte globulins,     anti-complement C5 antibodies (e.g. eculizumab), anti-a4b7 integrin     antibodies (e.g. vedolizumab), anti-IL6 antibodies (e.g.     tocilizumab), anti-IL2R antibodies (e.g. basilixumab), anti-CD25     antibodies (e.g. daclizumab), anti-TNFa/TNFa-Fc molecules (e.g.     etanercept, adalimumab, infliximab, golimumab or certolizumab pegol)     and Vorinostat, in particular rapamycin (sirolimus), tacrolimus,     ciclosporin, corticosteroids (e.g. methylprednisolone),     methotrexate, mycophenolate mofetil, anti-CD28 antibodies, CTLA4-Fc     molecules (e.g. abatacept), anti-CD40L antibodies, anti-LFA1     antibodies, anti-CD52 antibodies (e.g. alemtuzumab),     cyclophosphamide and anti-thymocyte globulins.

In one embodiment, the further therapeutic agent is an anti-inflammatory drug. In aother embodiment, the anti-inflammatory drug is independently selected from the group consisting of corticosteroids (e.g. methylprednisolone), anti-IL12/IL-23 antibodies (e.g. ustekinumab), anti-VLA4 antibodies (e.g. natalizumab), anti-LFA1 antibodies, anti-complement C5 antibodies (e.g. eculizumab), anti-a4b7 integrin antibodies (e.g. vedolizumab), anti-IL6 antibodies (e.g. tocilizumab), anti-IL2R antibodies (e.g. basilixumab) or anti-TNFa antibodies/TNFa-Fc molecules (e.g. etanercept, adalimumab, infliximab, golimumab, certolizumab pegol). In an example, the anti-inflammatory drug is independently selected from the group consisting of corticosteroids (e.g. methylprednisolone) and anti-LFA1 antibodies.

In one embodiment, the combination comprises an anti-OX40L antibody of the invention and further therapeutic agents independently selected from the group consisting of calcineurin inhibitors (e.g. tacrolimus, ciclosporin), mTOR inhibitors (e.g. rapamycin (sirolimus)), and antiproliferative agents (e.g. mycophenolate mofetil, cyclophosphamide).

In one embodiment, the combination comprises an anti-OX40L antibody of the invention and a derivative of rapamycin.

In one embodiment, the combination comprises an anti-OX40L antibody of the invention and further therapeutic agents independently selected from the group consisting of immunosuppressants that modulate IL-2 signalling (e.g. tacrolimus, ciclosporin, rapamycin (sirolimus), and anti-CD25 antibodies (e.g. basilixumab, daclizumab). In another embodiment, the immunosuppressant that modulates IL-2 signalling is an anti-IL-2 antibody or and anti-IL-2R antibody.

In one embodiment, the combination comprises an anti-OX40L antibody of the invention and rapamycin (sirolimus). In another embodiment, the combination comprises an anti-OX40L antibody of the invention and tacrolimus. In another embodiment, the combination comprises an anti-OX40L antibody of the invention and tacrolimus and methotrexate. In another embodiment, the combination comprises an anti-OX40L antibody of the invention and ciclosporin. In another embodiment, the combination comprises an anti-OX40L antibody of the invention and ciclosporin and methotrexate. In another embodiment, the combination comprises an anti-OX40L antibody of the invention and cyclophosphamide. In another embodiment, the combination comprises an anti-OX40L antibody of the invention and mycophenolate mofetil.

-   104. The antibody or fragment, use or the method according to aspect     103, wherein the further therapeutic agent is administered     sequentially or simultaneously with the anti-hOX40L antibody or     fragment. -   105. A pharmaceutical composition comprising an antibody of fragment     as defined in any one of aspects 73 to 89, 98, 99, 101 or 102 and a     pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, diluent or carrier and     optionally further comprising a further therapeutic agent     independently selected from the group consisting of rapamycin     (sirolimus), tacrolimus, ciclosporin, corticosteroids (e.g.     methylprednisolone), methotrexate, mycophenolate mofetil, anti-CD28     antibodies, anti-IL12/IL-23 antibodies (e.g. ustekinumab), anti-CD20     antibodies (e.g.rituximab), anti-CD30 antibodies (e.g. brentuximab),     CTLA4-Fc molecules (e.g. abatacept), CCR5 receptor antagonists (e.g.     maraviroc), anti-CD40L antibodies, anti-VLA4 antibodies (e.g.     natalizumab), anti-LFA1 antibodies, fludarabine, anti-CD52     antibodies (e.g. alemtuzumab), anti-CD45 antibodies,     cyclophosphamide, anti-thymocyte globulins, anti-complement C5     antibodies (e.g. eculizumab), anti-a4b7 integrin antibodies (e.g.     vedolizumab), anti-IL6 antibodies (e.g. tocilizumab), anti-IL2R     antibodies (e.g. basilixumab), anti-CD25 antibodies (e.g.     daclizumab), anti-TNFa/TNFa-Fc molecules (e.g. etanercept,     adalimumab, infliximab, golimumab or certolizumab pegol) and     Vorinostat, in particular rapamycin (sirolimus), tacrolimus,     ciclosporin, corticosteroids (e.g. methylprednisolone),     methotrexate, mycophenolate mofetil, anti-CD28 antibodies, CTLA4-Fc     molecules (e.g. abatacept), anti-CD40L antibodies, anti-LFA1     antibodies, anti-CD52 antibodies (e.g. alemtuzumab),     cyclophosphamide and anti-thymocyte globulins. In another     embodiment, the agent is an anti-IL-2 antibody.

The pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, diluents or carriers as described herein apply mutatis mutandis to these compositions.

-   106. In one embodiment, the further therapeutic agent is an     anti-inflammatory drug. In aother embodiment, the anti-inflammatory     drug is independently selected from the group consisting of     corticosteroids (e.g. methylprednisolone), anti-IL12/IL-23     antibodies (e.g. ustekinumab), anti-VLA4 antibodies (e.g.     natalizumab), anti-LFA1 antibodies, anti-complement C5 antibodies     (e.g. eculizumab), anti-a4b7 integrin antibodies (e.g. vedolizumab),     anti-IL6 antibodies (e.g. tocilizumab), anti-IL2R antibodies (e.g.     basilixumab) or anti-TNFa antibodies/TNFa-Fc molecules (e.g.     etanercept, adalimumab, infliximab, golimumab, certolizumab pegol).     In an example, the anti-inflammatory drug is independently selected     from the group consisting of corticosteroids (e.g.     methylprednisolone) and anti-LFA1 antibodies. In another embodiment,     the agent is an anti-IL-2 antibody.

In one embodiment, the further therapeutic agent is independently selected from the group consisting of calcineurin inhibitors (e.g. tacrolimus, ciclosporin), mTOR inhibitors (e.g. rapamycin (sirolimus)), and antiproliferative agents (e.g. mycophenolate mofetil, cyclophosphamide).

In one embodiment, the further therapeutic agent is independently selected from the group consisting of immunosuppressants that modulate IL-2 signalling (e.g. tacrolimus, ciclosporin, rapamycin (sirolimus), and anti-CD25 antibodies (e.g. basilixumab, daclizumab).

In one embodiment, the further therapeutic agent is rapamycin (sirolimus). In another embodiment, the further therapeutic agent is tacrolimus. In another embodiment, the further therapeutic agent is a combination of tacrolimus and methotrexate. In another embodiment, the further therapeutic agent is ciclosporin. In another embodiment, the further therapeutic agent is a combination of ciclosporin and methotrexate. In another embodiment, the further therapeutic agent is cyclophosphamide. In another embodiment, the further therapeutic agent is mycophenolate mofetil

-   107. A pharmaceutical composition according to aspect 105, or a kit     comprising a pharmaceutical composition as defined in aspect 105,     wherein the composition is for treating and/or preventing a     hOX40L-mediated condition or disease selected from an autoimmune     disease or condition, a systemic inflammatory disease or condition,     or transplant rejection; for example inflammatory bowel disease     (IBD), Crohn's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, transplant rejection,     allogeneic transplant rejection, graft-versus-host disease (GvHD),     ulcerative colitis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), diabetes,     uveitis, ankylosing spondylitis, contact hypersensitivity, multiple     sclerosis and atherosclerosis, in particular GvHD.

The hOX40L-mediated diseases of any of the aspects, configurations, concepts, examples or embodiments described herein optionally apply mutatis mutandis to this combination.

-   108. A pharmaceutical composition according to aspect 105 or aspect     106 in combination with, or kit according to aspect 106 comprising a     label or instructions for use to treat and/or prevent said disease     or condition in a human; optionally wherein the label or     instructions comprise a marketing authorisation number (e.g., an FDA     or EMA authorisation number); optionally wherein the kit comprises     an IV or injection device that comprises the antibody or fragment.

The labels, instructions, hOX40L-mediated diseases and condiutions of any of the aspects, configurations, concepts, examples or embodiments described herein optionally apply mutatis mutandis to this combination.

-   109. A nucleic acid that encodes the HCDR3 of an antibody or     fragment as defined in any one of aspects 73 to 89, 98, 99, 101 or     102. -   110. A nucleic acid that encodes a VH domain and/or a VL domain of     an antibody or fragment as defined in any one of aspects 73 to 89,     98, 99, 101 or 102. -   111. A nucleic acid according to aspect 109 comprising a nucleotide     sequence that is at least 80% identical to the sequence of SEQ ID     NO: 33 and/or SEQ ID NO: 47.

In an example, the nuecleotide sequence is at least 85% identical, at least 90% identical, at least 95% identical, at least 96% identical, at least 97% identical, at least 98% identical or at least 99% identical to the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 33 and/or SEQ ID NO: 47.

-   112. A nucleic acid that encodes a heavy chain or a light chain of     an antibody recited in any one of aspects 73 to 89, 98, 99, 101 or     102. -   113. A vector comprising the nucleic acid of any one of aspects 108     to 111; optionally wherein the vector is a CHO or HEK293 vector. -   114. A host comprising the nucleic acid of any one of aspects 108 to     111 or the vector of aspect 112.

The present invention furthermore relates to the following concepts:

Concept 1.

A method of reducing the proportion of (e.g. of depleting or decreasing the level of) CD45RA⁺CCR7⁺CD95⁺OX40⁺ memory stem T-cells (Tscm) comprising combining said cells with an agent (such as an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof) which reduces the proportion of Tscm cells (e.g. which depletes or decreases the level of said Tscm cells), and whereby the proportion of said Tscm cells is reduced (e.g. whereby the level of said Tscm cells is decreased or depleted).

CD45RA⁺CCR7⁺CD95⁺OX40⁺ memory stem T-cells (Tscm) are thought to be a newly-defined subset of stem cell memory T-cells which are long-lived and have the capacity for self-renewal. Therefore, these cells may be detrimental in various diseases, such as GvHD and autoimmune disorders, because they are the source of a persistent and multipotent population of potentially self-reactive effector T-cells. It is known that T-cells develop through a pathway beginning with naïve T-cells (Tn), through stem cell memory T-cells (Tscm), through central memory T-cells (Tcm) and effector memory T-cells (Tem), before developing into short-lived effector T-cells (Teff), as described in Gattinoni and Restifo (2013), Inside Blood, 121(4), 567-568. At these various stages, different markers are expressed on the surface of the T-cells, which reflect the activation status of the T-cells, their tissue localisation and their responsiveness to various stimuli such as inflammatory cytokines.

Tscm cells as defined herein are characterised as CD45RA⁺CCR7⁺CD95 OX40⁺. For alternative prior art classifications of different T-cell types, see the figure in Gattinoni and Restifo (2013). Further markers may be present or absent, but Tscm cells must at a minimum be CD45RA⁺CCR7⁺CD95⁺OX40⁺. The various cell-surface markers are, in one embodiment, identified using flow cytometry using methods which are well-known to those of skill in the art. In one embodiment, the Tscm cells may additionally be CD8⁺. In another embodiment, the Tscm cells may additionally be CD62L+. Flow cytometry techniques are well-known to those skilled in the art. Agents which may be used in flow cytometry techniques are defined in Example 7 below. In one embodiment, the flow cytometry is carried out as described in Example 7 below. In another embodiment, the flow cytometry is carried out as described in Baumgarth & Roederer (2000), Journal of Immunological Methods, 243, 77-97. (see concept 25 hereinbelow).

In a particular embodiment, the Tscm cells are characterised as being CD4⁺CD45RA⁺CCR7⁺CD95⁺OX40⁺.

Without being bound by theory, it is thought that reducing this Tscm population will have a number of benefits in various diseases, as set out herein. In one embodiment, the Tscm cells are active Tscm cells.

Throughout concepts 1 to 83 herein, the proportion or levels of Tscm cells may be reduced in a sample, or indeed in (a sample of) the blood of a subject. The proportion or levels of Tscm cells may be determined relative to the entire T-cell population in the sample. In one embodiment, the proportion or level of Tscm cells is determined relative to other T-cells in the sample. T-cells generally may be identified as being CD3⁺, and include Tn cells, Tscm cells, Tcm cells, Tsm cells and Teff cells. In a particular embodiment, the proportion or level of Tscm cells is determined relative to Tn cells (as defined hereinbelow) in the sample. The proportion or level of Tscm cells may be altered by depletion or by a decrease. In one embodiment, a ratio of T-cell types may be the same as a proportion of Tscm cells (e.g. as for concept 2 hereinbelow). In another embodiment, a level of T-cell types may be the same as a proportion of Tscm cells. In one embodiment, the ratio or proportion of Tscm:Tn is greater than 50:50. Particular ratios and proportions are as described in concepts 23 and 24.

As used in concepts 1 to 83 herein “depleting” and “depletes” describes an active effect following combination with an agent (such as an antibody) on the desired target to kill or remove the target cells (e.g. Tscm cells). When the agent is an antibody, this is usually achieved through effector functions, such as ADC, ADCC or CDC. Alternatively, the target may be killed or removed by a toxin, which may be conjugated to a drug or targeting moiety (such as an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody). Such toxins will selectively kill or remove the cell to which they are targeted. Suitable immunoconjugates are described on page 176, and on pages 200 to 204, and 220 (in particular pages 200 to 204) herein.

“Decreasing” or “decreases” as used in concepts 1 to 83 herein refers to a mechanism other than depletion, which reduces the absolute number of cells in a given population. This may be achieved indirectly, for example through a blocking or neutralising agent (such as an antibody) against a target which indirectly results in the killing of a target cell (such as a Tscm), or prevents the expansion or growth of the target cells, resulting in an apparent decrease in proportions relative to another type of cell (such as Tn cells).

As used in concepts 1 to 83 herein, a “level” of a T-cell population may refer to the absolute number, or to the relative proportion of a type of T-cell.

Throughout the various concepts 1 to 83 described herein, an agent which reduces the proportion of Tscm cells may be, for example, an antibody or fragment thereof, a short interfering RNA (SiRNA), a zinc finger, a DARPin, an aptamer, a Spiegelmer, an ant-calin, a receptor-Fc fusion, a ligand-Fc fusion or a small molecule. In one embodiment, the agent targets OX40 (e.g. human OX40), or ligands of OX40. In another embodiment, the agent targets OX40L (e.g. human OX40L), or receptors of OX40L. In one example, the agent may be an OX40-Fc fusion protein (e.g. hOX40-Fc fusion), or may be an OX40L-Fc fusion protein (e.g. hOX40L-Fc fusion), both including functional fragments of OX40 and OX40L. These types of constructs are known to those skilled in the art. In another embodiment, the agent targets OX40 (e.g. human OX40). In another embodiment, the agent targets OX40L (e.g. human OX40L).

In a particular embodiment, the agent is an antibody or fragment thereof. Formats and structures of antibodies and fragments are described elsewhere herein and may be applied to any of the concepts disclosed herein. The antibody or fragment may be any of the constructs as described herein (for example, as in any one of concepts 52 to 64 herein). In a particular embodiment, the agent is an anti-human OX40 antibody or fragment thereof. In another particular embodiment, the agent is an anti-human OX40L antibody, such as an antibody comprising the amino acid sequence of 02D10 described herein or an antibody comprising the amino acid sequence of oxelumab.

Concept 2.

A method of altering the ratio of cell types in a T-cell population in a sample, the method comprising:

-   -   a. providing said population, wherein the population comprises a         mixture of different T-cell types, wherein the population         comprises CD45RA⁺CCR7⁺CD95⁺OX40⁺ Tscm cells,     -   b. providing an agent which reduces the proportion of Tscm cells         (or providing an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment         thereof); and     -   c. combining said cell population with an amount of said agent         (e.g. antibody or fragment thereof) effective to alter the ratio         (e.g. to reduce the proportion) of Tscm cells in said         population.

Throughout concepts 1 to 83 herein, the ratio of T-cell types may be altered in a sample, for example by increasing the proportion of naïve T-cells (Tn, as defined hereinbelow). In another embodiment, the ratio of T-cell types may be altered by decreasing the proportion of Tscm cells. The ratio of Tscm cells may be determined relative to the entire sample. In one embodiment, the ratio of T-cells is determined by comparing the proportion of naïve T-cells or Tscm cells relative to other T-cells in the sample. T-cells generally may be identified as being CD3⁺, and include Tn cells, Tscm cells, Tcm cells, Tem cells and Teff cells. In a particular embodiment, the ratio of T-cells is determined as the ratio of Tscm cells relative to naïve T-cells in the sample. The ratio of T-cells may be altered by depletion or by a decrease of Tscm cells. The ratio of T-cells may be altered by an increase or expansion of naïve T-cells.

Concept 3.

A method according to concept 2, wherein in step a), the population further comprises CD45RA⁺CCR7⁺CD95⁻ naïve T-cells (Tn).

Naïve T-cells (Tn) as defined in concepts 1 to 83 herein are characterised as CD45RA⁺CCR7⁺CD95⁻. Further markers may be present or absent, but Tn cells must at a minimum be CD45RA⁺CCR7⁺CD95⁻. In one embodiment, Tn cells may additionally be CD8⁺ or CD4⁺, in particular CD4⁺. It is thought that Tn are beneficial because these represent the entire pool of T-cells from which adaptive T-cell immune responses can develop to protect an indiviudal when exposed to potentially harmful pathogens and malignant cells.

Concept 4.

A method according to concept 3 wherein the ratio of Tscm:Tn in the population of step a) is greater than 50:50.

Concept 5.

A method according to any one of concepts 1 to 4, wherein the method is carried out ex vivo in a sample of blood extracted from a human donor subject.

Concept 6.

A method according to concept 5, wherein blood produced by said method is reintroduced to a recipient human subject.

In one embodiment, the recipient human subject is the same donor human subject from whom the sample was removed. In another embodiment, the recipient human subject is different to the donor human subject. When the recipient is different to the donor, it is preferable that the donor is of the same gender as the recipient subject. In another embodiment, the donor may be of a similar age and ethnicity as the recipient subject. In another embodiment, the donor may have the same or similar allotype markers as the recipient subject.

In another embodiment, the recipient human donor may receive more than one transfusion of donor blood, according to the severity of the disease to be treated.

Concept 7.

A method according to any one of concepts 1 to 4, wherein the method is carried out in vivo in a human subject.

Concept 8.

A method according to concept 7, wherein the subject has or is at risk of a Tscm-mediated disease or condition.

As used herein, a subject may be identified as being “at risk of a Tscm-mediated disease or condition” when the cellular changes in their T-cell population have begun to take place, but the subject has not yet presented symptoms or would not be diagnosed as having such a disease by any conventional method. Thus, the methods and uses disclosed herein may aid in the early identification of patients who will develop such diseases. In one embodiment, the disease is prevented (i.e. the treatment is prophylactic).

In a particular embodiment, the subject is at risk of GvHD or transplant rejection when they are pre-operative for a transplant. Potential transplant therapies are envisaged in concept 78 hereinbelow.

In any of concepts 1 to 83 described herein, a Tscm-mediated disease may be as defined in any of concepts 71 to 80 hereinbelow.

Concept 9.

A method of treating or reducing the risk of a Tscm-mediated disease or condition in a subject, the method comprising combining a population of T-cells with an agent (e.g. an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof) which reduces the proportion of Tscm cells (e.g. which depletes or decreases the level of said Tscm cells), and whereby the proportion of CD45RA⁺CCR7⁺CD95⁺OX40⁺ Tscm cells is reduced in the population (e.g. whereby the level of said Tscm cells is decreased or depleted in said population).

As used in concepts 1 to 83 herein, the “treatment” of a Tscm-mediated disease includes the reduction of one or more symptom(s) of said Tscm-mediated disease. The “prevention” of a Tscm-mediated disease includes the prevention of one or more symptom(s) of said Tscm-mediated disease.

Concept 10.

A method according to any one of concepts 7 to 9, wherein the agent (e.g. antibody or fragment thereof) is combined by administering said agent (e.g. antibody or fragment) in a therapeutically effective amount to said subject, whereby said Tscm-mediated disease or condition is treated or the risk of said Tscm-mediated disease or condition is reduced in said subject.

In one embodiment, the administration is prophylactic to reduce the risk of a Tscm-mediated disease.

In any of the concepts described herein, a therapeutically effective or prophylactically effective amount of the antibody or fragment is as described elsewhere (see page 29, 73, 189 to 191 for therapy, and pages 72, and 272 to 273 for prophylaxis). In any of the concepts described herein, modes and compositions for administration may be as described elsewhere (see pages 290 to 314 herein). In one embodiment, the antibody or fragment is administered by bolus injection (e.g. intravenously).

Concept 11.

A method of treating or reducing the risk of a Tscm-mediated disease or condition in a subject comprising administering to said subject a therapeutically effective amount of an agent (e.g. an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof) which reduces the proportion of Tscm cells (e.g. which depletes or decreases the level of said Tscm cells), and whereby the proportion of CD45RA⁺CCR7⁺CD95⁺OX40⁺ Tscm cells is reduced (e.g. whereby the level of said Tscm cells is decreased or depleted), wherein the Tscm-mediated disease or condition is thereby treated or the risk of said Tscm-mediated disease or condition is reduced.

Concept 12a.

An agent (e.g. an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof) which reduces the proportion of Tscm cells (e.g. which depletes or decreases the level of said Tscm cells) for use in treating or reducing the risk of a Tscm-mediated disease or condition in a subject; or concept 12b. An anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof for use in treating or reducing the risk of a Tscm-mediated disease or condition in a subject.

Concept 13a.

Use of an agent (e.g. an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof) which reduces the proportion of Tscm cells (e.g. which depletes or decreases the level of said Tscm cells) for the treatment or prevention of a Tscm-mediated disease or condition in a subject; or concept 13b. Use of an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof for the treatment or prevention of a Tscm-mediated disease or condition in a subject.

Concept 14a.

Use of an agent (e.g. an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof) which reduces the proportion of Tscm cells (e.g. which depletes or decreases the level of said Tscm cells) in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment or prevention of a Tscm-mediated disease or condition in a subject; or concept 14b. The use of an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment or prevention of a Tscm-mediated disease or condition in a subject.

Concept 15a.

A composition comprising an agent (e.g. an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof) which reduces the proportion of Tscm cells (e.g. which depletes or decreases the level of said Tscm cells) for the treatment or prevention of a Tscm-mediated disease or condition in a subject; or concept 15b. A composition comprising an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof for the treatment or prevention of a Tscm-mediated disease or condition in a subject.

Concept 16.

A method of treating a disease or condition in a subject in need thereof, comprising:

-   -   a. Performing an assay to measure the level of CD45RA⁺CCR7⁺CD95⁻         Tn cells and the level of CD45RA⁺CCR7⁺CD95⁺OX40⁺ Tscm cells in a         sample obtained from the subject; and     -   b. Administering an agent (e.g. an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L         antibody or fragment thereof) which reduces the proportion of         Tscm cells (e.g. which depletes or decreases the level of said         Tscm cells), such as an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or         fragment thereof, to the subject when the ratio of Tscm:Tn cells         in the sample is determined in the assay to be greater than         50:50.

Concept 17a.

An agent (e.g. an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof) which reduces the proportion of Tscm cells (e.g. which depletes or decreases the level of said Tscm cells) for use in therapy of a subject, wherein the agent is to be administered to a subject who has, or has been determined to have, a ratio of CD45RA*CCR7⁺CD95⁺OX40⁺ Tscm cells: CD45RA⁺CCR7⁺CD95⁻ Tn cells of greater than 50:50; or concept 17b. An anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof for use in therapy of a subject, wherein the antibody or fragment thereof is to be administered to a subject who has, or has been determined to have, a ratio of CD45RA⁺CCR7⁺CD95 OX40⁺ Tscm cells: CD45RA⁺CCR7⁺CD95⁻ Tn cells of greater than 50:50.

Concept 18a.

Use of an agent (e.g. an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof) which reduces the proportion of Tscm cells (e.g. which depletes or decreases the level of said Tscm cells) for therapy of a subject who has, or has been determined to have, a ratio of CD45RA⁺CCR7⁺CD95 OX40⁺ Tscm cells: CD45RA⁺CCR7⁺CD95⁻ Tn cells of greater than 50:50; or concept 18b. Use of an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof for therapy of a subject who has, or has been determined to have, a ratio of CD45RA⁺CCR7⁺CD95⁺OX40⁺ Tscm cells: CD45RA⁺CCR7⁺CD95⁻ Tn cells of greater than 50:50.

Concept 19a.

Use of an agent (e.g. an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof) which reduces the proportion of Tscm cells (e.g. which depletes or decreases the level of said Tscm cells) in the manufacture of a medicament for use in therapy of a subject, wherein the agent is to be administered to a subject who has, or has been determined to have, a ratio of CD45RA⁺CCR7⁺CD95 OX40⁺ Tscm cells: CD45RA⁺CCR7⁺CD95⁻ Tn cells of greater than 50:50; or concept 19b. Use of an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof in the manufacture of a medicament for use in therapy of a subject, wherein the antibody or fragment thereof is to be administered to a subject who has, or has been determined to have, a ratio of CD45RA⁺CCR7⁺CD95⁺OX40⁺ Tscm cells: CD45RA⁺CCR7⁺CD95⁻ Tn cells of greater than 50:50.

In any of concepts 17 to 19, the ratio is determined in a sample, for example, in a sample of blood obtained from said subject.

Concept 20.

A method according to concept 16a or b, an agent or an antibody or fragment for the use according to concept 17a or b, or the use according to concept 18a or b or concept 19 a or b, wherein the therapy is the treatment or prevention of a Tscm-mediated disease or condition, preferably wherein the therapy is the treatment of a Tscm-mediated disease or condition.

In another embodiment, the subject has or is at risk of a Tscm-mediated disease or condition. The Tscm-mediated disease or condition may be as defined in any one of concepts 71 to 80 hereinbelow.

Concept 21.

A method of classifying a subject as having or as being at risk of a Tscm-mediated disease or condition (e.g. which disease or condition is suitable for treatment with an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof), comprising:

-   -   a. performing an assay that detects (i) CD45RA⁺CCR7⁺CD95⁺OX40⁺         Tscm cells, and (ii) CD45RA⁺CCR7⁺CD95⁻ Tn cells in a sample         obtained from said subject; and     -   b. classifying the subject as having, or as being at risk of a         Tscm-mediated disease or condition if the ratio of Tscm:Tn cells         in the sample is greater than 50:50.

Concept 22.

A method according to concept 21 further comprising the step of:

-   -   c. administering to said subject an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L         antibody or fragment thereof which reduces the proportion of         said Tscm cells in the blood of said subject, (e.g. which         depletes or decreases the level of said Tscm cells) if said         subject has been classified as having or as being at risk of a         Tscm-mediated disease or condition in step b).

Tscm-mediated diseases or conditions which may be suitable for treatment with an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof are as described in any one of concepts 71 to 80 herein below.

Concept 23.

A method according to any one of concepts 4, 16, or 20 to 22, an agent or an antibody or fragment for the use according to concept 17 or 20, or the use according to any one of concepts 18 to 20, wherein the ratio of Tscm:Tn cells is (or is determined or classified to be) greater than 60:40, or is greater than 70:30, or is greater than 75:25, such as greater than 70:30.

In another embodiment, the ratio is (or is determined or classified to be) greater than 55:45. In another embodiment, the ratio is (or is determined or classified to be) greater than 65:35.

Concept 24.

A method, agent or an antibody or fragment for the use, or the use according to concept 23, wherein the ratio of Tscm:Tn cells is (or is determined or classified to be) greater than 80:20, or is greater than 85:15, for example greater than 90:10, e.g. greater than 95:5.

Concept 25.

A method according to any one of concepts 4, 16, or 20 to 24, an agent or an antibody or fragment for the use according to any one of concepts 17, 20, 23 or 24, or the use according to any one of concepts 18 to 20, 23 or 24, wherein the ratio of Tscm:Tn cells is determined (or is determinable) by flow cytometry.

Flow cytometry techniques are well-known to those skilled in the art, as discussed above. Agents which may be used in flow cytometry techniques are defined in Example 7 below. In one embodiment, the flow cytometry is carried out as described in Example 7 below. In another embodiment, the flow cytometry is carried out as described in Baumgarth & Roederer (2000).

Concept 26.

A method for treating or reducing the risk of a Tscm-mediated disease or condition with an agent (e.g. an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof) which reduces the proportion of Tscm cells (e.g. which depletes or decreases the level of said Tscm cells), or with an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, comprising the steps of:

-   -   a. determining whether the subject is a candidate for treatment         by detecting the presence of OX40 on the surface of         CD45RA⁺CCR7⁺CD95⁺ Tscm cells obtained from a sample from the         subject; and     -   b. administering said agent, such as said antibody or fragment,         to the subject if the subject is identified as a candidate for         treatment.

Concept 27.

A method according to concept 26, wherein the presence of OX40 on the surface of the Tscm cells is determined using flow cytometry.

In one embodiment, the subject is a human and the OX40 is human OX40.

Concept 28.

A method, comprising:

-   -   a. obtaining at least two T-cell samples derived from a subject         who has or is at risk of a Tscm-mediated disease or condition,         wherein said at least two samples comprise a first sample and a         second sample,     -   b. determining levels of CD45RA⁺CCR7⁺CD95⁺OX40⁺ Tscm cells in         said first and second samples;     -   c. treating said subject to reduce the proportion of         CD45RA⁺CCR7⁺CD95 OX40⁺ Tscm cells (e.g. to deplete or decrease         the level of Tscm cells) by administering an agent which reduces         the proportion of Tscm cells (e.g. which depletes or decreases         the level of said Tscm cells), or by administering an anti-OX40         or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, if the levels of         Tscm cells in said second sample are elevated as compared to         said first sample, in order to treat or reduce the risk of said         Tscm-mediated disease or condition.

The levels of Tscm in said first and second samples in step b. may be either the absolute number of Tscm cells, or may be the relative proportions of Tscm (e.g. the ratio of Tscm:Tn, or Tacm:total T-cell count). The levels of Tscm cells may be elevated in the second sample if they are statistically significantly higher than the levels in the first sample.

Concept 29.

A method according to concept 28, wherein said first sample is collected:

-   -   i. before the onset of said disease or condition; or     -   ii. after the onset of said disease or condition; and optionally         wherein said second sample is collected no longer than one         month, e.g. no longer than one week after the first sample.

As used in the concepts herein, a subject may be determined to be “before the onset of a Tscm-mediated disease or condition” if the subject is presenting no symptoms which would conventionally be associated with said disease or condition or if the subject would not be diagnosed as having such a disease or condition by any conventional method. For example, the presence of signs and symptoms of acute GvHD may be staged and graded according to a standardised scale such as described in Przepiorka et al. (1995), 1994 Consensus Conference on Acute GvHD Grading Bone Marrow Transplant 1995; 15, 825-828. Similar disease grading scales are also in routine clinical use for other relevant diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel diseases.

Concept 30.

A method according to concept 28 or concept 29, wherein the Tscm-mediated disease or condition is a transplant, and wherein in step c) the treatment is in order to reduce the risk of transplant rejection, optionally wherein the first sample is taken before the transplant, and the second sample is taken after the transplant.

The first sample may be taken pre-operatively, e.g. after the subject has been identified as a candidate for treatment. The second sample is taken after the transplant and may be used by physicians as a method of monitoring the acceptance of the transplant. Thus, it may be that the physician may take more than one sample after the transplant, e.g. a daily blood sample to monitor the subject for changes in the proportion of Tscm:Tn or the levels of Tscm in the sample. The samples may be taken every other day, weekly, monthly or longer (including yearly) according to the likelihood of transplant rejection. For example, if the transplant is autologous, then the likelihood of transplant rejection may be reduced as compared to an allogeneic transplant, and therefore the time period between sample collections post-transplant may be longer than with an allogeneic transplant, where the risk of rejection is higher.

Concept 31.

A method according to concept 30, wherein in step a), the first sample is collected no longer than a week, e.g. no longer than 6 days, no longer than 5 days, no longer than 4 days, or no longer than 3 days, such as no longer than 2 days before said transplant.

Concept 32.

A method according to any one of concepts 28 to 31, wherein the second sample is collected no longer than 6 days, no longer than 5 days, no longer than 4 days, or no longer than 3 days, such as no longer than 2 days after the first sample or after said transplant.

Concept 33.

A method according to any one of concepts 28 to 32, wherein in step c), the levels of Tscm cells in said second sample are greater than double the levels as compared to said first sample, for example are greater than three times the level, or preferably are greater than 4 times the levels as compared to said first sample.

In one embodiment, in step c), the levels of Tscm cells in said second sample are greater than 4 times (e.g. greater than 4.5 times) the levels as compared to said first sample. In another embodiment, in step c), the levels of Tscm cells in said second sample are greater than 5 times the levels as compared to said first sample.

Concept 34.

A method according to any one of concepts 30 to 33, wherein the subject is given a prophylactic dose of an agent which reduces the proportion of Tscm cells (e.g. which depletes or decreases the level of said Tscm cells), or is given a prophylactic dose of an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, before said transplant, and the first sample is taken before administration of said agent, or antibody or fragment thereof, and wherein the second sample is taken after the transplant or after administration of the agent, or the antibody or fragment thereof (preferably, where in the second sample is taken after the transplant).

In one embodiment, the prophylactic dose is an effective prophylactic dose. By “effective”, it is meant that the dose is effective to reduce the proportion or level of Tscm as described herein, or effective to prevent or reduce the risk of a Tscm-mediated disease or condition.

The methods as described herein may be used to correct an already-abberent level of Tscm cells, by administration of an agent which reduces the proportion of Tscm cells (e.g. which depletes or decreases the level of said Tscm cells), or by administration of an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, before a transplant, in order to reduce the risk of transplant rejection after the transplant. Therefore, multiple samples may be taken after administration of the agent (or of the anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof), but before the transplant.

Comparison may be made between the collected samples and a sample obtained from a healthy donor.

Concept 35.

A method according to any one of concepts 30 to 33, wherein the subject is given a therapeutic dose of an agent which reduces the proportion of Tscm cells (e.g. which depletes or decreases the level of said Tscm cells), or is given a therapeutic dose of an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, after the transplant, and wherein the first sample is taken before said transplant, and the second sample is taken after the transplant.

In one embodiment, the therapeutic dose is an effective therapeutic dose. By “effective”, it is meant that the dose is effective to reduce the proportion or level of Tscm as described herein, or effective to treat a Tscm-mediated disease or condition.

In one embodiment, the second sample is taken after the administration of the agent, or antibody or fragment thereof. This would enable a physician to check that the levels or proportion of Tscm cells remain “normal”, i.e. as compared to the first sample, or to a sample obtained from a healthy donor.

Concept 36.

A method according to any one of concepts 30 to 33, wherein the subject is given a therapeutic dose of an agent which reduces the proportion of Tscm cells (e.g. which depletes or decreases the level of said Tscm cells), or is given a therapeutic dose of an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, after the transplant, and wherein the first sample is taken before said transplant, and the second sample is taken after the administration of said agent, or of said antibody or fragment thereof.

Concept 37.

A method according to any one of concepts 34 to 36, further comprising the steps of:

-   -   d. obtaining a third sample derived from said subject;     -   e. determining the levels of CD45RA⁺CCR7⁺CD95⁺OX40⁺ Tscm cells         in said third sample;     -   f. treating said subject to reduce the proportion of         CD45RA⁺CCR7⁺CD95⁺OX40⁺ Tscm cells (e.g. to deplete or decrease         the level) of Tscm cells by administering an agent which reduces         the proportion of Tscm cells (e.g. which depletes or decreases         the level of said Tscm cells), or by administering an anti-OX40         or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, if the levels of         Tscm cells in said third sample are elevated as compared to said         second or said first sample.

The levels are considered to be “elevated” as described hereinabove (e.g. as for concept 28 or 33).

Concept 38.

A method according to concept 37, wherein steps d) to f) are repeated as necessary until the levels of Tscm cells remain at a therapeutically-effective, or at a prophylactically-effective level, e.g. at a substantially constant level in said subject.

As used in the concepts herein, a “substantially constant level” may be described as within 30% variance between samples. In one embodiment, a substantially constant level is within 20% variance between samples. In another embodiment, a substantially constant level is within 15% variance between samples, such as within 10% variance between samples, e.g. within 5% variance between samples.

Concept 39.

A method according to any one of concepts 28 to 38, wherein the second sample is taken no longer than one month after the first sample, such as no longer than one week, no longer than 6 days, no longer than 5 days, no longer than 4 days, or no longer than 3 days, e.g. no longer than 2 days after the first sample, and optionally wherein the third sample is taken no longer than one month after the second sample, such as no longer than one week, no longer than 6 days, no longer than 5 days, no longer than 4 days, or no longer than 3 days, e.g. no longer than 2 days after the second sample.

Timepoints for taking any of the samples described in these concepts will depend on a number of factors, such as the likelihood of the subject having or being at risk of a Tscm-mediated disease (e.g. GvHD or transplant rejection), the level determined in the previous sample, the type of transplant, etc. A person skilled in the art will be able to determine appropriate time points as necessary or desired. The timepoints may be monthly, every other month, quarterly, half-yearly or yearly, if desired.

Concept 40.

In vitro use of CD45RA⁺CCR7⁺CD95⁺OX40⁺ Tscm cells, as a diagnostic for a Tscm-mediated disease or condition in a subject (for example, which disease or condition can be treated or prevented with an agent which reduces the proportion of Tscm cells (e.g. which depletes or decreases the level of said Tscm cells), or with an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof in the subject).

In one embodiment, there is provided biomarker of an autoimmune disease, HIV-1, and a T-cell malignancy, wherein the biomarker is a CD45RA⁺CCR7⁺CD95⁺OX40⁺ Tscm cell. In another embodiment, the biomarker is of any of the diseases described in concepts 71 to 80 hereinbelow. In another embodiment, the Tscm cell is a CD4⁺CD45RA⁺CCR7⁺CD95 OX40⁺ Tscm cell.

Concept 41.

Use of a biomarker of a Tscm-mediated disease or condition, wherein the biomarker is CD45RA⁺CCR7⁺CD95⁺OX40⁺ Tscm cells, in vitro as a diagnostic for a Tscm-mediated disease or condition (e.g. which disease or condition can be treated or prevented with an an agent which reduces the proportion of Tscm cells (e.g. which depletes or decreases the level of said Tscm cells), or with an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof in the subject).

In one embodiment, the Tscm-mediated diseases are any of those described in concepts 71 to 80 hereinbelow.

Concept 42.

A method of maintaining CD45RA⁺CCR7⁺CD95⁻ Tn cells, whilst decreasing CD45RA⁺CCR7⁺CD95 OX40⁺ Tscm cells in a population of T-cells in a sample, said method comprising contacting said sample with an effective amount of an agent which reduces the proportion of Tscm cells (e.g. which depletes or decreases the level of said Tscm cells), or with an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof.

As used in concepts 1 to 83 herein, “maintains” or “maintaining” with respect to a level or a proportion may be described as substantially constant. A substantially constant level may be within 30% variance between samples. In one embodiment, a substantially constant level is within 20% variance between samples. In one embodiment, a substantially constant level is within 15% variance between samples, such as within 10% variance between samples, e.g. within 5% variance between samples. In another embodiment, a substantially constant level is one which does not show a statistically significant change in level. In one embodiment, a substantially constant level is one which reaches the 95% confidence level (e.g greater than 97% or greater than 99%). “Statistically significant” may be as defined above in concept 28 herein.

Concept 43.

A method according to concept 42, wherein the level of said Tn cells are at least maintained, whilst the levels of said Tscm cells are decreased in said sample, optionally wherein the sample is from a subject.

Concept 44.

A method according to any one of concepts 2 to 8, 10, 16, 20, 21, 23 to 39, 42 or 43, an agent or an antibody or fragment thereof for the use according to any one of concepts 12, 17, 20, 21 or 23 to 25, the use according to any one of concepts 13, 14, 18 to 20 or 23 to 25, or the composition according to concept 15, wherein agent (e.g. the antibody or fragment thereof) reduces the proportion of CD45RA⁺CCR7⁺CD95⁺OX40⁺ Tscm cells (e.g. depletes or decreases the level of Tscm cells).

Concept 45.

A method or fragment thereof according to any one of concepts 1 to 8, 10, 16, 20, 21, 23 to 39 or 42 to 44, an agent or an antibody or fragment thereof for the use according to any one of concepts 12, 17, 20, 21, 23 to 25, or 44, the use according to any one of concepts 13, 14, 18 to 20 or 23 to 25 or 44, or the composition according to concept 15 or concept 44, wherein the agent (e.g. the antibody or fragment thereof) maintains CD45RA⁺CCR7⁺CD95⁻ Tn cells.

Concept 46.

A method according to concept 42 or 45, an agent or an antibody or fragment thereof for the use according to concept 45, the use according to concept 45, or the composition according to concept 45, wherein the Tn cells are maintained at a level of not below 50% of the level of said Tn cells in a sample from a healthy donor or from said subject before the onset of disease.

The healthy donor is preferably of the same species at the subject, for example, wherein the subject is a human, the donor is most preferably also a human. The donor is also preferably of the same gender as the subject. The donor is preferably of a similar age and ethnicity as the subject.

Concept 47.

A method, an agent or an antibody or fragment for the use, a use or a composition according to concept 46, wherein the Tn cells are maintained at a level of not below 55% (such as not below 60%, for example not below 65%, e.g. not below 70%).

Concept 48.

A method, an agent or an antibody or fragment for the use, a use or a composition according to concept 47, wherein the Tn cells are maintained at a level of not below 75% (such as not below 80%, for example not below 85%, e.g. not below 90%) Concept 49. A method according to any one of concepts 1 to 8, or 42 to 48, an agent or an antibody or fragment thereof for the use according to any one of concepts 44 to 48, the use according to any one of concepts 38 to 41, or the composition according to any one of concepts 44 to 48, wherein the Tscm cells are depleted or decreased to a level of less than 50% of the level of said Tscm cells in a sample from a healthy donor or from said subject before the onset of disease. Concept 50. A method, an antibody or fragment for the use, a use or a composition according to concept 49, wherein the Tscm cells are depleted or decreased to a level of less than 45% (such as less than 40%, for example less than 35%, e.g. less than 30% or less than 25%).

Concept 51.

A method, an antibody or fragment for the use, a use or a composition according to concept 50, wherein the Tscm cells are depleted or decreased to a level of less than 20% (such as less than 15%, for example less than 10%.

Concept 52.

A method, an antibody or fragment for the use, a use or a composition according to any preceding concept, wherein the antibody or fragment is a depleting antibody or fragment that specifically binds OX40 (in particular human OX40), optionally wherein the antibody is engineered for enhanced ADC, ADCC and/or CDC.

The potency of Fc-mediated effects may be enhanced by engineering the Fc domain by various established techniques. Such methods increase the affinity for certain Fc-receptors, thus creating potential diverse profiles of activation enhancement. This can achieved by modification of one or several amino acid residues (e.g. as described in Lazar et al., 2006, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., March 14; 103(11):4005-10, which modifications are incorporated herein by reference) or by altering the natural glycosylation profile of the Fc domain by, for example, generating under fucosylated or de-fucosylated variants (as described in Natsume et al., 2009, Drug Des Devel Ther., 3:7-16, which glycosylation profiles are incorporated herein by reference). For example, to increase ADCC, residues in the hinge region can be altered to increase binding to Fc-gamma RIII (see, for example, Shields et al, 2001, J Biol Chem., March 2; 276(9):6591-604, which modifications are incorporated herein by reference.).

Equally, the enhancement of CDC may be achieved by amino acid changes that increase affinity for C1q, the first component of the classic complement activation cascade (see Idusogie et al., J. Immunol., 2001; 166:2571-2575, which modifications are incorporated herein by reference). Another approach is to create a chimeric Fc domain created from human IgG1 and human IgG3 segments that exploit the higher affinity if IgG3 for Clq (Natsume et a., 2008, Cancer Res., which chimeras are incorporated herein by reference The antibody may be a targeting antibody (such as an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody) which exhibits its effects through a toxin, to which the antibody may be conjugated. Such toxins will selectively kill or remove the cell to which they are targeted. Suitable immunoconjugates are described on page 176, and on pages 198 to 202, and 219 (in particular pages 198 to 200) herein.

Thus, in one embodiment, the antibody or fragment thereof is de-fucosylated. In another embodiment, the antibody or fragment thereof contains one or more mutations in the hinge or Fc region which enhances the ADCC and/or the CDC functionality.

Methods for determining depletion and/or ADCC and/or CDC functionality may be as described herein, or as well-known by those skilled in the art.

The OX40 antibodies may be as described in WO2014/148895 (Biocerox Products & Janssen Pharmaceuticals; see claims on pages 138 to 139 for specific sequences which are incorporated herein by reference), WO2013/068563 (Biocerox Products & Janssen Pharmaceuticals; see claims on pages 138 to 139 for specific sequences which are incorporated herein by reference), WO2013/130102 and WO2013/119202 (Providence Health & Services—Oregon, see mAb 9B12 as described in Weinberg, A. D., et al., J. Immunother., 29, 575-585 (2006), and fusions with IL-2 which are incorporated herein by reference), WO2013/038191 (Bioceros B. V.; see claims 4 to 11 for specific antibody sequences which are incorporated herein by reference), WO2013/028231 (Board of Regents, the University of Texas System; see claims 1 to 12 for specific antibody sequences which are incorporated herein by reference), WO2013/008171 (Glenmark Pharmaceuticals S.A.; see claims 1, 2, 5 to 12, 16 to 21 and 28 to 29 for specific antibody sequences which are incorporated herein by reference), WO2012/027328 (Board of Regents, the University of Texas System; see claims 1 to 11 for specific antibody sequences which are incorporated herein by reference), WO2010/096418 (UCB Pharma S.A.; see claims 1 to 9 and 11 to 14 for specific antibody sequences which are incorporated herein by reference), WO2009/079335 (Medarex, Inc & Pfizer, Inc; see claims 1 to 9 and 14 to 17 for specific antibody sequences which are incorporated herein by reference), WO2008/106116 (Genentech, Inc; see claims 1 to 12 for specific antibody sequences which are incorporated herein by reference), WO2007/062245 (Kirin Beer Kabushiki Kaisha & La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology; see claim 12 for specific antibody deposit numbers, and claim 16 for specific antibody sequences, which are incorporated herein by reference) WO03/106498 (Crucell Holland B.V.; see claims 3 and 4 for specific antibody sequences which are incorporated herein by reference).

More generally anti-OX40 antibodies are described in WO99/42585, WO95/21251, WO95/21915 and WO95/12673, the disclosures of which with respect to antibody characterisation and sequences are incorporated herein by reference.

Concept 53.

A method, an antibody or fragment for the use, a use or a composition according to any preceding concept, wherein the antibody is an antagonistic or blocking antibody.

Methods for determining antagonism or blocking functionality may be as described herein, or as well-known by those skilled in the art. For example, in vitro techniques include SPR and/or ELISA, which are described elsewhere herein.

Concept 54.

A method, an antibody or fragment for the use, a use or a composition according to concept 53, wherein the antibody specifically binds to OX40L (in particular human OX40L).

The OX40L antibodies may be any antibody or fragment as described herein. In one embodiment, the OX40L antibody is the antagonist anti-human OX40L (gp34) antibody ik-1 described by Matsumura et al., J Immunol. (1999), 163:3007.

Concept 55.

A method, an antibody or fragment for the use, a use or a composition according to concept 56, wherein the antibody antagonises specific binding of OX40 to OX40L, e.g. as determined using SPR or ELISA.

SPR and ELISA methods may be as described elsewhere herein.

Concept 56.

A method, an antibody or fragment for the use, a use or a composition according to any preceding concept, wherein the antibody is a humanized, human or fully human antibody.

Other antibody constructs may be as described herein.

Concept 57.

A method, an antibody or fragment for the use, a use or a composition according to any preceding concept, wherein the antibody is a fragment of an antibody selected from the list of multispecific antibodies (eg. bi-specific antibodies), intrabodies, single-chain Fv antibodies (scFv), camelized antibodies, Fab fragments, F(ab′) fragments, disulfide-linked Fvs (sdFv), anti-idiotypic (anti-Id) antibodies, and epitope-binding fragments thereof.

Concept 58.

A method, an antibody or fragment for the use, a use or a composition according to any preceding concept, wherein the antibody or fragment enables greater than 80% stem cell donor chimerism by day 12 in a Rhesus macaque model of haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

Concept 59.

A method, an antibody or fragment for the use, a use or a composition according to any preceding concept, wherein the antibody or fragment expresses as a stably transfected pool in Lonza GS-Xceed™ at level greater than 1.5 g/L in a fed batch overgrow culture using Lonza version 8 feed system with an overgrow period of 14 days.

Concept 60.

A method, an antibody or fragment for the use, a use or a composition according to any preceding concept, wherein the antibody or fragment thereof comprises a HCDR3 of from 16 to 27 amino acids and derived from the recombination of a human VH gene segment, a human D gene segment and a human JH gene segment, wherein the human JH gene segment is IGHJ6 (e.g. IGHJ6*02).

Concept 61.

A method, an antibody or fragment for the use, a use or a composition according to any preceding concept, wherein the antibody or fragment thereof comprises a HCDR3 selected from:

a. the HCDR3 of antibody 2D10 (Seq ID No:40 or Seq ID No:46);

b. the HCDR3 of antibody 10A7 (Seq ID No:8 or SEQ ID No: 14);

c. the HCDR3 of antibody 09H04 (Seq ID No:72 or Seq ID No:78);

d. the HCDR3 of antibody 19H01 (Seq ID No:100 or Seq ID No: 106);

e. a CDR3 of any of the nanobodies disclosed in WO2011/073180 (Ablynx, Seq ID Nos: 161 to 167 therein, which are incorporated herein by reference);

f. an HCDR3 of any of the antibodies disclosed in WO2006/029879 (Roche/Genentech, Seq ID Nos: 33 to 38 therein, which are incorporated herein by reference); or

g. an HCDR3 of any of the antibodies disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,812,133 (Genentech, Seq ID Nos: 11 or 12 therein, which are incorporated herein by reference).

Concept 62.

A method, an antibody or fragment for the use, a use or a composition according to any preceding concept, wherein the antibody or fragment thereof comprises:

a. the CDRs of antibody 2D10 (Seq ID No:40 or Seq ID No:46 for CDRH3, SEQ ID No:38 or SEQ ID No:44 for CDRH2, SEQ ID No:36 or SEQ ID No:42 for CDRH1, SEQ ID No:50 or SEQ ID No:56 for CDRL1, SEQ ID No:52 or SEQ ID No:58 for CDRL2 and SEQ ID No:54 or SEQ ID No:60 for CDRL3);

b. the CDRs of antibody 10A7 (Seq ID No:8 or SEQ ID No:14 for CDRH3, SEQ ID No:6 or SEQ ID No:12 for CDRH2, SEQ ID No:4 or SEQ ID No:10 for CDRH1, SEQ ID No:18 or SEQ ID No:24 for CDRL1, SEQ ID No:20 or SEQ ID No:26 for CDRL2 and SEQ ID No:22 or SEQ ID No:28 for CDRL3);

c. the CDRs of antibody 09H04 (Seq ID No:72 or Seq ID No:78 for CDRH3, SEQ ID No:70 or SEQ ID No:76 for CDRH2, SEQ ID No:68 or SEQ ID No:74 for CDRH1, SEQ ID No:82 or SEQ ID No:88 for CDRL1, SEQ ID No:84 or SEQ ID No:90 for CDRL2 and SEQ ID No:86 or SEQ ID No:92 for CDRL3);

d. the CDRs of antibody 19H01 (Seq ID No:100 or Seq ID No:106 for CDRH3, SEQ ID No:98 or SEQ ID No:104 for CDRH2, SEQ ID No:96 or SEQ ID No:102 for CDRH1, SEQ ID No:110 or SEQ ID No:116 for CDRL1, SEQ ID No:112 or SEQ ID No:118 for CDRL2 and SEQ ID No:114 or SEQ ID No:120 for CDRL3);

e. the CDRs of any of the nanobodies disclosed in WO2011/073180 (Ablynx: Seq ID Nos: 161 to 167 therein for CDR3; Seq ID Nos: 147 to 153 therein for CDR2; and Seq ID Nos: 133 to 139 therein for CDR1, which sequences are incorporated herein by reference);

f. the CDRs of any of the antibodies disclosed in WO2006/029879 (Roche/Genentech: Seq ID Nos: 33 to 38 therein for CDRH3; Seq ID Nos: 21 to 25 therein for CDRH1 and Seq ID Nos: 26 to 32 therein for CDRH2; SEQ ID NOs: 39 to 44 therein for CDRL1; SEQ ID NOs: 45 to 50 therein for CDRL2; and SEQ ID NOs: 51 to 57 therein for CDRL3, which sequences are incorporated herein by reference); or

g. the CDRs of any of the antibodies disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,812,133 (Genentech: Seq ID Nos: 11 or 12 therein for CDRH3; Seq ID Nos: 7 or 8 therein for CDRH1 and Seq ID Nos: 9 or 10 therein for CDRH2; SEQ ID NOs: 1 or 2 therein for CDRL1; SEQ ID NOs: 3 or 4 therein for CDRL2; and SEQ ID NOs: 5 or 6 therein for CDRL3, which sequences are incorporated herein by reference).

Concept 63.

A method, an antibody or fragment for the use, a use or a composition according to any preceding concept, wherein the antibody or fragment thereof comprises the VH and/or VL domains selected from the following:

a. the VH and/or VL domains of antibody 2D10 (Seq ID No:34 for VH and/or Seq ID No:48 for VL);

b. the VH and/or VL domains of antibody 10A7 (Seq ID No: 2 for VH and/or Seq ID No: 16 for VL);

c. the VH and/or VL domains of antibody 09H04 (Seq ID No:66 for VH and/or Seq ID No:80 for VL);

d. the VH and/or VL domains of antibody 19H01 (Seq ID No:94 for VH and/or Seq ID No: 108 for VL);

e. a VH domains of any of the nanobodies disclosed in WO2011/073180 (Ablynx, Seq ID Nos: 177 to 185, 199 to 226 therein, which sequences are incorporated herein by reference [reproduced herein as Seq ID Nos: 177 to 213]);

f. the VH and/or VL domains of any of the antibodies disclosed in WO2006/029879 (Roche/Genentech, Seq ID Nos: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 17, 19 and 20 therein for VH domains; and Seq ID Nos: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 16 and 18 therein for VL domains, which sequences are incorporated herein by reference [reproduced herein as Seq ID Nos: 214 to 230]); or

g. the VH and/or VL domains of any of the antibodies disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,812,133 (Genentech, Seq ID Nos: 15 and 16 therein for VH domains; and Seq ID Nos: 13 and 14 therein for VL domains, which sequences are incorporated herein by reference [reproduced herein as Seq ID Nos: 231 to 234]).

Concept 64.

A method, an antibody or fragment for the use, a use or a composition according to any preceding concept, wherein the antibody is oxelumab.

Concept 65.

A method, an agent or an antibody or fragment for the use, a use or a composition according to any preceding concept, where in the Tscm cells and/or the Tn cells are CD4⁺.

In another embodiment, the Tscm cells and/or the Tn cells are CD8+.

Concept 66.

A method, an agent or an antibody or fragment for the use, a use or a composition according to concept 64, wherein the Tscm cells and/or the Tn cells are circulating T-cells.

Concept 67.

A method, an agent or an antibody or fragment for the use, a use or a composition according to concept 65, wherein the Tscm cells and/or the Tn cells are in a sample of blood, e.g. peripheral blood.

Whereas T-cells present in blood are relatively straightforward to isolate and characterise, T-cells which are present in the tissues of a subject are generally more difficult to isolate. That said, it may be possible to isolate T-cells from various tissues (such as skin, tissues of the GI tract, e.g. bowel, and from inflamed joints, e.g. synovium)

Concept 68.

A method according to any one of concepts 9 to 11, 16, 20 to 39 or 43 to 67, an agent or an antibody or fragment for the use according to any one of concepts 12, 17, 20, 21, 23 to 25 or 44 to 67, a use according to any one of concepts 13, 14, 18 to 20 or 23 to 25 or 44 to 67, or a composition according to any one of concepts 15 or 44 to 67, wherein the subject is a human patient.

Concept 69.

A method, an agent or an antibody or fragment for the use, a use or a composition according to concept 68, wherein the subject is at risk of a Tscm-mediated disease or condition.

Concept 70.

A method, an agent or an antibody or fragment for the use, a use or a composition according to concept 68, wherein the subject has a Tscm-mediated disease or condition.

Concept 71.

A method, an agent or an antibody or fragment for the use, a use or a composition according to any preceding concept, wherein the Tscm-mediated disease or condition is mediated by CD45RA⁺CCR7 CD95⁺OX40⁺ Tscm cells.

Concept 72.

A method, an agent or an antibody or fragment for the use, a use or a composition according to any one of concept 68 to 70, wherein the Tscm-mediated disease or condition is characterised by having a ratio of CD45RA⁺CCR7⁺CD95*OX40⁺ Tscm cells: CD45RA⁺CCR7⁺CD95⁻ Tn cells of greater than 50:50.

In another embodiment, the disease or condition is characterised by having a ratio of Tscm cells: Tn cells as set out in any of concepts 23 to 25.

Concept 73.

A method, an agent or an antibody or fragment for the use, a use or a composition according to concept 72, wherein the Tscm-mediated disease or condition is characterised by having a ratio of Tscm:Tn of greater than 60:40, or greater than 70:30, or greater than 75:25, such as greater than 70:30.

Concept 74.

A method, an agent or an antibody or fragment for the use, a use or a composition according to concept 73, wherein the Tscm-mediated disease or condition is characterised by having a ratio of Tscm:Tn of greater than 80:20, or greater than 85:15, for example greater than 90:10, e.g. greater than 95:5.

Concept 75.

A method, an agent or an antibody or fragment for the use, a use or a composition according to any preceding concept, wherein the Tscm-mediated disease or condition is selected from an autoimmune disease, HIV-1, and a T-cell malignancy.

Concept 76.

A method, an agent or an antibody or fragment for the use, a use or a composition according to concept 75, wherein the Tscm-mediated disease or condition is selected from GvHD, transplant rejection, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, juvenile dermatomyositis, T-cell lymphoma and T-cell leukemia.

Concept 77.

A method, an agent or an antibody or fragment for the use, a use or a composition according to concept 76, wherein the Tscm-mediated disease or condition is GvHD or transplant rejection.

Concept 78.

A method, an agent or an antibody or fragment for the use, a use or a composition according to concept 76, wherein the transplant is a cell, tissue or organ transplant (e.g. liver, lung, heart, kidney or bowel), or a blood transplant (e.g. autologous or allogeneic), for example where the blood is bone marrow-derived, is cord-blood derived (umbilical), or is peripheral-blood derived. In one embodiment, the transplant is an HLA-matched allogeneic bone marrow or stem cell transplant. In another embodiment, the transplant is an HLA mis-matched allogeneic bone marrow or stem cell transplant.

In one embodiment, the transplant is a CAR T-cell transplant (chimeric antigen receptor).

Concept 79.

A method, an agent or an antibody or fragment for the use, a use or a composition according to concept 76, wherein the Tscm-mediated disease or condition is a T-cell lymphoma selected from T-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL), anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL), angioimmunoblastic lymphoma, cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma, blastic NK-cell lymphoma, enteropathy-type T-cell lymphoma, hematosplenic gamma-delta T-cell lymphoma, lymphoblastic lymphoma (T-LBL) and nasal NK/T-cell lymphoma.

Concept 80.

A method, an agent or an antibody or fragment for the use, a use or a composition according to concept 76, wherein the Tscm-mediated disease or condition is a T-cell leukemia selected from large granular lymphocytic leukemia (LGLL), T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia (T-PLL), T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) and Sezary syndrome.

-   115. Concept 81. A method, an agent or an antibody or fragment for     the use, a use or a composition according to any preceding concept,     further comprising administering to the human a further therapeutic     agent, optionally wherein the further therapeutic agent is     independently selected from the group consisting of rapamycin     (sirolimus), tacrolimus, ciclosporin, corticosteroids (e.g.     methylprednisolone), methotrexate, mycophenolate mofetil, anti-CD28     antibodies, anti-IL12/IL-23 antibodies (e.g. ustekinumab), anti-CD20     antibodies (e.g.rituximab), anti-CD30 antibodies (e.g. brentuximab),     CTLA4-Fc molecules (e.g. abatacept), CCR5 receptor antagonists (e.g.     maraviroc), anti-CD40L antibodies, anti-VLA4 antibodies (e.g.     natalizumab), anti-LFA1 antibodies, fludarabine, anti-CD52     antibodies (e.g. alemtuzumab), anti-CD45 antibodies,     cyclophosphamide, anti-thymocyte globulins, anti-complement C5     antibodies (e.g. eculizumab), anti-a4b7 integrin antibodies (e.g.     vedolizumab), anti-IL6 antibodies (e.g. tocilizumab), anti-IL2R     antibodies (e.g. basilixumab), anti-CD25 antibodies (e.g.     daclizumab), anti-TNFa/TNFa-Fc molecules (e.g. etanercept,     adalimumab, infliximab, golimumab or certolizumab pegol) and     Vorinostat, in particular rapamycin (sirolimus), tacrolimus,     ciclosporin, corticosteroids (e.g. methylprednisolone),     methotrexate, mycophenolate mofetil, anti-CD28 antibodies, CTLA4-Fc     molecules (e.g. abatacept), anti-CD40L antibodies, anti-LFA1     antibodies, anti-CD52 antibodies (e.g. alemtuzumab),     cyclophosphamide and anti-thymocyte globulins. In another     embodiment, the agent is an anti-IL-2 antibody.

In one embodiment, the further therapeutic agent is independently selected from the group consisting of calcineurin inhibitors (e.g. tacrolimus, ciclosporin), mTOR inhibitors (e.g. rapamycin (sirolimus)), and antiproliferative agents (e.g. mycophenolate mofetil, cyclophosphamide).

-   116. In one embodiment, the further therapeutic agent is     independently selected from the group consisting of     immunosuppressants that modulate IL-2 signalling (e.g. tacrolimus,     ciclosporin, rapamycin (sirolimus), and anti-CD25 antibodies (e.g.     basilixumab, daclizumab). In another embodiment, the agent is an     anti-IL-2 antibody.

In one embodiment, the further therapeutic agent is rapamycin (sirolimus). In another embodiment, the further therapeutic agent is tacrolimus. In another embodiment, the further therapeutic agent is a combination of tacrolimus and methotrexate. In another embodiment, the further therapeutic agent is ciclosporin. In another embodiment, the further therapeutic agent is a combination of ciclosporin and methotrexate. In another embodiment, the further therapeutic agent is cyclophosphamide. In another embodiment, the further therapeutic agent is mycophenolate mofetil.

Concept 82.

A method, an agent or an antibody or fragment for the use, a use or a composition according to any preceding concept, further comprising administering to the human a therapeutically effective amount of rapamycin.

Concept 83.

A method, an agent or an antibody or fragment for the use, a use or a composition according to any preceding concept, further comprising administering to the human a therapeutically effective amount of tacrolimus.

The inventors have surprisingly found that an anti-OX40L antibody may provide synergistic effects when administered as part of a combination therapy with a further therapeutic agent. To that end, further concepts are provided below: Concept 101. An anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof for use in treating or reducing the risk of an OX40L-mediated disease or condition in a subject in combination with a further therapeutic agent independently selected from the group consisting of rapamycin (sirolimus), tacrolimus, ciclosporin, corticosteroids (e.g. methylprednisolone), methotrexate, mycophenolate mofetil, anti-CD28 antibodies, anti-IL12/IL-23 antibodies (e.g. ustekinumab), anti-CD20 antibodies (e.g.rituximab), anti-CD30 antibodies (e.g. brentuximab), CTLA4-Fc molecules (e.g. abatacept), CCR5 receptor antagonists (e.g. maraviroc), anti-CD40L antibodies, anti-VLA4 antibodies (e.g. natalizumab), anti-LFA1 antibodies, fludarabine, anti-CD52 antibodies (e.g. alemtuzumab), anti-CD45 antibodies, cyclophosphamide, anti-thymocyte globulins, anti-complement C5 antibodies (e.g. eculizumab), anti-a4b7 integrin antibodies (e.g. vedolizumab), anti-IL6 antibodies (e.g. tocilizumab), anti-IL2R antibodies (e.g. basilixumab), anti-CD25 antibodies (e.g. daclizumab), anti-TNFa/TNFa-Fc molecules (e.g. etanercept, adalimumab, infliximab, golimumab or certolizumab pegol) and Vorinostat.

-   117. Concept 102. Use of an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof     for the treatment or prevention of an OX40L-mediated disease or     condition in a subject in combination with a further therapeutic     agent independently selected from the group consisting of rapamycin     (sirolimus), tacrolimus, ciclosporin, corticosteroids (e.g.     methylprednisolone), methotrexate, mycophenolate mofetil, anti-CD28     antibodies, anti-IL12/IL-23 antibodies (e.g. ustekinumab), anti-CD20     antibodies (e.g.rituximab), anti-CD30 antibodies (e.g. brentuximab),     CTLA4-Fc molecules (e.g. abatacept), CCR5 receptor antagonists (e.g.     maraviroc), anti-CD40L antibodies, anti-VLA4 antibodies (e.g.     natalizumab), anti-LFA1 antibodies, fludarabine, anti-CD52     antibodies (e.g. alemtuzumab), anti-CD45 antibodies,     cyclophosphamide, anti-thymocyte globulins, anti-complement C5     antibodies (e.g. eculizumab), anti-a4b7 integrin antibodies (e.g.     vedolizumab), anti-IL6 antibodies (e.g. tocilizumab), anti-IL2R     antibodies (e.g. basilixumab), anti-CD25 antibodies (e.g.     daclizumab), anti-TNFa/TNFa-Fc molecules (e.g. etanercept,     adalimumab, infliximab, golimumab or certolizumab pegol) and     Vorinostat. In another embodiment, the agent is an anti-IL-2     antibody.

Concept 103.

Use of an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment or prevention of an OX40L-mediated disease or condition in a subject in combination with a further therapeutic agent independently selected from the group consisting of rapamycin (sirolimus), tacrolimus, ciclosporin, corticosteroids (e.g. methylprednisolone), methotrexate, mycophenolate mofetil, anti-CD28 antibodies, anti-IL12/IL-23 antibodies (e.g. ustekinumab), anti-CD20 antibodies (e.g.rituximab), anti-CD30 antibodies (e.g. brentuximab), CTLA4-Fc molecules (e.g. abatacept), CCR5 receptor antagonists (e.g. maraviroc), anti-CD40L antibodies, anti-VLA4 antibodies (e.g. natalizumab), anti-LFA1 antibodies, fludarabine, anti-CD52 antibodies (e.g. alemtuzumab), anti-CD45 antibodies, cyclophosphamide, anti-thymocyte globulins, anti-complement C5 antibodies (e.g. eculizumab), anti-a4b7 integrin antibodies (e.g. vedolizumab), anti-IL6 antibodies (e.g. tocilizumab), anti-IL2R antibodies (e.g. basilixumab), anti-CD25 antibodies (e.g. daclizumab), anti-TNFa/TNFa-Fc molecules (e.g. etanercept, adalimumab, infliximab, golimumab or certolizumab pegol) and Vorinostat.

Concept 104.

A composition comprising an an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof for the treatment or prevention of an OX40L-mediated disease or condition in a subject in combination with a further therapeutic agent independently selected from the group consisting of rapamycin (sirolimus), tacrolimus, ciclosporin, corticosteroids (e.g. methylprednisolone), methotrexate, mycophenolate mofetil, anti-CD28 antibodies, anti-IL12/IL-23 antibodies (e.g. ustekinumab), anti-CD20 antibodies (e.g.rituximab), anti-CD30 antibodies (e.g. brentuximab), CTLA4-Fc molecules (e.g. abatacept), CCR5 receptor antagonists (e.g. maraviroc), anti-CD40L antibodies, anti-VLA4 antibodies (e.g. natalizumab), anti-LFA1 antibodies, fludarabine, anti-CD52 antibodies (e.g. alemtuzumab), anti-CD45 antibodies, cyclophosphamide, anti-thymocyte globulins, anti-complement C5 antibodies (e.g. eculizumab), anti-a4b7 integrin antibodies (e.g. vedolizumab), anti-IL6 antibodies (e.g. tocilizumab), anti-IL2R antibodies (e.g. basilixumab), anti-CD25 antibodies (e.g. daclizumab), anti-TNFa/TNFa-Fc molecules (e.g. etanercept, adalimumab, infliximab, golimumab or certolizumab pegol) and Vorinostat.

Concept 105.

A method of treating or preventing an OX40L-mediated disease or condition in a subject comprising administering to said human a therapeutically effective amount of an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof in combination with a further therapeutic agent independently selected from the group consisting of rapamycin (sirolimus), tacrolimus, ciclosporin, corticosteroids (e.g. methylprednisolone), methotrexate, mycophenolate mofetil, anti-CD28 antibodies, anti-IL12/IL-23 antibodies (e.g. ustekinumab), anti-CD20 antibodies (e.g.rituximab), anti-CD30 antibodies (e.g. brentuximab), CTLA4-Fc molecules (e.g. abatacept), CCR5 receptor antagonists (e.g. maraviroc), anti-CD40L antibodies, anti-VLA4 antibodies (e.g. natalizumab), anti-LFA1 antibodies, fludarabine, anti-CD52 antibodies (e.g. alemtuzumab), anti-CD45 antibodies, cyclophosphamide, anti-thymocyte globulins, anti-complement C5 antibodies (e.g. eculizumab), anti-a4b7 integrin antibodies (e.g. vedolizumab), anti-IL6 antibodies (e.g. tocilizumab), anti-IL2R antibodies (e.g. basilixumab), anti-CD25 antibodies (e.g. daclizumab), anti-TNFa/TNFa-Fc molecules (e.g. etanercept, adalimumab, infliximab, golimumab or certolizumab pegol) and Vorinostat, wherein the OX40L-mediated disease or condition is thereby treated or prevented.

In any of the concepts herein, the combination may be used in the prevention of an OX40L-mediated disease. In any of the concepts, the combination may be used to reduce the risk of an OX40L-mediated disease. In any of the concepts, the combination may be used in the treatment of an OX40L-mediated disease.

A “combination” as described here may be as defined elsewhere herein, for example on page 185, on pages 190 to 192, and on pages 203 to 204. In one embodiment, the disease is rheumatoid arthritis or psoriasis, and the further therapeutic agent is an anti-IL-17 antibody (such as brodalumab, secukinumab and ixekizumab). Combinations may be administered concomitantly or sequentially.

Administration may be via any of the methods disclosed herein, for example, as discussed in the section entitled “Methods of Administration and Dosing” beginning on page 214 herein.

As used in any of the concepts herein, the “treatment” of an OX40L-mediated disease includes the reduction of one or more symptom(s) of said OX40L-mediated disease. Treatment may be interpreted as described elsewhere herein, for example on page 107, and in the section entitled “Kits” (beginning on page 233, in particular page 236) Immunosuppressive drug intervention in the management of GvHD associated with hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) may be administered to treat patients with confirmed disease. GvHD grading may be determined as described below.

In one embodiment, the administration is prophylactic to reduce the risk of an OX40L-mediated disease. As used in the concepts herein, “prevention” (or “prevent” or “preventing” and the like) of an OX40L-mediated disease includes the prevention of one or more symptom(s) of said OX40L-mediated disease. Preventing may refer to the total or partial inhibition of the development, recurrence, onset or spread of an OX40L-mediated disease and/or symptom related thereto, resulting from the administration combination of therapies provided herein (e.g., a combination of prophylactic and/or therapeutic agents). Preventing may be interpreted as disclosed elsewhere herein.

Immunosuppressive drug intervention in the management of GvHD associated with hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) may be administered to prevent disease in patients known to be at risk.

Thus, in one embodiment, a prophylactically-effective dose is administered before the onset of an OX40L-mediated disease or condition. As used in the concepts herein, a subject may be determined to be “before the onset of an OX40L-mediated disease or condition” if the subject is presenting no symptoms which would conventionally be associated with said disease or condition or if the subject would not be diagnosed as having such a disease or condition by any conventional method. In another embodiment, administration which is before the onert of disease may be termed “pre-emptive treatment”, which refers to the use of further therapeutic agents (such as immunosuppressant agents) and/or an anti-OX40L antibody of the invention in individuals at risk of developing disease and where there may be early signs that emergence of clinically-relevant GvHD is imminent. For example, an experimental or predictive serum or cellular biomarker may indicate the optimal time for initiation of pre-emptive GvHD treatment.

For example, the presence of signs and symtpoms of acute GvHD in a human may be staged and graded according to a standardised scale such as described in Przepiorka et al. In a primate, such as a rhesus macaque monkey, the presence of signs and symtpoms of acute GvHD may be staged and graded according to a standardised scale such as described herein in Example 7. Similar disease grading scales are also in routine clinical use for other relevant diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel diseases.

“Prevention” or “prophylaxis” may be as described in aspect 94 herein, with dosages and timings of administration of the anti-OX40L antibody as described. A prophylactic agent may be used in any of the methods described on page 187 to 188.

The OX40L-mediated diseases or conditions may be any of the diseases or conditions mentioned herein, including those which are defined elsewhere herein as Tscm-mediated diseases or conditions (see concepts 75 to 80 hereinabove). In one embodiment, the OX40L-mediated diseases or conditions are as described in any of aspects 12, 12a, 69, 69a, 71, 72, 72a, 90 to 93 as described herein. In one embodiment, the OX40L-mediated diseases or conditions are as described in any of aspects 12, 12a, 69, 69a, 71, 72, 72a, 90 to 93 as described herein. In one embodiment, the OX40L-mediated disease or condition is a hOX40L-mediated disease or condition as described herein, for example on pages 187 to 188, or on page 215. In another embodiment, the OX40L-mediated diseases or conditions are as described in the section entitled “Methods of Administration and Dosing” beginning on page 214 herein. In a preferred embodiment, the disease or condition is GvHD or transplant rejection, in particular, GvHD. In another embodiment, the OX40L-mediated disease of condition is Chron's disease. In another embodiment, the OX40L-mediated disease of condition is inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In another embodiment, the OX40L-mediated disease of condition is ulcerative colitis. In another embodiment, the OX40L-mediated disease of condition is psoriasis.

In any of concepts described herein, the anti-OX40L antibody and/or the further therapeutic agent are administered to the subject. Administration may be by any method described herein, for example as described on page 177, or in the sections entitled “Pharmaceutical compositions” and “Methods of Administration” beginning on pages 202 and 214 respectively. In one embodiment, the anti-OX40L antibody of the invention is administered intravenously. In one embodiment, the anti-OX40L antibody of the invention is administered subcutaneously.

In one embodiment, the further therapeutic agent is rapamycin (sirolimus) and is administered orally. In one embodiment, the further therapeutic agent is tacrolimus and is administered orally. In one embodiment, the further therapeutic agent is methotrexate and is administered orally and/or intravenously. In one embodiment, the further therapeutic agent is ciclosporin and is administered intravenously and/or orally. In one embodiment, the further therapeutic agent is cyclophosphamide and is administered intravenously and/or orally. In one embodiment, the further therapeutic agent is methyl prednisolone and is administered orally and/or intravenously.

Concept 106.

A method, an antibody or fragment for the use, a composition for the use, or the use according to any one of concepts 101 to 105, wherein the subject has a post-treatment or post-prophylaxis survival time of at least 14 days, or at least 21 days, or at least 28 days, or at least 40 days, or at least 50 days, or at least 60 days.

Concept 107.

A method, an antibody or fragment for the use, a composition for the use, or the use according to any one of concepts 101 to 105, wherein post-prophylaxis, the subject has at least 7 days, or at least 14 days, or at least 21 days, or at least 28 days, or at least 40 days, or at least 50 days, or at least 60 days disease-free.

Concept 108.

A method, an antibody or fragment for the use, a composition for the use, or the use according to any one of concepts 101 to 105, wherein post-treatment, the subject has at least 7 days, or at least 14 days, or at least 21 days, or at least 28 days, or at least 40 days, or at least 50 days, or at least 60 days disease progression-free.

Concept 109.

A method, an antibody or fragment for the use, a composition for the use, or the use according to any one of concepts 106 to 108, wherein the number of days of survival, the number of disease free days, or the number of disease-progression free days is at least 2 months, or at least 3 months, or at least 4 months, e.g. at least 5 months, such as at least 6 months.

Concept 110.

A method, an antibody or fragment for the use, a composition for the use, or the use according to concept 109, wherein the number of days of survival, the number of disease free days, or the number of disease-progression free days is at least 9 months, or at least one year.

Concept 111.

A method of preventing the onset of an OX40L-mediated disease or condition in a subject by administering a prophylactically-effective amount of an anti-OX40L antibody and administering a prophylactically-effective amount of a further therapeutic agent independently selected from the group consisting of rapamycin (sirolimus), tacrolimus, ciclosporin, corticosteroids (e.g. methylprednisolone), methotrexate, mycophenolate mofetil, anti-CD28 antibodies, anti-IL12/IL-23 antibodies (e.g. ustekinumab), anti-CD20 antibodies (e.g.rituximab), anti-CD30 antibodies (e.g. brentuximab), CTLA4-Fc molecules (e.g. abatacept), CCR5 receptor antagonists (e.g. maraviroc), anti-CD40L antibodies, anti-VLA4 antibodies (e.g. natalizumab), anti-LFA1 antibodies, fludarabine, anti-CD52 antibodies (e.g. alemtuzumab), anti-CD45 antibodies, cyclophosphamide, anti-thymocyte globulins, anti-complement C5 antibodies (e.g. eculizumab), anti-a4b7 integrin antibodies (e.g. vedolizumab), anti-IL6 antibodies (e.g. tocilizumab), anti-IL2R antibodies (e.g. basilixumab), anti-CD25 antibodies (e.g. daclizumab), anti-TNFa/TNFa-Fc molecules (e.g. etanercept, adalimumab, infliximab, golimumab or certolizumab pegol) and Vorinostat, wherein the onset of the OX40L-mediated disease or condition is prevented.

By “prophylactically-effective”, it is meant that the dose is effective to prevent or reduce the risk of an OX40L-mediated disease or condition.

In one embodiment, the combination may be used to reduce the risk of an OX40L-mediated disease or condition. In concept 111, the anti-OX40L antibody of the invention and the further therapeutic agent may be administered to the patient prophylactically, which administration may be sequential or simultaneous. The dosing regimens and modes of administration may be those which are normal or traditionally administered by physicians for the further therapeutic agent. The dosing regimens and modes of administration may be those which are normal or traditionally administered by physicians for the anti-OX40L antibody of the invention. However, the concurrent use of both agents is expected to result in an improved prophylaxis as compared to either agent alone.

Concept 112.

A method of treating an OX40L-mediated disease or condition in a subject by administering a prophylactically-effective amount of an anti-OX40L antibody and administering a therapeutically-effective amount of a further therapeutic agent independently selected from the group consisting of rapamycin (sirolimus), tacrolimus, ciclosporin, corticosteroids (e.g. methylprednisolone), methotrexate, mycophenolate mofetil, anti-CD28 antibodies, anti-IL12/IL-23 antibodies (e.g. ustekinumab), anti-CD20 antibodies (e.g.rituximab), anti-CD30 antibodies (e.g. brentuximab), CTLA4-Fc molecules (e.g. abatacept), CCR5 receptor antagonists (e.g. maraviroc), anti-CD40L antibodies, anti-VLA4 antibodies (e.g. natalizumab), anti-LFA1 antibodies, fludarabine, anti-CD52 antibodies (e.g. alemtuzumab), anti-CD45 antibodies, cyclophosphamide, anti-thymocyte globulins, anti-complement C5 antibodies (e.g. eculizumab), anti-a4b7 integrin antibodies (e.g. vedolizumab), anti-IL6 antibodies (e.g. tocilizumab), anti-IL2R antibodies (e.g. basilixumab), anti-CD25 antibodies (e.g. daclizumab), anti-TNFa/TNFa-Fc molecules (e.g. etanercept, adalimumab, infliximab, golimumab or certolizumab pegol) and Vorinostat, wherein the onset of the OX40L-mediated disease or condition is treated.

By “therapeutically effective”, it is meant that the dose is effective to treat an OX40L-mediated disease or condition. Effective may be as defined on pages 180 to 181, or pn page 236 herein, and may provide serum concentrations as described in the section entitled “Parmacetical Compositions” starting on page 202 herein.

In concept 112, the anti-OX40L antibody of the invention may be administered to the patient, but despite prophylaxis, the onset of the OX40L-mediated disease or condition occurs (the onset may be delayed by a number of days or weeks, as compared with a patient who had not been receiving the antibody of the invention). In this case, a therapeutically-effective amount of a further therapeutic agent may be administered to treat the disease or condition.

Concept 113.

A method of treating an OX40L-mediated disease or condition in a subject by administering a therapeutically-effective amount of an anti-OX40L antibody and administering a prophylactically-effective amount of a further therapeutic agent independently selected from the group consisting of rapamycin (sirolimus), tacrolimus, ciclosporin, corticosteroids (e.g. methylprednisolone), methotrexate, mycophenolate mofetil, anti-CD28 antibodies, anti-IL12/IL-23 antibodies (e.g. ustekinumab), anti-CD20 antibodies (e.g.rituximab), anti-CD30 antibodies (e.g. brentuximab), CTLA4-Fc molecules (e.g. abatacept), CCR5 receptor antagonists (e.g. maraviroc), anti-CD40L antibodies, anti-VLA4 antibodies (e.g. natalizumab), anti-LFA1 antibodies, fludarabine, anti-CD52 antibodies (e.g. alemtuzumab), anti-CD45 antibodies, cyclophosphamide, anti-thymocyte globulins, anti-complement C5 antibodies (e.g. eculizumab), anti-a4b7 integrin antibodies (e.g. vedolizumab), anti-IL6 antibodies (e.g. tocilizumab), anti-IL2R antibodies (e.g. basilixumab), anti-CD25 antibodies (e.g. daclizumab), anti-TNFa/TNFa-Fc molecules (e.g. etanercept, adalimumab, infliximab, golimumab or certolizumab pegol) and Vorinostat, wherein the onset of the OX40L-mediated disease or condition is treated.

In concept 113, the further therapeutic agent may be administered to the patient, but despite prophylaxis, the onset of the OX40L-mediated disease or condition occurs (the onset may be delayed by a number of days or weeks, as compared with a patient who had not been receiving the further therapeutic agent). In this case, a therapeutically-effective amount of an anti-OX40L antibody of the invention may be administered to treat the disease or condition.

Concept 114.

A method of treating an OX40L-mediated disease or condition in a subject by administering a therapeutically-effective amount of an anti-OX40L antibody and administering a therapeutically-effective amount of a further therapeutic agent independently selected from the group consisting of rapamycin (sirolimus), tacrolimus, ciclosporin, corticosteroids (e.g. methylprednisolone), methotrexate, mycophenolate mofetil, anti-CD28 antibodies, anti-IL12/IL-23 antibodies (e.g. ustekinumab), anti-CD20 antibodies (e.g.rituximab), anti-CD30 antibodies (e.g. brentuximab), CTLA4-Fc molecules (e.g. abatacept), CCR5 receptor antagonists (e.g. maraviroc), anti-CD40L antibodies, anti-VLA4 antibodies (e.g. natalizumab), anti-LFA1 antibodies, fludarabine, anti-CD52 antibodies (e.g. alemtuzumab), anti-CD45 antibodies, cyclophosphamide, anti-thymocyte globulins, anti-complement C5 antibodies (e.g. eculizumab), anti-a4b7 integrin antibodies (e.g. vedolizumab), anti-IL6 antibodies (e.g. tocilizumab), anti-IL2R antibodies (e.g. basilixumab), anti-CD25 antibodies (e.g. daclizumab), anti-TNFa/TNFa-Fc molecules (e.g. etanercept, adalimumab, infliximab, golimumab or certolizumab pegol) and Vorinostat, wherein the onset of the OX40L-mediated disease or condition is treated.

In concept 114, both the anti-OX40L antibody of the invention and the further therapeutic agent are not administered until there are clinical signs of the OX40L-mediated disease or condition. The combination treatment of both agents may provide further benefits as compared to either agent alone.

Concept 115.

A method according to concept 111 or concept 113, wherein the further therapeutic agent is independently selected from rapamycin (sirolimus), tacrolimus, a combination of tacrolimus and methotrexate, cyclophosphamide, ciclosporin, and a combination of ciclosporin and methotrexate.

In one embodiment, the OX40L-mediated disease or condition is GvHD or transplant rejection, particularly GvHD. In one embodiment, the OX40L-mediated disease or condition is GvHD or transplant rejection, particularly GvHD, and the further therapeutic agent is rapamycin (sirolimus). In one embodiment, the OX40L-mediated disease or condition is GvHD or transplant rejection, particularly GvHD, and the further therapeutic agent is tacrolimus. In one embodiment, the OX40L-mediated disease or condition is GvHD or transplant rejection, particularly GvHD, and the further therapeutic agent is a combination of tacrolimus and methotrexate. In one embodiment, the OX40L-mediated disease or condition is GvHD or transplant rejection, particularly GvHD, and the further therapeutic agent is cyclophosphamide. In one embodiment, the OX40L-mediated disease or condition is GvHD or transplant rejection, particularly GvHD, and the further therapeutic agent is ciclosporin. In one embodiment, the OX40L-mediated disease or condition is GvHD or transplant rejection, particularly GvHD, and the further therapeutic agent is a combination of ciclosporin and methotrexate. In one embodiment, the OX40L-mediated disease or condition is GvHD or transplant rejection, particularly GvHD, and the further therapeutic agent is mycophenolate mofetil.

In one embodiment, the anti-OX40L antibody is administered to a patient who is already receiving rapamycin (sirolimus). In another embodiment, embodiment, the anti-OX40L antibody is administered to a patient who is already receiving tacrolimus. In another embodiment, the anti-OX40L antibody is administered to a patient who is already receiving a combination of tacrolimus and methotrexate. In another embodiment, the anti-OX40L antibody is administered to a patient who is already receiving a combination of ciclosporin and methotrexate. In another embodiment, the anti-OX40L antibody is administered to a patient who is already receiving ciclosporin. In another embodiment, the anti-OX40L antibody is administered to a patient who is already receiving cyclophophamide. In another embodiment, the anti-OX40L antibody is administered to a patient who is already receiving mycophenolate mofetil.

These further therapeutic agents may be used prophylactically in the treatment of OX40L-mediated diseases or conditions. For example, in GvHD, preventive therapy (prophylaxis) is typically administered around the time of HSCT and is continued for a period of time following transplant to maintain immunosuppression during the period of greatest risk of developing acute GvHD. Specific drug regimens differ between transplant centres, but as an example prophylaxis with calcineurin inhibitors such as ciclosporin or tacrolimus, or with rapamycin (sirolimus) may be initiated within the 7 day period preceding transplant (such as Day −3, or Day −1 pre-HSCT), or immediately following the HSCT procedure (e.g. on Day 0, or Day +1 after transplant). Prophylaxis with mycophenolate mofetil is typically dosed following HSCT, for example starting between Day +1 to Day +5 post-transplant. Prophylaxis with these agents may be continued, for example, between 28 to 180 days or longer following transplant, with daily dosages calculated to maintain serum levels in the range to achieve effective immunosuppression without limiting side effects. In addition to calcineurin inhibitors, methotrexate is often used as an adjunct to prophylaxis, typically being administered on Days+1, +3, +6, and +11 post-transplant.

An anti-OX40L antibody of the invention may be used as prophylaxis in combination with tacrolimus, ciclosporin, a combination of tacrolimus and methotrexate, a combination of ciclosporin and methotrexate, cyclophosphamide, mycophenolate mofetil or rapamycin, where prophylaxis with any of these agents is started before or around the time of HSCT, or immediately following the transplant procedure, for example within the period 7 days before, to 7 days after transplant. Tacrolimus, or ciclosporin, or rapamycin may then be administered at therapeutically effective dose and frequency, for example daily, for up to 180 days following the transplant. An anti-OX40L antibody of the invention may be administered concurrently, starting before or around the time of HSCT, or immediately following the transplant procedure, for example within the period 7 days before, to 7 days after transplant. The anti-OX40L antibody may then be dosed at a therapeutically effective dose and frequency, for example biweekly or monthly, for up to 180 days following the transplant. Under these circumstances the combined activity of the anti-OX40L antibody and the additional prophylactic agent would be expected to display a synergistic effect in preventing the onset and/or severity of GvHD.

Concept 116.

A method according to concept 112 or concept 114, wherein the further therapeutic agent is a corticosteroid (e.g. methylprednisolone).

In one embodiment, the OX40L-mediated disease or condition is GvHD or transplant rejection, in particular GvHD. In one embodiment, the OX40L-mediated disease or condition is GvHD or transplant rejection, in particular GvHD, and the further therapeutic agent is methylprednisolone.

In cases where breakthrough GvHD occurs (for example, even despite prophylaxis), treatment may be initiated immediately upon confirmation of Grade II or higher GvHD disease. Systemic corticosteroids such as methylprednisolone are the first-line treatment of choice, administered concurrently with ongoing prophylaxis with, for example, a calcineurin inhibitor such as ciclosporin or tacrolimus.

Where first-line treatment or prophylaxis fails to control GvHD, “salvage therapy” may be attempted in which case additional previously unused immunosuppressants such as rapamycin or mycophenolate mofetil may be administered. Thus, in one embodiment, a therapeutically effective amount of an anti-OX40L antibody of the invention is administered to a patient who is refractory to prophylaxis or treatment with any of: rapamycin, tacrolimus, tacrolimus in combination with methotrexate, cyclophosphamide, ciclosporin, ciclosporin in combination with methotrexate, or corticosteroids (e.g. methylprednisolone). In another embodiment, a therapeutically effective amount of an anti-OX40L antibody of the invention is administered to a patient who is refractory to prophylaxis or treatment with any of the further therapeutic agents mentioned herein. In another embodiment, an anti-OX40L antibody of the invention is administered as a salvage therapy.

Concept 117.

A method of prolonging survival in a subject having or at risk of an OX40L-mediated disease or condition by administering a therapeutic or prophylactic combination of an anti-OX40L antibody and a further therapeutic agent independently selected from the group consisting of rapamycin (sirolimus), tacrolimus, ciclosporin, corticosteroids (e.g. methylprednisolone), methotrexate, mycophenolate mofetil, anti-CD28 antibodies, anti-IL12/IL-23 antibodies (e.g. ustekinumab), anti-CD20 antibodies (e.g.rituximab), anti-CD30 antibodies (e.g. brentuximab), CTLA4-Fc molecules (e.g. abatacept), CCR5 receptor antagonists (e.g. maraviroc), anti-CD40L antibodies, anti-VLA4 antibodies (e.g. natalizumab), anti-LFA1 antibodies, fludarabine, anti-CD52 antibodies (e.g. alemtuzumab), anti-CD45 antibodies, cyclophosphamide, anti-thymocyte globulins, anti-complement C5 antibodies (e.g. eculizumab), anti-a4b7 integrin antibodies (e.g. vedolizumab), anti-IL6 antibodies (e.g. tocilizumab), anti-IL2R antibodies (e.g. basilixumab), anti-CD25 antibodies (e.g. daclizumab), anti-TNFa/TNFa-Fc molecules (e.g. etanercept, adalimumab, infliximab, golimumab or certolizumab pegol) and Vorinostat.

In one embodiment, then OX40L-mediated disease or condition is GvHD or transplant rejection, in particular GvHD. A number of factors affect the severity and disease progression in GvHD, such as the pre-transplant conditioning regimen (e.g. myeoablation by irradiation, preparative chemotherapy), degree of donor-recipient tissue matching (HLA matching, and/or relationship of donor-recipient), and therapeutic or prophylactic treatment regimens.

In general, however, in primates, such as rhesus macaque that have received haploidential stem cell transplants, the mean survival time (MST) post-transplant and in the absence of therapy is 8 days.

Concept 118.

A method according to concept 117, wherein survival is increased by at least 7 days, or by at least 14 days, or by at least 20 days, or by at least 30 days or by at least 40 days, or by at least 50 days, or by at least 60 days, or by at least 70 days.

Concept 119.

A method of increasing the number of disease-free, or disease-progression free, days in a a subject having or at risk of an OX40L-mediated disease or condition by administering a therapeutic or prophylactic combination of an anti-OX40L antibody and a further therapeutic agent independently selected from the group consisting of rapamycin (sirolimus), tacrolimus, ciclosporin, corticosteroids (e.g. methylprednisolone), methotrexate, mycophenolate mofetil, anti-CD28 antibodies, anti-IL12/IL-23 antibodies (e.g. ustekinumab), anti-CD20 antibodies (e.g.rituximab), anti-CD30 antibodies (e.g. brentuximab), CTLA4-Fc molecules (e.g. abatacept), CCR5 receptor antagonists (e.g. maraviroc), anti-CD40L antibodies, anti-VLA4 antibodies (e.g. natalizumab), anti-LFA1 antibodies, fludarabine, anti-CD52 antibodies (e.g. alemtuzumab), anti-CD45 antibodies, cyclophosphamide, anti-thymocyte globulins, anti-complement C5 antibodies (e.g. eculizumab), anti-a4b7 integrin antibodies (e.g. vedolizumab), anti-IL6 antibodies (e.g. tocilizumab), anti-IL2R antibodies (e.g. basilixumab), anti-CD25 antibodies (e.g. daclizumab), anti-TNFa/TNFa-Fc molecules (e.g. etanercept, adalimumab, infliximab, golimumab or certolizumab pegol) and Vorinostat.

In one embodiment, then OX40L-mediated disease or condition is GvHD or transplant rejection, in particular GvHD. In humans, the presence of signs and symptoms of acute GvHD may be staged and graded according to a standardised scale such as described in Przepiorka et al. In primates, such as rhesus macaques, the presence of signs and symptoms of acute GvHD may be staged and graded according to a standardised scale such as described herein in Example 7.

Thus, the number of disease free days may be measured by absence of clinical grading symptoms. The number of disease-progression free days may be measures as the number of days where the clinical grading score does not change.

Concept 120.

A method according to concept 119, wherein the number of disease-free, or disease-progression free, days is at least 7 days, or at least 14 days, or at least 21 days, or at least 28 or at least 40 days, or at least 50 days, or by at least 60 days, or at least 70 days.

Concept 121.

A method according to concept 120, wherein the number of disease free, or disease-progression free, days is at least 90 days, at least 180 days or at least 365 days.

Concept 122.

A method of treating or reducing the risk of transplant rejection or GvHD in a subject by administering a therapeutic or prophylactic combination of an anti-OX40L antibody and a further therapeutic agent independently selected from the group consisting of rapamycin (sirolimus), tacrolimus, ciclosporin, corticosteroids (e.g. methylprednisolone), methotrexate, mycophenolate mofetil, anti-CD28 antibodies, anti-IL12/IL-23 antibodies (e.g. ustekinumab), anti-CD20 antibodies (e.g.rituximab), anti-CD30 antibodies (e.g. brentuximab), CTLA4-Fc molecules (e.g. abatacept), CCR5 receptor antagonists (e.g. maraviroc), anti-CD40L antibodies, anti-VLA4 antibodies (e.g. natalizumab), anti-LFA1 antibodies, fludarabine, anti-CD52 antibodies (e.g. alemtuzumab), anti-CD45 antibodies, cyclophosphamide, anti-thymocyte globulins, anti-complement C5 antibodies (e.g. eculizumab), anti-a4b7 integrin antibodies (e.g. vedolizumab), anti-IL6 antibodies (e.g. tocilizumab), anti-IL2R antibodies (e.g. basilixumab), anti-CD25 antibodies (e.g. daclizumab), anti-TNFa/TNFa-Fc molecules (e.g. etanercept, adalimumab, infliximab, golimumab or certolizumab pegol) and Vorinostat, wherein the combination results in an increased survival in a Rhesus macaque model of haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation as compared to either the antibody or the further therapeutic agent as a monotherapy.

In one embodiment, the method is a method of preventing an OX40L-mediated disease or condition.

In one embodiment, the OX40L-mediated disease or condition is GvHD or transplant rejection, in particular GvHD. In one embodiment, the OX40L-mediated disease or condition is GvHD or transplant rejection, in particular GvHD, and the further therapeutic agent is a rapamycin (sirolimus). In one embodiment, the OX40L-mediated disease or condition is GvHD or transplant rejection, in particular GvHD, and the further therapeutic agent is tacrolimus. In one embodiment, the OX40L-mediated disease or condition is GvHD or transplant rejection, in particular GvHD, and the further therapeutic agent is a combination of tacrolimus and methotrexate. In one embodiment, the OX40L-mediated disease or condition is GvHD or transplant rejection, in particular GvHD, and the further therapeutic agent is cyclophosphamide. In one embodiment, the OX40L-mediated disease or condition is GvHD or transplant rejection, in particular GvHD, and the further therapeutic agent is ciclosporin. In one embodiment, the OX40L-mediated disease or condition is GvHD or transplant rejection, in particular GvHD, and the further therapeutic agent is a combination of ciclosporin and methotrexate. In one embodiment, the OX40L-mediated disease or condition is GvHD or transplant rejection, in particular GvHD, and the further therapeutic agent is mycophenolate mofetil.

The Rhesus macaque model of haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation may be as described in aspect 99 herein.

Concept 123.

A method according to any one of concepts 106, 109, 110, 117, 119, or 122, wherein the survival is increased by at least 7 days, or by at least 14 days, or by at least 21 days, or by at least 28 days, or by at least 40 days, or by at least 50 days, or by at least 60 days, or by at least 70 days as compared to either the antibody or the further therapeutic agent as a monotherapy.

Concept 124.

A method according to any one of concepts 106, 109, 110, 117, 119, or 122, wherein survival is at least doubled, e.g tripled, as compared to either the antibody or the further therapeutic agent as a monotherapy.

Concept 125.

A method, an antibody or fragment for the use, a composition for the use, or the use according to any preceeding concept, wherein the antibody specifically binds to human OX40L (hOX40L).

The hOX40L may be as described in aspect 28 or aspect 30 described herein.

In any of the concepts provided herein, the anti-OX40L antibody may be as described elsewhere herein. In one embodiment, the anti-OX40L antibody is as described in any of aspects 1 to 11, 13 to 27, 29, 31 to 43 or 45 described herein. In another embodiment, the anti-OX40L antibody is as described in aspects 73 to 89, or as in any of aspects 95 to 102 described herein. In another embodiment, the anti-OX40L antibody is as described in any of concepts 53 to 64 hereinabove. Other properties of anti-OX40L antibodies are described on pages 170 to 173, in the section entitled “bispecifics” beginning on page 176 herein, in the section entited “Antibodies” beginning on page 193 herein and in the section entitled “Methods of Administration and Dosing” beginning on page 130 herein.

Concept 126.

A method, an antibody or fragment for the use, a composition for the use, or the use according to concept 125, which competes for binding to said hOX40L with an antibody selected from the group consisting of 02D10, 10A07, 09H04 and 19H01.

Competition between antibodies may be determined as described in aspect 13 or aspect 73, for example as determined by SPR, ELISA, HTRF or FACS. Methods related to the measurement methods are disclosed herein, including in the Examples.

Concept 127.

A method, an antibody or fragment for the use, a composition for the use, or the use according to concept 126, which competes for binding to said hOX40L with the antibody 02D10, wherein the antibody or fragment comprises a VH domain which comprises a HCDR3 comprising the motif VRGXYYY, wherein X is any amino acid.

Concept 128.

A method, an antibody or fragment for the use, a composition for the use, or the use according to any preceeding concept, wherein the antibody antagonises specific binding of OX40 to OX40L, e.g. as determined using SPR or ELISA.

Antagonism and inhibition may be carried out as defined on page 94 to 95.

Concept 129.

A method, an antibody or fragment for the use, a composition for the use, or the use according to any preceding concept, wherein the antibody is a humanized, human or fully human antibody.

Concept 130.

A method, an antibody or fragment for the use, a composition for the use, or the use according to any preceding concept, wherein the antibody is a fragment of an antibody selected from the list of multispecific antibodies (eg. bi-specific antibodies), intrabodies, single-chain Fv antibodies (scFv), camelized antibodies, Fab fragments, F(ab′) fragments, disulfide-linked Fvs (sdFv), anti-idiotypic (anti-Id) antibodies, and epitope-binding fragments thereof.

Concept 131.

A method, an antibody or fragment for the use, a composition for the use, or the use according to any preceding concept, wherein the antibody or fragment enables greater than 80% stem cell donor chimerism by day 12 in a Rhesus macaque model of haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

Concept 132.

A method, an antibody or fragment for the use, a composition for the use, or the use according to any preceding concept, wherein the antibody or fragment expresses as a stably transfected pool in Lonza GS-Xceed™ at level greater than 1.5 g/L in a fed batch overgrow culture using Lonza version 8 feed system with an overgrow period of 14 days.

Concept 133.

A method, an antibody or fragment for the use, a composition for the use, or the use according to any preceding concept, wherein the antibody or fragment thereof comprises a HCDR3 of from 16 to 27 amino acids and derived from the recombination of a human VH gene segment, a human D gene segment and a human JH gene segment, wherein the human JH gene segment is IGHJ6 (e.g. IGHJ6*02).

Concept 134.

A method, an antibody or fragment for the use, a composition for the use, or the use according to any preceding concept, wherein the antibody or fragment thereof comprises a CDR selected from:

a. the HCDR3 of antibody 2D10 (Seq ID No:40 or Seq ID No:46);

b. the HCDR3 of antibody 10A7 (Seq ID No:8 or SEQ ID No: 14);

c. the HCDR3 of antibody 09H04 (Seq ID No:72 or Seq ID No:78);

d. the HCDR3 of antibody 19H01 (Seq ID No:100 or Seq ID No: 106);

e. a CDR3 of any of the nanobodies having the variable region amino acid sequence of Seq ID Nos: 177 to 213;

f. an HCDR3 of any of the antibodies having the variable region amino acid sequence of Seq ID Nos: 215, 217, 219, 221, 223, 225, 227, 229 or 230; or

g. an HCDR3 of any of the antibodies having the variable region amino acid sequence of Seq ID Nos: 232 or 234.

Concept 135.

A method, an antibody or fragment for the use, a composition for the use, or the use according to any preceding concept, wherein the antibody or fragment thereof comprises:

a. the CDRs of antibody 2D10 (Seq ID No:40 or Seq ID No:46 for CDRH3, SEQ ID No:38 or SEQ ID No:44 for CDRH2, SEQ ID No:36 or SEQ ID No:42 for CDRH1, SEQ ID No:50 or SEQ ID No:56 for CDRL1, SEQ ID No:52 or SEQ ID No:58 for CDRL2 and SEQ ID No:54 or SEQ ID No:60 for CDRL3);

b. the CDRs of antibody 10A7 (Seq ID No:8 or SEQ ID No:14 for CDRH3, SEQ ID No:6 or SEQ ID No:12 for CDRH2, SEQ ID No:4 or SEQ ID No:10 for CDRH1, SEQ ID No:18 or SEQ ID No:24 for CDRL1, SEQ ID No:20 or SEQ ID No:26 for CDRL2 and SEQ ID No:22 or SEQ ID No:28 for CDRL3);

c. the CDRs of antibody 09H04 (Seq ID No:72 or Seq ID No:78 for CDRH3, SEQ ID No:70 or SEQ ID No:76 for CDRH2, SEQ ID No:68 or SEQ ID No:74 for CDRH1, SEQ ID No:82 or SEQ ID No:88 for CDRL1, SEQ ID No:84 or SEQ ID No:90 for CDRL2 and SEQ ID No:86 or SEQ ID No:92 for CDRL3);

d. the CDRs of antibody 19H01 (Seq ID No:100 or Seq ID No:106 for CDRH3, SEQ ID No:98 or SEQ ID No:104 for CDRH2, SEQ ID No:96 or SEQ ID No:102 for CDRH1, SEQ ID No:110 or SEQ ID No:116 for CDRL1, SEQ ID No:112 or SEQ ID No:118 for CDRL2 and SEQ ID No:114 or SEQ ID No:120 for CDRL3);

e. the CDRs of any of the nanobodies having the variable region amino acid sequence of Seq ID Nos: 177 to 213;

f. the heavy chain CDRs of any of the antibodies having the heavy chain variable region amino acid sequence of Seq ID Nos: 215, 217, 219, 221, 223, 225, 227, 229 or 230, and the light chain CDRs of any of the antibodies having the light chain variable region amino acid sequence of Seq ID Nos: 216, 218, 220, 222, 224, 226 or 228; or

g. the heavy chain CDRs of any of the antibodies having the heavy chain variable region amino acid sequence of Seq ID Nos: 232 or 234, and the light chain CDRs of any of the antibodies having the light chain variable region amino acid sequence of Seq ID Nos:231 or 233.

Concept 136.

A method, an antibody or fragment for the use, a composition for the use, or the use according to any preceding concept, wherein the antibody or fragment thereof comprises the VH and/or VL domains selected from the following:

a. the VH and/or VL domains of antibody 2D10 (Seq ID No:34 for VH and/or Seq ID No:48 for VL);

b. the VH and/or VL domains of antibody 10A7 (Seq ID No:2 for VH and/or Seq ID No:16 for VL);

c. the VH and/or VL domains of antibody 09H04 (Seq ID No:66 for VH and/or Seq ID No:80 for VL);

d. the VH and/or VL domains of antibody 19H01 (Seq ID No:94 for VH and/or Seq ID No: 108 for VL);

e. a VH domain of any of the nanobodies having the variable region amino acid sequence of Seq ID Nos: 177 to 213;

f. a VH domain of any of the antibodies having the heavy chain variable region amino acid sequence of Seq ID Nos: 215, 217, 219, 221, 223, 225, 227, 229 or 230, and a VL domain of any of the antibodies having the light chain variable region amino acid sequence of Seq ID Nos: 216, 218, 220, 222, 224, 226 or 228; or

g. a VH domain of any of the antibodies having the heavy chain variable region amino acid sequence of Seq ID Nos: 232 or 234, and a VL domain of any of the antibodies having the light chain variable region amino acid sequence of Seq ID Nos:231 or 233.

Concept 137.

A method, an antibody or fragment for the use, a composition for the use, or the use according to any preceding concept, wherein the antibody is oxelumab.

Concept 138.

A method, an antibody or fragment for the use, a composition for the use, or the use according to any preceding concept, wherein the subject is a primate.

The term “subject” may be other subjects as described herein, for example as described on page 104. In one embodiment, the primate is a rhesus macaque monkey.

Concept 139.

A method, an antibody or fragment for the use, a composition for the use, or the use according to any preceding concept, wherein the subject is a human.

In one embodiment, the subject is a human patient.

Concept 140.

A method, an antibody or fragment for the use, a composition for the use, or the use according to any preceding concept, wherein the subject is at risk of an OX40L-mediated disease or condition.

In one embodiment, a subject may be identified as being “at risk of an OX40L-mediated disease or condition” if the subject has been previously identified as having an increased risk, e.g. by genotyping and/or phenotyping, but the subject has not yet presented symptoms or would not be diagnosed as having such a disease or condition by any conventional method. Thus, the methods and uses disclosed herein may aid in the early identification of patients who will develop such diseases or conditions. In one embodiment, the disease or condition is prevented (i.e. the treatment is prophylactic).

In one embodiment, the OX40L-mediated disease or condition is GvHD or transplant rejection, in particular GvHD. In a particular embodiment, the subject is at risk of GvHD or transplant rejection when they are pre-operative for a transplant. In particular, a subject is at risk of GvHD or tansplant rejection when they have commenced a pre-transplant conditioning regimen (e.g. myeoablation by irradiation, preparative chemotherapy), and when degree of donor-recipient tissue matching (HLA matching, and/or relationship of donor-recipient) is not 100%. Potential transplant therapies are envisaged in concept 78 hereinabove.

Concept 141.

A method, an antibody or fragment for the use, a composition for the use, or the use according to concept 40, wherein the method, antibody or fragment for the use, the use or the composition is for the prevention of the OX40L-mediated disease or condition.

Concept 142.

A method, an antibody or fragment for the use, a composition for the use, or the use according to any one of concepts 101 to 139, wherein the subject has an OX40L-mediated disease or condition.

A subject has an OX40L-mediated disease or condition if the subject is presenting symptoms which would conventionally be associated with said disease or condition or if the subject would be diagnosed as having such a disease or condition by any conventional method. In one embodiment, the OX40L-mediated disease or condition is GvHD or transplant rejection, particularly GvHD, and a subject may be determined to have the disease by any of the methods mentioned in concepts 101 to 105 and 119 hereinabove.

Concept 143.

A method, an antibody or fragment for the use, a composition for the use, or the use according to concept 142, wherein the method, antibody or fragment for the use, the composition for the use, or the use is for the treatment of the OX40L-mediated disease or condition.

In one embodiment, treatment is commenced when the OX40L-mediated disease or condition has been diagnosed as a confirmed disease or condition.

In one embodiment, the OX40L-mediated disease or condition is GvHD or transplant rejection, in particular GvHD. GvHD grading may be determined as described herein (see concepts 101 to 105 and 119 hereinabove). In one embodiment, the subject is a human having Grade II clinical symptoms of GvHD.

Concept 144.

A method, an antibody or fragment for the use, a composition for the use, or the use according to any preceding concept, wherein the OX40L-mediated disease or condition is selected from an autoimmune disease or condition, a systemic inflammatory disease or condition, or transplant rejection.

Concept 145.

A method, an antibody or fragment for the use, a composition for the use, or the use according to concept 144, wherein the OX40L-mediated disease or condition is selected from inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), Crohn's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, transplant rejection, allogeneic transplant rejection, graft-versus-host disease (GvHD), ulcerative colitis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), diabetes, uveitis, ankylosing spondylitis, contact hypersensitivity, multiple sclerosis and atherosclerosis.

Concept 146.

A method, an antibody or fragment for the use, a composition for the use, or the use according to concept 145, wherein the OX40L-mediated disease or condition is GvHD or transplant rejection.

Concept 147.

A method, an antibody or fragment for the use, a composition for the use, or the use according to concept 146, wherein the OX40L-mediated disease or condition is GvHD.

Concept 148.

A method, an antibody or fragment for the use, a composition for the use, or the use according to concept 146, wherein the transplant is a cell, tissue or organ transplant (e.g. liver, lung, heart, kidney or bowel), or a blood transplant (e.g. autologous or allogeneic), for example where the blood is bone marrow-derived, is cord-blood derived (umbilical), or is peripheral-blood derived.

In one embodiment, the transplant is an HLA-matched allogeneic bone marrow or stem cell transplant. In another embodiment, the transplant is an HLA mis-matched allogeneic bone marrow or stem cell transplant.

Concept 149.

A method, an antibody or fragment for the use, a composition for the use, or the use according to any one of concepts 146 to 148, wherein the anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof is administered before transplant.

Concept 150.

A method, an antibody or fragment for the use, a composition for the use, or the use according to any one of concepts 146 to 148, wherein the anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof is administered after transplant.

Concept 151.

A method, an antibody or fragment for the use, a composition for the use, or the use according to concept 149 or concept 150, wherein the further therapeutic agent is administered after transplant.

In one embodiment, the further therapeutic agent is rapamycin (sirolimus). In one embodiment, the further therapeutic agent is tacrolimus. In one embodiment, the further therapeutic agent is a combination of tacrolimus and methotrexate. In one embodiment, the further therapeutic agent is cyclophosphamide. In one embodiment, the further therapeutic agent is ciclosporin. In one embodiment, the further therapeutic agent is a combination of ciclosporin and methotrexate. In one embodiment, the further therapeutic agent is mycophenolate mofetil. In one embodiment, the further therapeutic agent is methyl predinsolonel.

Concept 152.

A method, an antibody or fragment for the use, a composition for the use, or the use according to concept 149 or concept 150, wherein the further therapeutic agent is administered before transplant.

In one embodiment, the further therapeutic agent is rapamycin (sirolimus). In one embodiment, the further therapeutic agent is tacrolimus. In one embodiment, the further therapeutic agent is a combination of tacrolimus and methotrexate. In one embodiment, the further therapeutic agent is cyclophosphamide. In one embodiment, the further therapeutic agent is ciclosporin. In one embodiment, the further therapeutic agent is a combination of ciclosporin and methotrexate. In one embodiment, the further therapeutic agent is mycophenolate mofetil.

Concept 153.

A pharmaceutical composition comprising an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, diluent or carrier and further comprising a further therapeutic agent independently selected from the group consisting of rapamycin (sirolimus), tacrolimus, ciclosporin, corticosteroids (e.g. methylprednisolone), methotrexate, mycophenolate mofetil, anti-CD28 antibodies, anti-IL12/IL-23 antibodies (e.g. ustekinumab), anti-CD20 antibodies (e.g.rituximab), anti-CD30 antibodies (e.g. brentuximab), CTLA4-Fc molecules (e.g. abatacept), CCR5 receptor antagonists (e.g. maraviroc), anti-CD40L antibodies, anti-VLA4 antibodies (e.g. natalizumab), anti-LFA1 antibodies, fludarabine, anti-CD52 antibodies (e.g. alemtuzumab), anti-CD45 antibodies, cyclophosphamide, anti-thymocyte globulins, anti-complement C5 antibodies (e.g. eculizumab), anti-a4b7 integrin antibodies (e.g. vedolizumab), anti-IL6 antibodies (e.g. tocilizumab), anti-IL2R antibodies (e.g. basilixumab), anti-CD25 antibodies (e.g. daclizumab), anti-TNFa/TNFa-Fc molecules (e.g. etanercept, adalimumab, infliximab, golimumab or certolizumab pegol) and Vorinostat.

In one embodiment, there is provided a composition or kit for treating and/or preventing a OX40L-mediated condition or disease, the composition or kit comprising an antibody or fragment of the invention in combination with a further therapeutic agent optionally in combination with a label or instructions for use to treat and/or prevent said disease or condition in a human; optionally wherein the label or instructions comprise a marketing authorisation number (e.g., an FDA or EMA authorisation number); optionally wherein the kit comprises an IV or injection device that comprises the antibody or fragment.

The composition may be as described in aspect 105, 106 or 107 herein. Excipients for use in pharmaceutical formulations are well-known to the skilled person and may be as defined on page 97 herein, or in the section entitled “Pharmaceutical Compositions” beginning on page 118 herein, or in the section entitled “Methods of Administration and Dosing” beginning on page 214 herein.

Concept 154.

A method, an antibody or fragment for the use, a composition for the use, the use or the composition according to any preceding concept, wherein the further therapeutic agent is independently selected from the group consisting of rapamycin (sirolimus), tacrolimus, ciclosporin, corticosteroids (e.g. methylprednisolone), methotrexate, mycophenolate mofetil, anti-CD28 antibodies, CTLA4-Fc molecules (e.g. abatacept), anti-CD40L antibodies, anti-LFA1 antibodies, anti-CD52 antibodies (e.g. alemtuzumab), cyclophosphamide and anti-thymocyte globulins.

Other combinations may be with the anti-inflammatory drugs described in aspect 46 herein, or as described in aspect 103. Other combinations are as described in concepts 81 to 83 hereinabove, or in any of concepts 101 to 153 hereinabove.

Concept 155.

A method, an antibody or fragment for the use, a composition for the use, the use or the composition according to any preceding concept, further comprising administering to the human a therapeutically effective amount, or a prophylactically effective amount of a further therapeutic agent independently selected from the group consisting of rapamycin, tacrolimus, ciclosporin, cyclophosphamide, corticosteroids (e.g. methylprednisolone), methotrexate or mycophenolate mofetil, anti-CD28 antibodies, CTLA4-Fc molecules (e.g. abatacept) and anti-thymocyte globulins.

Concept 156.

A method, an antibody or fragment for the use, a composition for the use, the use or the composition according to any preceding concept, further comprising administering to the human a therapeutically effective amount, or a prophylactically effective amount of a further therapeutic agent independently selected from the group consisting of rapamycin, tacrolimus, ciclosporin, cyclophosphamide, corticosteroids (e.g. methylprednisolone), methotrexate and mycophenolate mofetil.

Concept 157.

A method, an antibody or fragment for the use, a composition for the use, the use or the composition according to any preceding concept, further comprising administering to the human a therapeutically effective amount, or a prophylactically effective amount of a further therapeutic agent independently selected from the group consisting of an immunosuppressant that modulate IL-2 signalling (e.g. tacrolimus, ciclosporin, rapamycin (sirolimus)), and anti-CD25 antibodies (e.g. basilixumab, daclizumab).

Concept 158.

A method, an antibody or fragment for the use, a composition for the use, the use or the composition according according to any preceding concept, further comprising administering to the human a therapeutically effective amount, or a prophylactically effective amount of a further therapeutic agent independently selected from the group consisting of calcineurin inhibitors (e.g. tacrolimus, ciclosporin), mTOR inhibitors (e.g. rapamycin (sirolimus)), and antiproliferative agents (e.g. mycophenolate mofetil, cyclophosphamide).

Concept 159.

A method, an antibody or fragment for the use, a composition for the use, the use or the composition according to any preceding concept, further comprising administering to the human a therapeutically effective amount, or a prophylactically effective amount of rapamycin.

Concept 160.

A method, an antibody or fragment for the use, a composition for the use, the use or the composition according to any preceding concept, further comprising administering to the human a therapeutically effective amount, or a prophylactically effective amount of tacrolimus.

Concept 161.

A method, an antibody or fragment for the use, a composition for the use, the use or the composition according to any preceding concept, further comprising administering to the human a therapeutically effective amount, or a prophylactically effective amount of tacrolimus and methotrexate.

Concept 162.

A method, an antibody or fragment for the use, a composition for the use, the use or the composition according to any preceding concept, further comprising administering to the human a therapeutically effective amount, or a prophylactically effective amount of ciclosporin.

Concept 163.

A method, an antibody or fragment for the use, a composition for the use, the use or the composition according to any preceding concept, further comprising administering to the human a therapeutically effective amount, or a prophylactically effective amount of ciclosporin and methotrexate.

Concept 164.

A method, an antibody or fragment for the use, a composition for the use, the use or the composition according to any preceding concept, further comprising administering to the human a therapeutically effective amount, or a prophylactically effective amount of cyclophosphamide.

Concept 165.

A method, an antibody or fragment for the use, a composition for the use, the use or the composition according to any preceding concept, further comprising administering to the human a therapeutically effective amount, or a prophylactically effective amount of mycophenolate mofetil.

Concept 166.

A method, an antibody or fragment for the use, a composition for the use, the use or the composition according to any preceding concept, further comprising administering to the human a therapeutically effective amount, or a prophylactically effective amount of a corticosteroid (e.g. methyl prednisolone).

Concept 167.

A method, an antibody or fragment for the use, a composition for the use, the use or the composition according to any preceding concept, wherein the further therapeutic agent is administered sequentially or simultaneously with the anti-hOX40L antibody or fragment.

As explained in the examples, the inventors devised a set of criteria that is particularly useful for identifying antibodies and fragments of the invention, these criteria being:—

-   -   (a) The ability of the antibody or fragment to bind cell-surface         hOX40L on CHO-S cells (optionally transfected with full length         human OX40L) and/or bind recombinant hOX40L in a HTRF assay;     -   (b) The ability of the antibody or fragment to neutralise human         OX40 (e.g. neutralise human OX40L binding to human OX40         Receptor) in a receptor neutralisation HTRF assay and/or a flow         cytometry receptor neutralisation assay; and     -   (c) The ability of the antibody or fragment to specifically bind         both human and rhesus monkey OX40L (useful so that the PK, PD,         efficacy and other parameters of the antibody or fragment can be         assessed in the rhesus model as a surrogate for humans).

Thus, in an example of the invention the antibody or fragment meets criteria (a), (b) and (c).

In an example, criterion (a) is set so that the antibody or fragment shows <70% receptor binding by FACS to hOX40L expressed by CHO-S cells.

In an example, criterion (a) is set so that the antibody or fragment shows <90% of receptor binding to OX40L in the HTRF assay.

In an example, criterion (a) is set so that the antibody or fragment shows at least a 20% effect in the HTRF assay.

In an example, OX40 is used in criterion (b).

In an embodiment, assaying or testing of an antibody or fragment of the invention is carried out at or substantially at pH7 (e.g., for in vitro tests and assays) and at or substantially at rtp.

Optionally, the antibody or fragment specifically binds hOX40L with an affinity (apparent affinity, Kd) of less than 1 microM, 1000 nM to 100 nM, 100 nM to 10 nM, 10 nM to 1 nM, 1000 pM to 500 pM, 500 pM to 200 pM, less than 200 pM, 200 pM to 150 pM, 200 pM to 100 pM, 100 pM to 10 pM, 10 pM to 1 pM, e.g., in the range of 1 mM to 1 pM (e.g., 1 mM to 100 pM; 10 nM to 100 pM; 1 nM to 10 pM; or 100 pM to 1 pM) as determined by SPR, e.g., under SPR conditions disclosed herein). Additionally or alternatively, the antibody or fragment specifically binds rhesus monkey OX40L with an affinity (apparent affinity, Kd) of less than 1 microM, 1000 nM to 100 nM, 100 nM to 10 nM, 10 nM to 1 nM, 1000 pM to 500 pM, 500 pM to 200 pM, less than 200 pM, 200 pM to 150 pM, 200 pM to 100 pM, 100 pM to 10 pM, 10 pM to 1 pM, e.g., in the range of 1 mM to 1 pM (e.g., 1 mM to 100 pM; 10 nM to 100 pM; 1 nM to 10 pM; or 100 pM to 1 pM) as determined by SPR, e.g., under SPR conditions disclosed herein). Such binding measurements can be made using a variety of binding assays known in the art, e.g., using surface plasmon resonance (SPR), such as by Biacore™ or using the ProteOn XPR36™ (Bio-Rad®), using KinExA® (Sapidyne Instruments, Inc), or using ForteBio Octet (Pall ForteBio Corp.).

OX40L binding ability, specificity and affinity (Kd, K_(off) and/or K_(on)) can be determined by any routine method in the art, e.g., by surface plasmon resonance (SPR). The term “Kd”, as used herein, is intended to refer to the equilibrium dissociation constant of a particular antibody-antigen interaction.

In one embodiment, the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) is carried out at 25° C. In another embodiment, the SPR is carried out at 37° C.

In one embodiment, the SPR is carried out at physiological pH, such as about pH7 or at pH7.6 (e.g., using Hepes buffered saline at pH7.6 (also referred to as HBS-EP)).

In one embodiment, the SPR is carried out at a physiological salt level, e.g., 150 mM NaCl.

In one embodiment, the SPR is carried out at a detergent level of no greater than 0.05% by volume, e.g., in the presence of P20 (polysorbate 20; e.g., Tween-20™) at 0.05% and EDTA at 3 mM.

In one example, the SPR is carried out at 25° C. or 37° C. in a buffer at pH7.6, 150 mM NaCl, 0.05% detergent (e.g., P20) and 3 mM EDTA. The buffer can contain 10 mM Hepes. In one example, the SPR is carried out at 25° C. or 37° C. in HBS-EP. HBS-EP is available from Teknova Inc (California; catalogue number H8022).

In an example, the affinity of the antibody or fragment is determined using SPR by

-   1. Coupling anti-mouse (or other relevant human, rat or non-human     vertebrate antibody constant region species-matched) IgG (e.g.,     Biacore™ BR-1008-38) to a biosensor chip (e.g., GLM chip) such as by     primary amine coupling; -   2. Exposing the anti-mouse IgG (or other matched species antibody)     to a test IgG antibody to capture test antibody on the chip; -   3. Passing the test antigen over the chip's capture surface at 1024     nM, 256 nM, 64 nM, 16 nM, 4 nM with a 0 nM (i.e. buffer alone); and -   4. And determining the affinity of binding of test antibody to test     antigen using surface plasmon resonance, e.g., under an SPR     condition discussed above (e.g., at 25° C. in physiological buffer).     SPR can be carried out using any standard SPR apparatus, such as by     Biacore™ or using the ProteOn XPR36™ (Bio-Rad®).

Regeneration of the capture surface can be carried out with 10 mM glycine at pH1.7. This removes the captured antibody and allows the surface to be used for another interaction. The binding data can be fitted to 1:1 model inherent using standard techniques, e.g., using a model inherent to the ProteOn XPR36™ analysis software.

In an example, the antibody or fragment of the invention is contained in a medical container, e.g., a vial, syringe, IV container or an injection device (e.g., an intraocular or intravitreal injection device). In an example, the antibody or fragment is in vitro, e.g., in a sterile container. In an example, the invention provides a kit comprising the antibody or fragment of the invention, packaging and instructions for use in treating or preventing or diagnosing in a human a disease or condition mediated by the OX40L. In an example, the instructions indicate that the human should be genotyped for an OX40L variant sequence of the invention before administering the antibody or fragment to the human. In an example, the instructions indicate that the human should be phenotyped for an OX40L variant of the invention before administering the antibody or fragment to the human. In an example, the human is of Chinese (e.g., Han or CHS) ethnicity and the instructions are in Chinese (e.g., Mandarin).

In an example the binding site(s) of the antibody or fragment are selected from a plurality (e.g., library) of binding sites. For example, the plurality of binding sites comprises or consists of a plurality of 4-chain antibodies or fragments thereof, e.g., dAbs, Fabs or scFvs. Suitable methods for producing pluralities of binding sites for screening include phage display (producing a phage display library of antibody binding sites), ribosome display (producing a ribosome display library of antibody binding sites), yeast display (producing a yeast display library of antibody binding sites), or immunisation of a non-human vertebrate (e.g., a rodent, e.g., a mouse or rat, e.g., a Velocimouse™, Kymouse™, Xenomouse™, Aliva Mouse™, HuMab Mouse™, Omnimouse™, Omnirat™ or MeMo Mouse™) with hOX40L or a hOX40L epitope and isolation of a repertoire of antibody-producing cells (e.g., a B-cell, plasma cell or plasmablast repertoire) and/or a repertoire of isolated antibodies, fragments or binding sites.

The term “epitope” is a region of an antigen that is bound by an antibody or fragment. Epitopes may be defined as structural or functional. Functional epitopes are generally a subset of the structural epitopes and have those residues that directly contribute to the affinity of the interaction. Epitopes may also be conformational, that is, composed of non-linear amino acids. In certain embodiments, epitopes may include determinants that are chemically active surface groupings of molecules such as amino acids, sugar side chains, phosphoryl groups, or sulfonyl groups, and, in certain embodiments, may have specific three-dimensional structural characteristics, and/or specific charge characteristics.

The term “isolated” with reference to any aspect of the invention, e.g., an antibody or fragment, means that a subject antibody or fragment etc. (1) is free of at least some other proteins with which it would normally be found, (2) is essentially free of other proteins from the same source, e.g., from the same species, (3) is expressed by a cell from a different species, (4) has been separated from at least about 50 percent of polynucleotides, lipids, carbohydrates, or other materials with which it is associated in nature, (5) is operably associated (by covalent or noncovalent interaction) with a polypeptide with which it is not associated in nature, or (6) does not occur in nature. Typically, an “isolated” antibody, fragment, etc. constitutes at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 25%, or at least about 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 92%, 95%, 97%, 98%, 99% or >99% of a given sample. Genomic DNA, cDNA, mRNA or other RNA, of synthetic origin, or any combination thereof can encode such an isolated antibody, fragment, etc. Preferably, the isolated antibody, fragment, etc. is substantially free from proteins or polypeptides or other contaminants that are found in its natural environment that would interfere with its therapeutic, diagnostic, prophylactic, research or other use.

For example, an “isolated” antibody is one that has been identified, separated and/or recovered from a component of its production environment (e.g., naturally or recombinantly). Preferably, the isolated polypeptide is free of association with all other components from its production environment, e.g., so that the antibody has been isolated to an FDA-approvable or approved standard. Contaminant components of its production environment, such as that resulting from recombinant transfected cells, are materials that would typically interfere with research, diagnostic or therapeutic uses for the antibody, and may include enzymes, hormones, and other proteinaceous or non-proteinaceous solutes. In preferred embodiments, the polypeptide will be purified: (1) to greater than 95% by weight of antibody as determined by, for example, the Lowry method, and in some embodiments, to greater than 99% by weight; (2) to a degree sufficient to obtain at least 15 residues of N-terminal or internal amino acid sequence by use of a spinning cup sequenator, or (3) to homogeneity by SDS-PAGE under non-reducing or reducing conditions using Coomassie blue or, preferably, silver stain. Isolated antibody includes the antibody in situ within recombinant cells since at least one component of the antibody's natural environment will not be present. Ordinarily, however, an isolated polypeptide or antibody will be prepared by at least one purification step.

The present inventors have identified a number of markers of disease which may be useful in the treatment and/or prevention of autoimmune or alloimmune diseases using various combinations. To that end, further arrangements are provided hereinbelow:

Arrangement 1.

A method of preventing reduction in the proportion (e.g. number or level) of regulatory T-cells (Tregs) comprising combining said cells with a combination of (i) an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof and (ii) a second therapeutic agent, which combination prevents reduction of the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Treg cells, and whereby the proportion of said Treg cells is not substantially reduced.

T-cells include many different sub-populations, which have myriad functions, some of which are described elsewhere herein. T-cells include Tn cells, Tscm cells, Tmem cells, Tcm cells, Tsm cells, Treg and Teff cells. T-cells generally may be identified as being either CD3⁺CD4⁺ or CD3⁺CD8⁺. In one embodiment, T-cells may additionally be CD14-. In another embodiment, T-cells may additionally be CD20⁻. In another embodiment, T-cells are identified as being CD3⁺CD14⁻CD20⁻ and either CD4⁺ or CD8⁺.

Memory T-cells are a subset of antigen-specific T-cells, which remain in the immune system long-term after an infection has resolved. They quickly expand to large numbers of effector T-cells upon re-exposure to their cognate antigen, thus providing the immune system with “memory” against past infections. As used in the arrangements described herein, memory T-cells (Tmem) are defined herein as for T-cells above, but as additionally being CD45RA⁻. Thus, in one embodiment, T(mem) cells are defined as CD3⁺CD14⁻CD20⁻CD45RA⁻ and either CD4⁺ or CD8⁺.

Effector T-cells are short-lived activated cells, which become activated when they are presented with antigens by the MHC class II molecules. As used in the arrangements described herein, effector Tcells (Teff) are defined as being CD45RA⁺. Teff cells may additionally be CCR7⁻. Thus, in one embodiment, Teff cells are identified as being CD3⁺CD14⁻CD20⁻CD45RA⁺CCR7⁻ and either CD4⁺ or CD8⁺.

Regulatory T-cells are a subpopulation of T-cells which function, inter alia, to inhibit the function of effector T-cells. As used in the arrangements described herein, regulatory T-cells (Tregs) are defined as being FoxP3⁺. In another embodiment, the Treg cells may additionally be CD25⁺. In another embodiment, the Treg cells may additionally be CD127⁻. Thus, in one embodiment, Treg cells are identified as CD25⁺CD127⁻FoxP3⁺. In another embodiment, Treg cells are identified as being CD3⁺CD4⁺CD14⁻CD20⁻CD25⁺CD127⁻FoxP3⁺. In another embodiment, Treg cells are identified as being CD3⁺CD4⁺CD25⁺CD127⁻FoxP3+.

Conventional T-cells (Tconv) is a term that is used to describe a pool or population of T-cells which may be responsive to antigen, and includes at least, Tn, Tmem and Teff. In one definition, Tconv is defined as all T-cells, but not including Treg cells. Thus, in one embodiment, in the arrangements herein, Tconv cells are defined as total CD4⁺ and/or total CD8⁺minus Tregs (which may be as defined above, but in one embodiment are defined as CD3⁺CD4⁺CD25⁺CD127⁻FoxP3⁺).

In another embodiment, as used in the arrangements herein, Tconv may be defined as a combination of Teffector and Tmemory cells.

For alternative classifications of different T-cell types, see the figure in Gattinoni and Restifo (2013). The various cell-surface markers are, in one embodiment, identified using flow cytometry using methods which are well-known to those of skill in the art. Flow cytometry techniques are well-known to those skilled in the art. Agents which may be used in flow cytometry techniques are defined in Example 7 below. In one embodiment, the flow cytometry is carried out as described in Example 7 below. In another embodiment, the flow cytometry is carried out as described in Baumgarth & Roederer (2000), Journal of Immunological Methods, 243, 77-97, see concept 25 herein.

Without being bound by theory, it is thought that preventing reduction of the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Treg cells will have a number of benefits in various diseases, as set out herein, and the inventors have surprisingly shown that this may be achieved using a combination as described herein more effectively than with either agent alone.

The proportion (e.g. number or level) of Treg cells may be determined relative to the entire T-cell population in the sample. In one embodiment, the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Treg cells is determined relative to other T-cells in the sample. In a particular embodiment, the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Treg cells is determined relative to a combination of Teff and Tmem cells (as defined hereinbelow) in the sample. The proportion (e.g. number or level) of Treg cells may be altered by allowing the expansion or increase in the absolute number of Treg cells, or by changing the number of other T-cell subtypes such that the relative proportion (e.g. number or level) of Treg cells appears to be maintained or increased.

Thus, as used in the arrangements herein, the phrase “preventing the reduction of the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Treg cells” or similar phrases may be replaced throughout by the phrase “slowing the reduction in proportion (e.g. number or level) of Treg cells” or similar phrases. Further, as used in the arrangements herein, the phrase “preventing the reduction of the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Treg cells” or similar phrases may be replaced with the phrase “maintaining the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Treg cells” or similar phrases. Further, as used in the arrangements herein, the phrase “preventing the reduction of the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Treg cells” or similar phrases may be replaced with the phrase “increasing the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Treg cells” or similar phrases. In any of the arrangements herein, the “proportion” may be the relative proportion (e.g. number or level) of Treg cells, or the absolute number of level of Treg cells. To illustrate this point, which may be applied in any of the arrangements herein, there is described arrangements 1a) to Id).

Thus, according to arrangement 1a), there is provided a method of slowing reduction in the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Tregs comprising combining said cells with a combination of (i) an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof and (ii) a second therapeutic agent, which combination slows reduction of the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Treg cells, and whereby reduction of the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Tregs cells is slowed.

Thus, according to arrangement 1b), there is provided a method of maintaining the proportion of (e.g. maintaining the number or level of) Tregs comprising combining said cells with a combination of (i) an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof and (ii) a second therapeutic agent, which combination maintains the proportion of (e.g. maintains the number or level of) Treg cells, and whereby the proportion of said Treg cells is maintained (e.g. whereby the number or level of said Treg cells is maintained).

Thus, according to arrangement Ic), there is provided a method of preventing depletion of the proportion of (e.g. the number or level of) Tregs comprising combining said cells with a combination of (i) an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof and (ii) a second therapeutic agent, which combination prevents depletion of the proportion of (e.g. i the number or level of) Treg cells, and whereby the proportion (e.g. the number or level) of said Treg cells is not substantially depleted.

Thus, according to arrangement Id), there is provided a method of increasing the proportion of (e.g. increasing the number or level of) Tregs comprising combining said cells with a combination of (i) an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof and (ii) a second therapeutic agent, which combination increases the proportion of (e.g. increases the number or level of) Treg cells, and whereby the proportion of said Treg cells is increased (e.g. whereby the number or level of said Treg cells is increased).

“Decreasing” or “decreases” as used in any of the arrangements herein, refers to a mechanism other than depletion, which reduces the absolute number or levels of cells in a given population. This may be achieved indirectly, for example through a blocking or neutralising agent (such as an antibody) against a target which indirectly results in the killing of a target cell (such as a Treg), or prevents the expansion or growth of the target cells, resulting in an apparent decrease in proportions relative to another type of cell (such as Teff or Tmem cells).

As used in any of the arrangements herein, a “level” of a T-cell population may refer to the absolute number, or to the relative proportion of a type of T-cell. Particular numbers of Treg cells are described elsewhere herein, for example in arrangement 2 below. Any of these levels or numbers may be applied to any arrangement which discusses Treg cells.

In a particular embodiment, the combination of any arrangement comprises an antibody or fragment thereof which in is a format or structure of any of the antibodies and fragments described elsewhere herein. The antibody or fragment may be any of the constructs as described herein (for example, as in any one of concepts 52 to 64 herein, or any arrangement hereinbelow). In a particular embodiment, the antibody is an anti-human OX40 antibody or fragment thereof. In another particular embodiment, the agent is an anti-human OX40L antibody, such as an antibody comprising the amino acid sequence of 02D10 described herein or an antibody comprising the amino acid sequence of oxelumab. In another embodiment, the combination comprises an anti-OX40L antibody which is not oxelumab (having a VH region amino acid sequence of Seq ID No:215 and a VL region amino acid sequence of Seq ID No:214).

The second therapeutic agent contained within the combination is described in more detail in the arrangements hereinbelow, but is preferably an IL-2 modulating agent.

Arrangement 2.

The method according to arrangement 1, wherein the proportion (e.g. the number or level) of Treg cells is at least 4×10⁶ Treg/litre, for example at least 5×10⁶ Treg/litre, or at least 6×10⁶ Treg/litre, or at least 7×10⁶ Treg/litre, or at least 8×10⁶ Treg/litre after combining said cells with said combination.

The combinations of the present invention may provide a therapeutic effect by restoring Treg levels towards the levels seen in healthy patients (see for example, Alho et al., Blood, 4 Feb. 2016, Vol 127, No. 5, p 646-657, from which the numbers, levels and ratios ofT-cell populations are incorporated herein by reference). Thus, the combinations of the present invention may be able to counteract any disease or disorder which is mediated by a deficiency in Treg cells.

In another embodiment, the proportion is at least 10×10⁶ Treg/litre, or at least 12×10⁶ Treg/litre, or at least 14×10⁶ Treg/litre, or at least 16×10⁶ Treg/litre after combining said cells with said combination. In another embodiment, the proportion is at least 18×10⁶ Treg/litre, or at least 20×10⁶ Treg/litre, or at least 22×10⁶ Treg/litre after combining said cells with said combination. In another embodiment, the proportion is at least 23×10⁶ Treg/litre, or at least 24×10⁶ Treg/litre, or at least 25×10⁶ Treg/litre after combining said cells with said combination. In another embodiment, the proportion is at least 30×10⁶ Treg/litre, or at least 35×10⁶ Treg/litre, or at least 40×10⁶ Treg/litre, or at least 45×10⁶ Treg/litre, or at least 50×10⁶ Treg/litre after combining said cells with said combination.

In another embodiment, the proportion is in a range of from 4 to 50×10⁶ Treg/litre, or at from 4 to 25×10⁶ Treg/litre, or from 4 to 15×10⁶ Treg/litre, or from 4 to 10×10⁶ Treg/litre after combining said cells with said combination. The upper limit may be any of the proportions provided before contact with the combination, and the lower limit may be any of the proportions provided for after contact with the combination.

In another embodiment, the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Treg cells remains at a (substantially) constant proportion after administration of said combination. As used in the arrangements herein, a “substantially constant level” may be described as within 30% variance between samples. In one embodiment, a substantially constant level is within 20% variance between samples. In another embodiment, a substantially constant level is within 15% variance between samples, such as within 10% variance between samples, e.g. within 5% variance between samples. In another embodiment, a substantially constant level is one which does not show a statistically significant change in level. In one embodiment, a substantially constant level is one which reaches the 95% confidence level (e.g. greater than 97% or greater than 99%).

In another embodiment, the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Treg cells does not change substantially as compared to the first measurement taken.

These proportions (e.g. numbers or levels) of Treg cells may apply to any arrangement herein which relates to the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Treg cells after administration of the combination comprising (i) an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof and (ii) a second therapeutic agent.

According to arrangement 2a, there is provided a method according to arrangement 1, wherein the proportion (e.g. the number or level) of Treg cells is less than 10×10⁶ Treg/litre, or less than 8×10⁶ Treg/litre, for example less than 7×10⁶ Treg/litre, or less than 6×10⁶ Treg/litre, or less than 5×10⁶ Treg/litre, or less than 4×10⁶ Treg/litre before combining said cells with said combination.

These proportions have been observed to be detrimental and indicative of the start of GvHD (see Example 10 herein), which is an example of a disease which is mediated by a deficiency in Treg cells. Hence, in another embodiment, the proportion (e.g. number or level) is less than 3×10⁶ Treg/litre, or less than 2×10⁶ Treg/litre, or less than 1×10⁶ Treg/litre before combining said cells with said combination.

In other diseases, the deficiency in Treg cells may not be as pronounced as in GvHD, but a reduction from normal, healthy levels is indicative of the onset of disease. Thus, in another embodiment, the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Treg cells is less than 25×10⁶ Treg/litre, or less than 20×10⁶ Treg/litre, or less than 15×10⁶ Treg/litre, or less than 10×10⁶ Treg/litre before combining said cells with said combination. In another embodiment, the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Treg cells is at least 35×10⁶ Treg/litre, or at least 40×10⁶ Treg/litre, or at least 45×10⁶ Treg/litre before combining said cells with said combination.

These proportions (e.g. number of levels) of Treg cells may apply to any arrangement herein which relates to the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Treg cells before administration of the combination comprising (i) an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof and (ii) a second therapeutic agent.

Arrangement 3.

A method of altering the ratio of cell types in a T-cell population in a sample, the method comprising:

(a) providing said population, wherein the population comprises a mixture of different T-cell types, wherein the population comprises Treg cells,

(b) providing a combination of (i) an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and (ii) a second therapeutic agent; and

(c) combining said cell population with an amount of said combination effective to alter the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Treg cells in said population.

The proportion may be altered by mechanisms such as preventing reduction in the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Treg cells in said population. Alternatively, the ratio may be altered by slowing the reduction in proportion (e.g. number or level) of Treg cells in said population. Alternatively, the ratio may be altered by increasing the proportion (e.g. the number or level) of Treg cells in said population. Alternatively, the ratio may be altered by preventing depletion of Treg cells in said population.

In one embodiment, the method further comprises a step (d) of obtaining or isolating a sample of T-cells in which the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Treg cells is altered. Such an obtained or isolated sample may be formulated into a product for cell transplant. The resulting product may be used in a method of treating any of the diseases associated with the arrangements herein (e.g. an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition characterised by a ratio of Treg:Tconv of less than 1.5:100, or an OX40L-mediated disease or condition).

Arrangement 4.

A method according to arrangement 3, wherein in step a), the population further comprises Tconv cells.

Arrangement 4a.

A method according to arrangement 3, wherein in step a), the population further comprises Teffector cells and Tmemory cells [T(eff+mem)].

The proportions, numbers and/or levels of T(eff+mem) cells, Tconv cells or the ratio of Treg:Tconv may be any as described in the arrangements hereinbelow, either before or after contact with the combination or before or after administration of the combination.

Arrangement 5.

A method according to arrangement 4, wherein the ratio of Treg:Tconv in the population of step a) is less than 1.5:100.

Example 10 hereinbelow shows a large decrease in the ratio of Treg:Tconv, as a result of disease. This reduction is expected to be seen in a number of other autoimmune or alloimmune diseases or disorders to a greater or lesser extent. Thus, in another embodiment, the ratio of Treg:Tconv is as set out in arrangements 22 and 23 below. In another embodiment, the ratio is less than 5:100, or less than 4:100, or less than 3:100, or less than 2:100. These ratios may be applied to any of the arrangements described herein which discuss a ratio of Treg:Tconv before a treatment with or administration of a combination as described herein.

Arrangement 6.

A method according to arrangement 4 or arrangement 5, wherein the ratio of Treg:Tconv in the population of step c) is increased to greater than 2:100.

The combinations of the present invention may provide benefit by preventing further reductions in the ratio of Treg:Tconv, which will have occurred if the disease or disorder is already beginning to take effect, or has already taken hold. If used prophylactically, the combinations of the present invention may prevent any substantial change in the ratio of Treg:Tconv, because they are able to protect the patient from the detrimental cellular changes. Thus, in another embodiment, the ratio of Treg:Tconv remains at a substantially constant ratio after administration of the combination.

Substantially constant may be as described in arrangement 2.

Further beneficial effects may be seen by administration of the combinations of the present invention in that they may be able to correct a low ratio of Treg:Tconv by increasing the ratio or may further increase the ratio. Thus, in an alternative embodiment, the ratio is increased to greater than 3:100, or greater than 4:100, or greater than 5:100. In an alternative embodiment, the ratio is increased to greater than 1.6:100, to greater than 1.7:100, to greater than 1.8:100 or to greater than 1.9:100.

In an alternative embodiment, the ratio of Treg:Tconv remains at a range of from 1:100 to 3:100. The upper limit may be 2:100, 2.5:100 or 3:100. The upper limit may be any of the ratios disclosed in arrangement 6. The lower limit may be any of the ratios disclosed in arrangement 5. In one embodiment, the ratio remains at a range of from 1.5:100 to 2:100. These ratios may be applied to any of the arrangements described herein which discuss a ratio of Treg:Tconv after a treatment with or administration of a combination as described herein.

Arrangement 7.

A method according to any one of arrangements 1 to 6, wherein the method is carried out ex vivo in a sample of blood extracted from a human donor subject.

Arrangement 8.

A method according to arrangement 7, wherein blood produced by said method is introduced to a recipient human subject.

In one embodiment, the recipient human subject is the same donor human subject from whom the sample was removed. In another embodiment, the recipient human subject is different to the donor human subject. When the recipient is different to the donor, it is preferable that the donor is of the same gender as the recipient subject. In another embodiment, the donor may be of a similar age and ethnicity as the recipient subject. In another embodiment, the donor may have the same or similar allotype markers as the recipient subject.

In another embodiment, the recipient human donor may receive more than one transfusion of donor blood, according to the severity of the disease to be treated.

Arrangement 9.

A method according to any one of arrangements 1 to 6, wherein the method is carried out in vivo in a human subject.

Arrangement 10.

A method according to arrangement 9, wherein the subject has or is at risk of an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition characterised by a ratio of Treg:Tconv of less than 1.5:100.

Autoimmune and alloimmune disease are well-known to those skilled in the art, but may be as further defined in any of the arrangements disclosed herein. In another embodiment, the disease or disorder is additionally an OX40L-mediated disease or disorder. In any arrangement described herein, an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition characterised by a ratio of Treg:Tconv of less than 1.5:100 may be as defined in any of arrangements 92 to 95 hereinbelow.

As used herein, a subject may be identified as being “at risk of an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition characterised by a ratio of Treg:Tconv of less than 1.5:100” when the cellular changes in their T-cell population (for example, a reduction in the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Treg cells in the population, or an increase in T(eff+mem) cells in the population, or a reduction in the ratio of Treg:Tconv) have begun to take place, but the subject has not yet presented symptoms or would not be diagnosed as having such a disease by any conventional method (for example, by reaching the stated level of less than 1.5:100). Thus, the methods and uses disclosed herein may aid in the early identification of patients who will develop such diseases. In one embodiment, the disease is prevented (i.e. the treatment is prophylactic).

In a particular embodiment, the subject is at risk of GvHD or transplant rejection when they are pre-operative for a transplant. Potential transplant therapies are envisaged in arrangement 95 hereinbelow.

Arrangement 11.

A method of treating or reducing the risk of a disease or condition (e.g. an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition characterised by a ratio of Treg:Tconv of less than 1.5:100) in a subject, the method comprising combining a population of T-cells with combination of (i) an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and (ii) a second therapeutic agent, which combination prevents reduction in the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Treg cells, and whereby the proportion of said Treg cells is not reduced.

In one embodiment, the combination slows the reduction in proportion (e.g. number or level) of Treg cells in said population, and results in a slowing in reduction of the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Treg cells. In one embodiment, the combination maintains the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Treg cells, and results in maintenance of the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Treg cells. In one embodiment, the combination prevents depletion of the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Treg cells, and results in the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Treg cells not being depleted (or substantially depleted). In one embodiment, the combination increases the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Treg cells, and results in an increase in the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Treg cells.

Arrangement 12.

A method according to any one of arrangements 9 to 11, wherein the combining of cells and the combination is by administering said combination in a therapeutically effective amount or prophylactically effective amount to said subject, and whereby said disease or condition is treated, or the risk of said disease or condition is reduced in said subject.

In one embodiment, the combination comprises a therapeutically effective amount of the anti OX40 or anti-OX40L antibody and a therapeutically effective amount of the second therapeutic agent. In one embodiment, the combination comprises a therapeutically effective amount of the anti OX40 or anti-OX40L antibody and a prophylactically effective amount of the second therapeutic agent. In one embodiment, the combination comprises a prophylactically effective amount of the anti OX40 or anti-OX40L antibody and a therapeutically effective amount of the second therapeutic agent. In one embodiment, the combination comprises a prophylactically effective amount of the anti OX40 or anti-OX40L antibody and a prophylactically effective amount of the second therapeutic agent.

In another embodiment, the combination may be therapeutically or prophylactically effective, despite containing doses or amounts of either (i) the anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof and (ii) the second therapeutic agent which, by themselves, would not necessarily be therapeutically or prophylactically effective. Hence, the risk of side effects may be reduced, as smaller amounts of therapeutic entities are being given to patients in need thereof.

Arrangement 13.

A method of treating or reducing the risk of a disease or condition (e.g. an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition characterised by a ratio of Treg:Tconv of less than 1.5:100) in a subject comprising administering to said subject a therapeutically effective amount or a prophylactically effective amount of combination of (i) an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and (ii) a second therapeutic agent thereof, which combination prevents reduction in the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Treg cells, and whereby said proportion (e.g. number or level) of Treg cells is not reduced, wherein the disease or condition is thereby treated, or the risk of said disease or condition is reduced.

In one embodiment, the combination slows the reduction in proportion (e.g. number or level) of Treg cells in said population, and results in a slowing in reduction of the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Treg cells. In one embodiment, the combination maintains the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Treg cells, and results in maintenance of the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Treg cells. In one embodiment, the combination prevents depletion of the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Treg cells, and results in the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Treg cells not being depleted (or substantially depleted). In one embodiment, the combination increases the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Treg cells, and results in an increase in the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Treg cells.

Arrangement 14.

A combination of (i) an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and (ii) a second therapeutic agent for use in treating or reducing the risk of an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition characterised by a ratio of Treg:Tconv of less than 1.5:100 in a subject.

Arrangement 15.

Use of a combination of (i) an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and (ii) a second therapeutic agent for the treatment or prevention of an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition characterised by a ratio of Treg:Tconv of less than 1.5:100 in a subject.

Arrangement 16.

Use of a combination of (i) an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and (ii) a second therapeutic agent in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment or prevention of an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition characterised by a ratio of Treg:Tconv of less than 1.5:100 in a subject.

Arrangement 17.

A composition comprising a combination of (i) an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and (ii) a second therapeutic agent for the treatment or prevention of an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition characterised by a ratio of Treg:Tconv of less than 1.5:100 in a subject.

In any of arrangements 14 to 17, in one embodiment, the administration of the combination results in the change in Treg cells, T(eff+mem) cells and/or the ratio of Treg:Tconv cells as described for arrangement 18, or results in a change of Ki-67⁺ T-cells as described in arrangement 30a.

Arrangement 18.

A method of treating or reducing the risk of a disease or condition in a subject in need thereof, comprising: a) performing an assay to measure the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Treg cells and the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Tconv cells in a sample obtained from the subject; and b) administering a combination of (i) an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and (ii) a second therapeutic agent to the subject when the ratio of Treg:Tconv cells in the sample is determined in the assay to be less than 1.5:100.

In one embodiment, the administration of the combination results in a prevention of reduction of the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Treg cells. In one embodiment, the administration of the combination results in a slowing in reduction of the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Treg cells. In one embodiment, the administration of the combination results in maintenance of the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Treg cells. In one embodiment, the administration of the combination results in the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Treg cells not being depleted (or substantially depleted). In one embodiment, the administration of the combination results in an increase in the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Treg cells. In another embodiment, the number of Treg cells after administration is as described in arrangement 2.

The combinations of the present invention prevent the unwanted rapid expansion of T(eff+mem) cells in a patient, as shown in Example 10. Thus, in one embodiment, the administration of the combination results in a prevention of increase (or of expansion) of the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T(eff+mem) cells. As used in the arrangements herein, the phrase “preventing the increase (or expansion) of the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T(eff+mem) cells” or similar phrases may be replaced throughout by the phrase “maintaining the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T(eff+mem) cells” or similar phrases. Further, as used in the arrangements herein, the phrase “preventing the increase (or expansion) of the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T(eff+mem) cells” or similar phrases may replaced with the phrase “decreasing (or reducing) the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T(eff+mem) cells” or similar phrases. Further, as used in the arrangements herein, the phrase “preventing the increase (or expansion) of the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T(eff+mem) cells” or similar phrases may be replaced with the phrase “not expanding (or increasing) the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T(eff+mem) cells” or similar phrases. Further, as used in the arrangements herein, the phrase “preventing the increase (or expansion) of the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T(eff+mem) cells” or similar phrases may be replaced with the phrase “increasing the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T(eff+mem) cells” or similar phrases. In any of the arrangements herein, the “proportion” may be the relative proportion (e.g. number or level) of T(eff+mem) cells, or the absolute number of level of T(eff+mem) cells.

In one embodiment, the administration of the combination results in a slowing of the increase (or of expansion) of the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T(eff+mem) cells. In one embodiment, the administration of the combination results in maintenance of the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T(eff+mem) cells. In one embodiment, the administration of the combination results in the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T(eff+mem) cells not being expanded or increased (or substantially expanded or increased). In one embodiment, the administration of the combination results in a decrease (or reduction) in the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T(eff+mem) cells. In any of these arrangements, in one embodiment, the T(eff+mem) cells are CD4⁺. In another embodiment, the T(eff+mem) cells are CD8⁺. These mechanisms of the combination on the proportion of T(eff+mem) cells may be applied to any of the arrangements herein.

The proportion (e.g. number or level) of T(eff+mem) cells may be determined relative to the entire T-cell population in the sample. In one embodiment, the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T(eff+mem) cells is determined relative to other T-cells in the sample. In a particular embodiment, the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T(eff+mem) cells is determined relative to Treg cells (as defined hereinbelow) in the sample. The proportion (e.g. number or level) of T(eff+mem) cells may be altered by allowing the expansion or increase in the absolute number of T(eff+mem) cells, or by changing the number of other T-cell subtypes such that the relative proportion (e.g. number or level) of T(eff+mem) cells appears to be maintained or decreased.

The combinations of the present invention may keep the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T(eff+mem) cells in a stable range, which is controlled such that these T-cells are not sufficiently expanded to cause further detrimental effects. Thus, in one embodiment, the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T(eff+mem) remains within a range of from 10 to 500×10⁶ T(eff+mem)/litre, or from 20 to 300×10⁶ T(eff+mem)/litre, or from 100 to 200×10⁶ T(eff+mem)/litre, or from 30 to 100×10⁶ T(eff+mem)/litre.

In one embodiment, the upper limit of the range of T(eff+mem) is 400×10⁶T(eff+mem)/litre, or 300×10⁶ T(eff+mem)/litre, or 250×10⁶ T(eff+mem)/litre. In another embodiment, the upper limit of the range of T(eff+mem) is 200×10⁶ T(eff+mem)/litre, or 150×10⁶ T(eff+mem)/litre, or 100×10⁶ T(eff+mem)/litre.

In one embodiment, the lower limit of the range of T(eff+mem) is 10×10⁶ T(eff+mem)/litre, or 12×10⁶ T(eff+mem)/litre, or 15×10⁶ T(eff+mem)/litre or 17×10⁶ T(eff+mem)/litre. In another embodiment, the lower limit of the range of T(eff+mem) is 20×10⁶ T(eff+mem)/litre, or 25×10⁶ T(eff+mem)/litre or 30×10⁶ T(eff+mem)/litre or 35×10⁶ T(eff+mem)/litre or 40×10⁶ T(eff+mem)/litre. In one embodiment, the lower limit of the range of T(eff+mem) is 50×10⁶ T(eff+mem)/litre, or 60×10⁶ T(eff+mem)/litre, or 70×10⁶ T(eff+mem)/litre, or 80×10⁶ T(eff+mem)/litre. In another embodiment, the lower limit of the range of T(eff+mem) is 90×10⁶ T(eff+mem)/litre, or 100×10⁶ T(eff+mem)/litre.

The combinations of the present invention may keep the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T(eff+mem) cells below detrimental levels. Thus, in one embodiment, the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T(eff+mem) cells is less than 400×10⁶ T(eff+mem)/litre, or less than 300×10⁶ T(eff+mem)/litre, or less than 250×10⁶ T(eff+mem)/litre. In another embodiment, the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T(eff+mem) cells is less than 200×10⁶ T(eff+mem)/litre, or less than 150×10⁶ T(eff+mem)/litre, or less than 100×10⁶ T(eff+mem)/litre.

The rationale and ratios of Treg:Tconv in diseased patients may be as described in arrangements 5 and 6. In one embodiment, after administration of the combination, the ratio of Treg:Tconv remains at a substantially constant ratio. In an alternative embodiment, the ratio is increased to greater than 3:100, or greater than 4:100, or greater than 5:100. In an alternative embodiment, the ratio is increased to greater than 1.6:100, to greater than 1.7:100, to greater than 1.8:100 or to greater than 1.9:100. In another embodiment, the ratio of Treg:Tconv after administration is as described in arrangement 6. Substantially constant may be as described in arrangement 2.

In an alternative embodiment, the ratio of Treg:Tconv remains at a range of from 1:100 to 3:100. The upper limit may be 2:100, 2.5:100 or 3:100. The upper limit may be any of the ratios disclosed in arrangement 6. The lower limit may be any of the ratios disclosed in arrangement 5. In one embodiment, the ratio remains at a range of from 1.5:100 to 2:100.

In another embodiment, the administration of the combination results in treatment of the disease or condition. Treatment, as used in any of the arrangements herein, may be reduction in one or more symptoms of the disease or disorder or, or reduction in the severity of one or more disease or disorder. In another embodiment, the administration of the combination reduces the risk of the disease or condition. Throughout the arrangements herein, a reduction in the risk of a disease or disorder may also be “prevention” of said disease or disorder, which includes the prevention of one or more symptom(s) of said disease or disorder.

Arrangement 19.

A combination of (i) an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and (ii) a second therapeutic agent for use in therapy of a subject, wherein the antibody or fragment thereof is to be administered to a subject who has, or has been determined to have, a ratio of Treg:Tconv cells of less than 1.5:100.

Arrangement 20.

Use of a combination of (i) an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and (ii) a second therapeutic agent for therapy of a subject who has, or has been determined to have, a ratio of Treg:Tconv cells of less than 1.5:100.

Arrangement 21.

Use of a combination of (i) an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and (ii) a second therapeutic agent in the manufacture of a medicament for use in therapy of a subject, wherein the antibody or fragment thereof is to be administered to a subject who has, or has been determined to have, a ratio of Treg:Tconv cells of less than 1.5:100.

In any of arrangement 18 to 21, the ratio is determined in a sample, for example, in a sample of blood obtained from said subject.

In any of arrangements 18 to 21, in one embodiment, the therapy is for treatment, for reducing the risk or for the prevention of an OX40L-mediated disease. In another embodiment, the therapy is for the treatment, for reducing the risk or for the prevention of an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition characterised by a ratio of Treg:Tconv of less than 1.5:100, which may be as described in any of the arrangements hereinbelow. In another embodiment, the therapy is for the treatment, for reducing the risk or for the prevention of a disease or condition (e.g. any of the diseases or conditions mentioned herein). In another embodiment, the therapy is for reducing the risk or preventing a disease or condition (e.g. any of the disease or conditions mentioned herein).

In any of arrangements 18 to 21, in one embodiment, the administration of the combination results in the change in Treg cells, T(eff+mem) cells and/or the ratio of Treg:Tconv cells as described for arrangement 18, or results in a change of Ki-67⁺ T-cells as described in arrangement 30a.

Arrangement 22.

A method according to any one of arrangements 5, 10, 14 to 18, or 42 to 53, a combination for the use according to arrangement 14 or 19, or the use according to any one of arrangements 15, 16, 20, 21, 54 or 55 wherein the ratio of Treg:Tconv cells is (or is determined to be) less than 1.25:100.

In one embodiment, the ratio is less than 5:100, or less than 4:100, or less than 3:100, or less than 2:100.

Arrangement 23.

A method, a combination for the use, or the use according to arrangement 22, wherein the ratio of Treg:Tconv cells is (or is determined to be) less than 1:100, or less than 0.75:100, or less than 0.5:100.

In one embodiment, for any of arrangements 22 and 23, the lower limit of the ratio may be 1:10, or 1:9, or 1:8, or 1:7, or 1:6, or 1:5 Treg:Tconv.

In another embodiment, for any of arrangements 22 and 23, after administration of the combination, the ratio of Treg:Tconv remains at a substantially constant ratio. Substantially constant may be as described in arrangement 2. In an alternative embodiment, the ratio is increased to greater than 3:100, or greater than 4:100, or greater than 5:100. In an alternative embodiment, the ratio is increased to greater than 1.6:100, to greater than 1.7:100, to greater than 1.8:100 or to greater than 1.9:100.

In an alternative embodiment, the ratio of Treg:Tconv remains at a range of from 1:100 to 3:100. The upper limit may be 2:100, 2.5:100 or 3:100. The upper limit may be any of the ratios disclosed in arrangement 6. The lower limit may be any of the ratios disclosed in arrangement 5. In one embodiment, the ratio remains at a range of from 1.5:100 to 2:100.

Arrangements 5 and 6 disclose other ratios and rationales for the ratios which may be applied to any other arrangement herein which discusses the ratio of Treg:Tconv.

Arrangement 24.

A method according to any one of arrangements 5, 10, 14 to 18, 23 or 24, a combination for the use according to arrangement 14, 19, 23 or 24 or the use according to any one of arrangements 15, 16, 20, 21, 23, or 24, wherein the ratio of Treg:Tconv cells is determined (or is determinable) by flow cytometry.

Flow cytometry techniques are well-known to those skilled in the art, as discussed above.

Agents which may be used in flow cytometry techniques are defined in Example 7 below. In one embodiment, the flow cytometry is carried out as described in Example 7 below. In another embodiment, the flow cytometry is carried out as described in Baumgarth & Roederer (2000).

In any of the arrangements herein, the proportion, ratio, number or level of particular T-cell subtypes may be determined by this method.

Arrangement 25.

A method of treating a disease or condition in a subject in need thereof, comprising:

a) Performing an assay to measure the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Ki-67⁺ T-cells in a sample obtained from the subject; and

b) Administering a combination of (i) an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and optionally (ii) a second therapeutic agent to the subject when the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Ki-67⁺ T-cells is greater than 30% of the total number of CD4⁺ and/or CD8⁺ T-cells.

Ki-67 is a known marker of T-cell proliferation. During interphase, the antigen can be exclusively detected within the nucleus, whereas in mitosis most of the protein is relocated to the surface of the chromosomes. The fact that the Ki-67 protein is present during all active phases of the cell cycle (G(1), S, G(2), and mitosis), but is absent from resting cells (G(0)), makes it an excellent marker for determining the so-called growth fraction of a given cell population, (see Scholzen T., et al., J Cell Physiol. 2000 March; 182(3):311-22.). Without being bound by theory, Ki-67⁺ T-cells may therefore be used as a biomarker, in order to indicate the start of a cellular process (e.g. T-cell proliferation) which will ultimately result in an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or disorder (for example any of the autoimmune or alloimmune disease or disorders disclosed in these arrangements). If the patient is treated in this preliminary phase, then it is expected that the patient will not progress to being symptomatic of the disease or disorder, and/or the patient will not progress to such a severe disease state. In another embodiment, the progress of the disease or disorder is slowed or prevented. The data presented in Example 10 shows that prophylactic treatment of GvHD with a combination as claimed is able to reduce the proportion of Ki-67⁺ T-cells, and this data has led the inventors to consider the use of this biomarker in a treatment study protocol, as it may prove to be an early biomarker, which can be detected before disease has set in and/or before symptoms appear and/or before a diagnosis could be many using any traditional methods. In addition to being used as a marker for determining when to begin treatment, Ki-67⁺ T-cells could also be used as a marker of efficacy in a prophylaxis regiment, where a reduction in the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Ki-67⁺ T-cells can be used to show that a treatment is having the desired effect on the proliferation of T-cells.

The proportion (e.g. number or level) of Ki-67⁺ T-cells may be determined relative to the entire T-cell population in the sample. In one embodiment, the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Ki-67⁺ T-cells cells is determined relative to other T-cells in the sample, such as other CD4⁺ T-cells, or other CD8⁺ T-cells. The proportion (e.g. number or level) of Ki-67⁺ T-cells may be altered by allowing the depletion or decrease in the absolute number of Ki-67⁺ T-cells, or by changing the number of other T-cell subtypes such that the relative proportion (e.g. number or level) of Ki-67⁺ T-cells appears to be depleted or decreased.

In another embodiment, and in any of the arrangements herein which discuss the proportion of Ki-67⁺ T-cells before administration of the combination, the % of Ki-67⁺ T-cells may be any of the % given in arrangements 33 and 34 hereinbelow. In another embodiment, the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Ki-67⁺ T-cells is greater than 25% of the total number of CD4⁺ and/or CD8⁺ T-cells.

In another embodiment, the assay involves analysing the sample using flow cytometry, which is described in detail elsewhere herein.

Arrangement 26.

A combination of (i) an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and (ii) a second therapeutic agent for use in therapy of a subject, wherein the antibody or fragment thereof is to be administered to a subject who has, or has been determined to have, a proportion (e.g. number or level) of Ki-67⁺ T-cells of greater than 30% of the total number of CD4⁺ and/or CD8⁺ T-cells.

Arrangement 27.

Use of a combination of (i) an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and (ii) a second therapeutic agent for therapy of a subject who has, or has been determined to have, a proportion (e.g. number or level) of Ki-67⁺ T-cells of greater than 30% of the total number of CD4⁺ and/or CD8⁺ T-cells.

Arrangement 28.

Use of a combination of (i) an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and (ii) a second therapeutic agent in the manufacture of a medicament for use in therapy of a subject, wherein the antibody or fragment thereof is to be administered to a subject who has, or has been determined to have, a proportion (e.g. number or level) of Ki-67⁺ T-cells of greater than 30% of the total number of CD4⁺ and/or CD8⁺ T-cells.

In any of arrangements 25 to 28, in one embodiment, the administration of the combination results in the change in Treg cells, T(eff+mem) cells and/or the ratio of Treg:Tconv cells as described for arrangement 18. In another embodiment, the administration of the combination results in a change of Ki-67⁺ T-cells, e.g. as described in arrangement 30a.

Arrangement 29.

A method of determining a subject as having, or as being at risk of, an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition (for example, an autoimmune or alloimune disease or condition characterised by a ratio of Treg:Tconv of less than 1.5:100 and/or for example which disease or condition is suitable for treatment with a combination of (i) an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and (ii) a second therapeutic agent), comprising:

a) performing an assay that detects the proportion of Ki-67⁺ T-cells in a sample obtained from said subject; and

b) determining the subject as having said disease or condition if the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Ki-67⁺ T-cells is greater than 30% of the total number of CD4⁺ and/or CD8⁺ T-cells.

A subject may be at risk of a disease or disorder if there are changes in the levels of Ki-67⁺ T-cells, but the patient has not yet started displaying any symptoms by which he would conventionally be diagnosed, as explained in arrangement 25. The proportion of Ki-67⁺ T-cells, and diseases or conditions are as described elsewhere herein, for example as in any of the arrangements herein.

Arrangement 30.

A method according to arrangement 29 further comprising the step of:

c) administering to said subject a combination of (i) an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and (ii) a second therapeutic agent, which combination prevents reduction in the proportion (e.g. number or level) of said Treg cells in the blood of said subject, if said subject has been determined as having a disease or condition in step b).

The change in Treg cells may be as described in arrangement 18.

Arrangement 30a.

A method according to arrangement 29 further comprising the step of:

c) administering to said subject a combination of (i) an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and (ii) a second therapeutic agent, which combination reduces the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Ki-67⁺ T-cells cells in the blood of said subject, if said subject has been determined as having a disease or condition in step b).

In one embodiment, the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Ki-67⁺ T-cells is reduced to below 20% of the total number of CD4⁺ and/or CD8⁺ T-cells. In one embodiment, the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Ki-67⁺ T-cells is reduced to below 15%, or to below 10%, or to below 9%, or to below 8% of the total number of CD4⁺ and/or CD8⁺ T-cells.

In one embodiment, the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Ki-67⁺ T-cells is maintained within a range of from 2 to 25%, or from 2 to 20%, or from 2 to 18%, or from 2 to 15% of the total number of CD4⁺ and/or CD8⁺ T-cells. In another embodiment, the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Ki-67⁺ T-cells is maintained within a range of from 2 to 12%, or from 2 to 10%, or from 4 to 12%, or from 4 to 10% of the total number of CD4⁺ and/or CD8⁺ T-cells.

Arrangement 30b.

A method according to arrangement 29 further comprising the step of:

c) administering to said subject a combination of (i) an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and (ii) a second therapeutic agent, which combination prevents the increase (or expansion) of the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T(eff+mem) cells in the blood of said subject, if said subject has been determined as having a disease or condition in step b).

The changes in T(eff+mem) cells, and the levels and ranges may be as described in arrangement 18.

Arrangement 31.

A method according to arrangement 29 further comprising the step of:

c) administering to said subject a combination of (i) an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and (ii) a second therapeutic agent, which combination increases the ratio of Treg:Tconv cells in the blood of said subject, if said subject has been determined as having a disease or condition in step b).

The change in the ratio of Treg:Tconv cells may be as described in arrangement 18.

Arrangement 32.

A method for treating an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition (for example, an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition characterised by a ratio of Treg:Tconv of less than 1.5:100 and/or for example with a combination of (i) an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and (ii) a second therapeutic agent), comprising the steps of:

a) determining whether the subject is a candidate for treatment by detecting the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Ki-67⁺ T-cells obtained from a sample from the subject;

b) administering said combination to the subject if the subject has a proportion (e.g. number or level) of Ki-67⁺ T-cells of greater than 30% of the total number of CD4⁺ and/or CD8⁺ T-cells.

Arrangement 33.

A method according to any one of arrangements 25, or 29 to 32, a combination for the use according to arrangement 26, or the use according to arrangement 27 or arrangement 28, wherein the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Ki-67⁺ T-cells is greater than 35% (for example greater than 40%, greater than 45%, e.g. greater than 50%) of the total number of CD4⁺ and/or CD8⁺ T-cells.

Arrangement 34.

A method, combination for the use, or the use according to arrangement 33, wherein the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Ki-67⁺ T-cells is greater than 55% (for example greater than 60%, greater than 65%, e.g. greater than 70%, or greater than 80%) of the total number of CD4⁺ and/or CD8⁺ T-cells.

Arrangement 35.

A method according to any one of arrangements 25, or 29 to 34, a combination for the use according to any one of arrangements 26, 33 or 34 or the use according to any one of arrangements 27, 28, 33 or 34, wherein the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Ki-67⁺ T-cells is determined (or is determinable) by flow cytometry.

Arrangement 36.

A method according to arrangement 18, 22 to 25, or 29 to 35 a combination for the use according to arrangement 19, 22 to 24, 26, or 33 to 35 or the use according to any one of arrangements 20 to 24, 27, 28, or 33 to 35 wherein the therapy is the treatment or prevention of an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition characterised by a ratio of Treg:Tconv of less than 1.5:100, preferably wherein the therapy is the treatment of an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition characterised by a ratio of Treg:Tconv of less than 1.5:100.

Arrangement 37.

A method, comprising: a) obtaining at least two T-cell samples derived from a subject who has or is at risk of an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition characterised by a ratio of Treg:Tconv of less than 1.5:100, wherein said at least two samples comprise a first sample taken at a first time point, and a second sample taken at a subsequent time point, b) determining the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Treg cells in said first and second samples; c) treating said subject to prevent reduction of the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Treg cells by administering a combination of (i) an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and (ii) a second therapeutic agent, if the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Treg cells in said second sample are reduced as compared to said first sample, in order to treat or reduce the risk of said autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition characterised by a ratio of Treg:Tconv of less than 1.5:100.

The change in Treg cells may be as described for arrangement 18. In any arrangement herein, the phrase “reduced”, with respect to a certain T-cell sub-type means that the amount (e.g. ratio, proportion, level or number) of T-cells in the subsequent sample is statistically significantly lower than the amount (e.g. ratio, proportion, level or number) in the previous sample.

Arrangement 37a.

A method, comprising:

a) obtaining at least two T-cell samples derived from a subject who has or is at risk of an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition characterised by a ratio of Treg:Tconv of less than 1.5:100, wherein said at least two samples comprise a first sample taken at a first time point, and a second sample taken at a subsequent time point,

b) determining the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Treg cells in said first and second samples;

c) treating said subject to increase the ratio of Treg:Tconv cells by administering a combination of (i) an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and (ii) a second therapeutic agent, if the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Treg cells in said second sample is reduced as compared to said first sample, in order to treat or reduce the risk of said autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition characterised by a ratio of Treg:Tconv of less than 1.5:100.

The change in the ratio of Treg:Tconv cells may be as described for arrangement 18.

Arrangement 37b.

A method, comprising:

a) obtaining at least two T-cell samples derived from a subject who has or is at risk of an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition characterised by a ratio of Treg:Tconv of less than 1.5:100, wherein said at least two samples comprise a first sample taken at a first time point, and a second sample taken at a subsequent time point,

b) determining the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Treg cells in said first and second samples;

c) treating said subject to reduce the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Ki-67⁺ T-cells cells by administering a combination of (i) an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and (ii) a second therapeutic agent, if the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Treg cells in said second sample are reduced as compared to said first sample, in order to treat or reduce the risk of said autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition characterised by a ratio of Treg:Tconv of less than 1.5:100.

The reduction in Ki-67⁺ T-cells cells may be as described for arrangement 30a.

Arrangement 37c.

A method, comprising:

a) obtaining at least two T-cell samples derived from a subject who has or is at risk of an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition characterised by a ratio of Treg:Tconv of less than 1.5:100, wherein said at least two samples comprise a first sample taken at a first time point, and a second sample taken at a subsequent time point,

b) determining the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Treg cells in said first and second samples;

c) treating said subject to prevent the increase (or expansion) of the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T(eff+mem) cells by administering a combination of (i) an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and (ii) a second therapeutic agent, if the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Treg cells in said second sample is reduced as compared to said first sample, in order to treat or reduce the risk of said autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition characterised by a ratio of Treg:Tconv of less than 1.5:100.

The change in T(eff+mem) cells, and the levels and ranges may be as described for arrangement 18.

Arrangement 38.

A method according to arrangement 37, wherein in step c), the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Treg cells in said second sample is less than 50% of the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Treg cells in said first sample, for example is less than 60% of the proportion, or preferably is less than 70% of the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Treg cells in said first sample.

In one embodiment, the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Treg cells in said second sample is less than 80%, or less than 90%, or less than 95% of the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Treg cells in said first sample. In another embodiment, the Treg cells are reduced by 100%, i.e. are completely ablated.

These reductions may apply to any arrangement where a comparison of the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Treg cells is being made.

Arrangement 39.

A method, comprising:

a) obtaining at least two T-cell samples derived from a subject who has, or is at risk of, an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition (for example an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition characterised by a ratio of Treg:Tconv of less than 1.5:100), wherein said at least two samples comprise a first sample taken at a first time point, and a second sample taken at a subsequent time point,

b) determining the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Ki-67⁺ T-cells in said first and second samples;

c) treating said subject to prevent reduction of the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Treg cells by administering a combination of (i) an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and (ii) a second therapeutic agent, if the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Ki-67⁺ T-cells in said second sample is elevated as compared to said first sample, in order to treat or reduce the risk of said disease or condition.

If a patent is receiving prophylactic treatment of a drug, then this method could be used to monitor the therapy, in order to ensure that the prophylaxis is continuing to be effective. An increase in the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Ki-67⁺ T-cells may be indicative that the prophylaxis is no longer being effective and it may be appropriate to change prophylactic regimens, for example, by administering a combination of the present invention. The change in Treg cells may be as described for arrangement 18.

In any arrangement herein, the phrase “elevated”, with respect to a certain T-cell sub-type means that the amount (e.g. ratio, proportion, level or number) of T-cells in the subsequent sample is statistically significantly higher than the amount (e.g. ratio, proportion, level or number) in the previous sample.

Arrangement 39a.

A method, comprising:

a) obtaining at least two T-cell samples derived from a subject who has, or is at risk of, an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition (for example an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition characterised by a ratio of Treg:Tconv of less than 1.5:100), wherein said at least two samples comprise a first sample taken at a first time point, and a second sample taken at a subsequent time point,

b) determining the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Ki-67⁺ T-cells in said first and second samples;

c) treating said subject to reduce the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Ki-67⁺ T-cells by administering a combination of (i) an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and (ii) a second therapeutic agent, if the proportion of Ki-67⁺ T-cells in said second sample is elevated as compared to said first sample, in order to treat or reduce the risk of said disease or condition.

The reduction in Ki-67⁺ T-cells cells may be as described for arrangement 30a.

Arrangement 39b.

A method, comprising:

a) obtaining at least two T-cell samples derived from a subject who has an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition (for example an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition characterised by a ratio of Treg:Tconv of less than 1.5:100), wherein said at least two samples comprise a first sample taken at a first time point, and a second sample taken at a subsequent time point,

b) determining the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Ki-67⁺ T-cells in said first and second samples;

c) treating said subject to prevent the increase (or the expansion) of the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T(eff+mem) cells by administering a combination of (i) an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and (ii) a second therapeutic agent, if the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Ki-67⁺ T-cells cells in said second sample is elevated as compared to said first sample, in order to treat or reduce the risk of said autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition characterised by a ratio of Treg:Tconv of less than 1.5:100.

The change in T(eff+mem) cells may be as described for arrangement 18.

Arrangement 40.

A method according to any one of arrangements 37 to 39, further comprising the steps of:

d) obtaining a third sample derived from said subject taken at a time point subsequent to the second sample;

e) determining the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Treg cells in said third sample;

f) treating said subject to prevent reduction of the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Treg cells by administering a combination of (i) an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and (ii) a second therapeutic agent, if the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Treg cells in said third sample is reduced as compared to said second or said first sample.

The change in Treg cells may be as described for arrangement 18.

Arrangement 40a.

A method according to any one of arrangements 37 to 39, further comprising the steps of:

d) obtaining a third sample derived from said subject taken at a time point subsequent to the second sample;

e) determining the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Ki-67⁺ T-cells in said third sample;

f) treating said subject to prevent reduction of the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Treg cells by administering a combination of (i) an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and (ii) a second therapeutic agent, if the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Ki-67⁺ T-cells in said third sample is elevated as compared to said second or said first sample.

The change in Treg cells may be as described for arrangement 18.

Arrangement 41.

A method according to arrangement 40 or 40a, wherein steps d) to f) are repeated as necessary until the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Treg cells reaches a therapeutically-effective, or a prophylactically-effective levels, e.g. a substantially constant level in said subject.

Arrangement 41a.

A method according to arrangement 40 or 40a, wherein steps d) to f) are repeated as necessary until the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Ki-67⁺ T-cells reaches a therapeutically-effective, or a prophylactically-effective level, e.g. a substantially constant level in said subject.

Arrangement 41b.

A method according to arrangement 40 or 40a, wherein steps d) to f) are repeated as necessary until the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T(eff+mem) cells reaches a therapeutically-effective, or a prophylactically-effective levels, e.g. a substantially constant level in said subject.

Arrangement 41c.

A method according to arrangement 40 or 40a, wherein steps d) to f) are repeated as necessary until the ratio of Treg:Tconv cells reaches a therapeutically-effective, or a prophylactically-effective level, e.g. a substantially constant level in said subject.

In one embodiment, the levels are reached and maintained for a week, or two weeks, or three weeks or four weeks. In one embodiment, the levels are reached and maintained for a month, or two months, or three months or four months. In one embodiment, the levels are reached and maintained for a six months, or nine months or for a year.

The particular proportions, levels and numbers of Treg, T(eff+Mem) and Ki-67⁺ T-cells, and the ratios of Treg:Tconv are as set out in arrangement 18s and 30a. Substantially constant may be as described in arrangement 2.

Arrangement 42.

A method, comprising:

a) obtaining at least two T-cell samples derived from a subject who has, or is at risk of, an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition (for example an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition characterised by a ratio of Treg:Tconv of less than 1.5:100), wherein said at least two samples comprise a first sample taken at a first time point and a second sample taken at a subsequent time point,

b) determining the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Ki-67⁺ T-cells in said first and second samples;

c) treating said subject to increase the ratio of Treg:Tconv cells by administering a combination of (i) an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and (ii) a second therapeutic agent, if the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Ki-67⁺ T-cells in said second sample is elevated as compared to said first sample, in order to treat or prevent said disease or condition.

Arrangement 43.

A method according to arrangement 42, further comprising the steps of:

d) obtaining a third sample derived from said subject taken at a time point subsequent to the second sample;

e) determining the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Ki-67⁺ T-cells in said third sample;

f) treating said subject to increase the ratio of Treg:Tconv cells by administering a combination of (i) an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and (ii) a second therapeutic agent, if the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Ki-67⁺ T-cells in said third sample is elevated as compared to said second or said first sample.

The particular proportions, levels and numbers of Ki-67⁺ T-cells may be as set out in arrangement 30a.

Arrangement 44.

A method according to arrangement 43, wherein steps d) to f) are repeated as necessary until the ratio of Treg:Tconv cells reaches a therapeutically-effective, or prophylactically-effective ratio, e.g. a substantially constant ratio in said subject.

In one embodiment, the levels are reached and maintained for a week, or two weeks, or three weeks or four weeks. In one embodiment, the levels are reached and maintained for a month, or two months, or three months or four months. In one embodiment, the levels are reached and maintained for a six months, or nine months or for a year.

Substantially constant may be as described in arrangement 2.

Arrangement 42a.

A method, comprising:

a) obtaining at least two T-cell samples derived from a subject who has an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition (for example an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition characterised by a ratio of Treg:Tconv of less than 1.5:100), wherein said at least two samples comprise a first sample taken at a first time point, and a second sample taken at a subsequent time point,

b) determining the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T(eff+mem) cells in said first and second samples;

c) treating said subject to increase the ratio of Treg:Tconv cells, or to prevent reduction in the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Treg cells, or to prevent the increase (or expansion) of the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T(eff+mem) cells, or to reduce the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Ki-67⁺ T-cells by administering a combination of (i) an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and (ii) a second therapeutic agent, if the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T(eff+mem) cells in said second sample is elevated as compared to said first sample, in order to treat or prevent said disease or condition.

Arrangement 43a.

A method according to arrangement 42a, further comprising the steps of:

d) obtaining a third sample derived from said subject taken at a time point subsequent to the second sample;

e) determining the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T(eff+mem) cells in said third sample;

f) treating said subject to increase the ratio of Treg:Tconv cells, or to prevent reduction in the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Treg cells, or to prevent the increase (or expansion) of the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T(eff+mem) cells, or to reduce the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Ki-67⁺ T-cells by administering a combination of (i) an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and (ii) a second therapeutic agent, if the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T(eff+Mem) cells in said third sample is elevated as compared to said second or said first sample.

In arrangement 42a or 43a the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T(eff+mem) cells are considered to be elevated in said second or third sample if the proportion (e.g. number or level) is less than half the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T(eff+mem) cells in said first or second sample, for example is two-fold less than the proportion in said first or second sample, or preferably is three-fold less than the proportion in said first or second sample.

In one embodiment, the proportion (e.g. number or level) is four-fold less, or 5-fold less, or 6-fold less than the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T(eff+mem) cells in said first or second sample. In one embodiment, the proportion (e.g. number or level) is 7-fold less, or 8-fold less, or 9-fold less, or 10-fold less than the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T(eff+mem) cells in said first or second sample.

These reductions may be applied to any arrangement where a comparison of the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T(eff+mem) cells is being made.

Arrangement 44a.

A method according to arrangement 43a, wherein steps d) to f) are repeated as necessary until the ratio of Treg:Tconv cells, or the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Treg cells, T(eff+mem) cells or Ki-67⁺ T-cells reaches a therapeutically-effective ratio, e.g. at a substantially constant ratio or proportion (e.g. number or level) in said subject.

In one embodiment, the levels are reached and maintained for a week, or two weeks, or three weeks or four weeks. In one embodiment, the levels are reached and maintained for a month, or two months, or three months or four months. In one embodiment, the levels are reached and maintained for a six months, or nine months or for a year.

For arrangements 42a, 43a and 44a, the particular proportions, levels and numbers of Treg, T(eff+mem) and Ki-67⁺ T-cells, and the ratios of Treg:Tconv are as set out in arrangements 18 and 30a. Substantially constant may be as described in arrangement 2.

Arrangement 42b.

A method, comprising:

a) obtaining at least two T-cell samples derived from a subject who has an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition (for example an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition characterised by a ratio of Treg:Tconv of less than 1.5:100), wherein said at least two samples comprise a first sample taken at a first time point, and a second sample taken at a subsequent time point,

b) determining the ratio of Treg:Tconv cells in said first and second samples;

c) treating said subject to increase the ratio of Treg:Tconv cells, or to prevent reduction in the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Treg cells, or to prevent the increase (or expansion) of the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T(eff+mem) cells, or to reduce the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Ki-67⁺ T-cells by administering a combination of (i) an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and (ii) a second therapeutic agent, if the ratio of Treg:Tconv is reduced in said second sample as compared to said first sample, in order to treat or prevent said disease or condition.

Arrangement 43b.

A method according to arrangement 42b, further comprising the steps of:

d) obtaining a third sample derived from said subject taken at a time point subsequent to the second sample;

e) determining the ratio of Treg:Tconv cells in said third sample;

f) treating said subject to increase the ratio of Treg:Tconv cells by administering a combination of (i) an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and (ii) a second therapeutic agent, if the ratio of Treg:Tconv cells is reduced in said third sample as compared to said second or said first sample.

In arrangement 42b or 43b the ratio of Treg:Tconv cells is considered to be reduced in said second or third sample if the ratio is less than 40% of the ratio of Treg:Tconv cells in said first or second sample, for example is less than 50% of the ratio, or preferably is less than 60% of the ratio of Treg:Tconv cells in said first or second sample.

In one embodiment, the ratio of Treg:Tconv cells in said second or third sample is less than 70%, or less than 80%, or less than 90%, or less than 95% of the ratio of Treg:Tconv cells in said first or second sample. In another embodiment, the ratio of Treg:Tconv cells is reduced by 100%, i.e. the Treg cells are completely ablated.

These reductions may apply to any arrangement where a comparison of the ratio of Treg:Tconv cells is being made.

Arrangement 44b.

A method according to arrangement 43, wherein steps d) to f) are repeated as necessary until the ratio of Treg:Tconv cells reaches a therapeutically-effective ratio, e.g. at a substantially constant ratio in said subject.

In one embodiment, the levels are reached and maintained for a week, or two weeks, or three weeks or four weeks. In one embodiment, the levels are reached and maintained for a month, or two months, or three months or four months. In one embodiment, the levels are reached and maintained for a six months, or nine months or for a year.

For arrangements 42b, 43b and 44b, the particular proportions, levels and numbers of Treg, T(eff+mem) and Ki-67⁺ T-cells, and the ratios of Treg:Tconv are as set out in arrangements 18 and 30a. Substantially constant may be as described in arrangement 2.

Arrangement 45.

A method according to any one of arrangements 39 to 44, wherein in step c), or in step f) the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Ki-67⁺ T-cells in said second sample or third sample is greater than double the proportion (e.g. number or level) as compared to said first sample or second sample, for example is greater than three times, or preferably is greater than 4 times the proportion (e.g. number or level) as compared to said first sample.

In another embodiment, the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Ki-67⁺ T-cells in said second sample or third sample is greater than 5 times the proportion (e.g. number or level) as compared to said first sample or second sample for example is greater than 10 times, or is greater than 15 times, or is greater than 20 times, or is greater than 25 times the number or levels as compared to said first sample.

Arrangement 45a.

A method according to any one of arrangements 39 to 44, wherein in step c), or in step f) the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T(eff+mem) cells in said second sample or third sample is greater than double the proportion (e.g. number or level) as compared to said first sample or second sample, for example is greater than three times, or preferably is greater than 4 times the proportion (e.g. number or level) as compared to said first sample or said second sample.

In another embodiment, the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T(eff+mem) cells in said second sample or third sample is greater than 5 times the proportion (e.g. number or level) as compared to said first sample or second sample for example is greater than 10 times, or is greater than 15 times, or is greater than 20 times, or is greater than 25 times the proportion (e.g. number or level) as compared to said first sample.

Arrangement 45b.

A method according to any one of arrangements 39 to 44, wherein in step c), or in step f) the ratio of Treg:Tconv cells in said second sample or third sample is less than double the ratio as compared to said first sample or second sample, for example is less than three times, or preferably is less than 4 times the ratio as compared to said first sample.

In another embodiment, the ratio of Treg:Tconv cells in said second sample or third sample is less than 5 times the ratio as compared to said first sample or second sample for example is less than 10 times, or is less than 15 times, or is less than 20 times, or is less than 25 times the ratio as compared to said first sample.

Arrangement 46.

A method according to any one of arrangements 37 to 45, wherein said first sample is collected:

a) before the onset of said disease or condition; or

b) after the onset of said disease or condition; and

optionally wherein said second sample is collected no longer than one month, e.g. no longer than one week after the first sample.

As used in the arrangements herein, a subject may be determined to be “before the onset of a disease or condition” if the subject is presenting no symptoms which would conventionally be associated with said disease or condition, or if the subject would not be diagnosed as having such a disease or condition by any conventional method. For example, the presence of signs and symtpoms of acute GvHD may be staged and graded according to a standardised scale such as described in Przepiorka et al. (1995), 1994 Consensus Conference on Acute GvHD Grading Bone Marrow Transplant 1995; 15, 825-828. Similar disease grading scales are also in routine clinical use for other relevant diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel diseases.

Arrangement 47.

A method according to any one of arrangements 37 to 46, wherein the autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition characterised by a ratio of Treg:Tconv of less than 1.5:100 is a transplant, and wherein in step c) the treatment is in order to reduce the risk of transplant rejection, optionally wherein the first sample is taken before the transplant, and the second sample is taken after the transplant.

The first sample may be taken pre-operatively, e.g. after the subject has been identified as a candidate for treatment. The second sample is taken after the transplant and may be used by physicians as a method of monitoring the acceptance of the transplant. Thus, it may be that the physician may take more than one sample after the transplant, e.g. a daily blood sample to monitor the subject for changes in the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Treg:Tconv cells, or the proportion (e.g. numbers or levels) of Treg cells or of T(eff+mem) cells in the sample. The samples may be taken every other day, weekly, monthly or longer (including yearly) according to the likelihood of transplant rejection. For example, if the transplant is autologous, then the likelihood of transplant rejection may be reduced as compared to an allogeneic transplant, and therefore the time period between sample collections post-transplant may be longer than with an allogeneic transplant, where the risk of rejection is higher.

Arrangement 48.

A method according to arrangement 47, wherein in step a), the first sample is collected no longer than a week, e.g. no longer than 6 days, no longer than 5 days, no longer than 4 days, or no longer than 3 days, such as no longer than 2 days before said transplant.

Arrangement 49.

A method according to arrangement 47 or arrangement 48, wherein the second sample is collected no longer than 6 days, no longer than 5 days, no longer than 4 days, or no longer than 3 days, such as no longer than 2 days after the first sample or after said transplant.

Arrangement 50.

A method according to any one of arrangements 47 to 48, wherein the subject is given a prophylactic dose of a combination of (i) an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and (ii) a second therapeutic agent before said transplant, and the first sample is taken before administration of said combination and wherein the second sample is taken after the transplant or after administration of the combination (preferably, where in the second sample is taken after the transplant).

In one embodiment, the prophylactic dose is an effective prophylactic dose. By “effective”, it is meant that the dose is effective to increase the ratio of Treg:Tconv cells, or to increase the proportion (e.g. numbers or levels) of Treg cells, or to reduce the proportion (e.g. numbers or levels) of T(eff+mem) cells as described herein, or effective to prevent or reduce the risk of a disease or condition as described in any of the arrangements herein.

The methods as described herein may be used to correct an already-aberrant level of Treg and/or T(eff+mem) cells, or an already-aberrant ratio of Treg:Tconv by administration of the combinations disclosed herein, before a transplant, in order to reduce the risk of transplant rejection after the transplant. Therefore, multiple samples may be taken after administration of the combination, but before the transplant. Comparison may be made between the collected samples and a sample obtained from a healthy donor.

Arrangement 51.

A method according to any one of arrangements 47 to 48, wherein the subject is given a therapeutic dose of a combination of (i) an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and (ii) a second therapeutic agent after the transplant, and wherein the first sample is taken before said transplant, and the second sample is taken after the transplant.

In one embodiment, the therapeutic dose is an effective therapeutic dose. By “effective”, it is meant that the dose is effective to increase the ratio of Treg:Tconv cells, or to increase the proportion (e.g. numbers or levels) of Treg cells, or to reduce the proportion (e.g. numbers or levels) of T(eff+mem) cells as described herein, or effective to treat a disease or condition as described in any arrangement herein.

In one embodiment, the second sample is taken after the administration of the combination. This would enable a physician to check that the proportion (e.g. levels or numbers) of Treg or T(eff+mem) cells remain “normal”, i.e. as compared to the first sample, or to a sample obtained from a healthy donor.

Arrangement 52.

A method according to any one of arrangements 47 to 48, wherein the subject is given a therapeutic dose of a combination of (i) an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and (ii) a second therapeutic agent after the transplant, and wherein the first sample is taken before said transplant, and the second sample is taken after the administration of said combination.

Arrangement 53.

A method according to any one of arrangements 37 to 52, wherein the second sample is taken no longer than one month after the first sample, such as no longer than one week, no longer than 6 days, no longer than 5 days, no longer than 4 days, or no longer than 3 days, e.g. no longer than 2 days after the first sample, and optionally wherein the third sample is taken no longer than one month after the second sample, such as no longer than one week, no longer than 6 days, no longer than 5 days, no longer than 4 days, or no longer than 3 days, e.g. no longer than 2 days after the second sample.

Timepoints for taking any of the samples described in these concepts will depend on a number of factors, such as the likelihood of the subject having or being at risk of a particular disease or condition (e.g. GvHD or transplant rejection), the level determined in the previous sample, the type of transplant, etc. A person skilled in the art will be able to determine appropriate time points as necessary or desired. The timepoints may be monthly, every other month, quarterly, half-yearly or yearly, if desired.

Arrangement 54.

In vitro use of the ratio of Treg:Tconv cells, or the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Treg cells, as a diagnostic for an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition characterised by a ratio of Treg:Tconv of less than 1.5:100 in a subject (for example, which disease or condition can be treated or prevented with a combination of (i) an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and (ii) a second therapeutic agent).

Arrangement 54a.

In vitro use of the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T(eff+mem) cells as a diagnostic for an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition characterised by a ratio of Treg:Tconv of less than 1.5:100 in a subject (for example, which disease or condition can be treated or prevented with a combination of (i) an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and (ii) a second therapeutic agent in the subject).

Arrangement 54b.

In vitro use of the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T_(N) cells or the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T_(CM) cells as a diagnostic for an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition characterised by a ratio of Treg:Tconv of less than 1.5:100 in a subject (for example, which disease or condition can be treated or prevented with an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and optionally a second therapeutic agent in the subject).

The autoimmune or alloimmune diseases may be any of the diseases or disorders as disclosed in the arrangements herein.

There is also provided a biomarker of an autoimmune or alloimmune diseases, wherein the biomarker is selected from the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Treg cells and T(eff+mem) cells. There is also provided a biomarker of an autoimmune or alloimmune diseases, wherein the biomarker is the ratio of Treg:Tconv cells. There is also provided a biomarker of an autoimmune or alloimmune diseases, wherein the biomarker is the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T_(N) cells or T_(CM) cells.

The autoimmune or alloimmune diseases may be any of the diseases or disorders as disclosed in the arrangements herein. In another embodiment, the use of the biomarker is ex vivo.

The various levels, proportions and ratios of Treg cells, T(eff+mem) cells and ratios of Tref:Tconv cells are as described in arrangement 18. The proportions of Ki-67⁺ T-cells may be as described in arrangements 25, 33 and 34. The proportion (e.g. number or level) of T_(N) or T_(CM) cells are as described in arrangements 201 to 208, and 301 to 305 respectively, hereinbelow.

Arrangement 55.

Use of a biomarker of an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition characterised by a ratio of Treg:Tconv of less than 1.5:100, wherein the biomarker is the ratio of Treg:Tconv cells, or wherein the biomarker is the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Treg cells, in vitro as a diagnostic for an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition characterised by a ratio of Treg:Tconv of less than 1.5:100 (for example, which disease or condition can be treated or prevented with a combination of (i) an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and (ii) a second therapeutic agent).

Arrangement 55a.

Use of a biomarker of an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition characterised by a ratio of Treg:Tconv of less than 1.5:100, wherein the biomarker is the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T(eff+mem) cells, in vitro as a diagnostic for an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition characterised by a ratio of Treg:Tconv of less than 1.5:100 (for example, which disease or condition can be treated or prevented with a combination of (i) an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and (ii) a second therapeutic agent).

Arrangement 55a.

Use of a biomarker of an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition characterised by a ratio of Treg:Tconv of less than 1.5:100, wherein the biomarker is the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T_(N) cells, or is the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T_(CM) cells in vitro as a diagnostic for an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition characterised by a ratio of Treg:Tconv of less than 1.5:100 (for example, which disease or condition can be treated or prevented with an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and optionally a second therapeutic agent).

The autoimmune or alloimmune diseases may be any of the diseases or disorders as disclosed in the arrangements herein. In another embodiment, the use of the biomarker is ex vivo.

The various levels, proportions and ratios of Treg cell, T(eff+mem) cells and ratios of Tref:Tconv cells are as described in arrangement 18. The proportion (e.g. number or level) of T_(N) or T_(CM) cells are as described in arrangements 201 to 208, and 301 to 305 respectively, hereinbelow.

Arrangement 56.

A method of preventing the increase (or the expansion) of T(eff+mem) cells, (optionally whilst preventing reduction in the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Treg cells, optionally, as defined in any one of arrangements 1 to 10) in a population of T-cells in a sample, said method comprising contacting said sample with an effective amount of a combination of (i) an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and (ii) a second therapeutic agent.

The various mechanisms of effect on the T(eff+mem) cells and/or Treg cells, along with proportions (e.g. numbers or levels) may be any of those described in arrangement 18.

Arrangement 57.

A method according to arrangement 56, wherein the proportion (e.g. number or level) of said T(eff+mem) cells is at least maintained in said sample, optionally wherein the sample is from a subject.

As used in the arrangements herein, “at least maintained” with respect to the proportion of T(eff+mem) cells, means that there is substantially no increase in the proportion. A maximum limit may be applied, which may be any of the as set out in arrangement 18 for proportions of T(eff+mem) after administration of the combination. As used in the arrangements herein, “maintains” or “maintaining” with respect to a level or a proportion may be described as substantially constant.

Substantially constant may be as described in arrangement 2.

Arrangement 58.

A method according to arrangement 56, wherein the proportion (e.g. number of level) of said T-cells is less than 400×10⁶ T(eff+mem)/litre, or less than 300×10⁶ T(eff+mem)/litre, or less than 250×10⁶ T(eff+mem)/litre.

In another embodiment, the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T(eff+mem) cells is less than 200×10⁶ T(eff+mem)/litre, or less than 150×10⁶ T(eff+mem)/litre, or less than 100×10⁶ T(eff+mem)/litre.

Arrangement 59.

In vitro use of the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Ki-67⁺ T-cells, as a diagnostic for an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition (for example, an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition characterised by a ratio of Treg:Tconv of less than 1.5:100) in a subject (for example, which disease or condition can be treated or prevented with a combination of (i) an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and (ii) a second therapeutic agent).

There is also provided a biomarker of an autoimmune or alloimmune diseases, wherein the biomarker is selected from the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Ki-67⁺ T-cells.

Arrangement 60.

Use of a biomarker of an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition (for example an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition characterised by a ratio of Treg:Tconv of less than 1.5:100), wherein the biomarker is the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Ki-67⁺ T-cells, in vitro as a diagnostic (e.g. as a diagnostic for an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition, for example, an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition characterised by a ratio of Treg:Tconv of less than 1.5:100, and/or for example which disease or condition can be treated or prevented with a combination of (i) an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and (ii) a second therapeutic agent).

The proportions of Ki-67⁺ T-cells may be as described in arrangements 25, 33 and 34.

Arrangement 61.

A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition according to any one of arrangements 25 to 36, 39 to 53, 59, or 60, wherein the Ki-6⁷ T-cells are CD4⁺ and/or CD8⁺.

In one embodiment, the Ki-6⁷ T-cells may be defined as being Ki-67⁺CD3⁺. In one embodiment, the Ki-67⁺ T-cells may be defined as being Ki-67⁺FoxP3⁺. In another embodiment, the Ki-67⁺ T-cells cells may additionally be CD25⁺. In another embodiment, the Ki-6⁷ T-cells cells may additionally be CD127⁺. Thus, in one embodiment, Ki-67⁺ T-cells cells may be identified as Ki-67⁺CD25⁺CD127⁻FoxP3⁺. In another embodiment, Ki-67⁺ T-cells are identified as being Ki-67⁺CD3⁺CD14⁻CD20⁻CD25⁺FoxP3⁺either with or without CD127+.

Arrangement 62.

A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition according to arrangement 61, wherein the Ki-67* T-cells are circulating T-cells.

Arrangement 63.

A method according to any one of arrangements 3 to 10, 12, 18, 22 to 25, 30 to 33 to 36, 42 to 53, 56 to 58, 61 or 62, a combination for the use according to any one of arrangements 14, 19, 21 to 24, or 33 to 36, or a use according to any one of arrangements 15, 16, 20 to 24, 27, 28, or 33 to 36, or the composition according to arrangement 17, wherein the combination prevents reduction of the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Treg cells.

Arrangement 63a.

A method according to any one of arrangements 3 to 10, 12, 18, 22 to 25, 30 to 33 to 36, 42 to 53, 56 to 58, 61 or 62, a combination for the use according to any one of arrangements 14, 19, 21 to 24, or 33 to 36, or a use according to any one of arrangements 15, 16, 20 to 24, 27, 28, or 33 to 36, or the composition according to arrangement 17, wherein the combination prevents reduction of the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T_(N) cells or prevents reduction of the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T_(CM) cells.

The various mechanisms of effect on the Treg cells, along with proportions (e.g. numbers or levels) may be any of those described in arrangement 18. The various mechanisms of effect on the TN cells, along with proportions (e.g. numbers or levels) may be any of those described in arrangement 301 to 305.

Arrangement 64.

A method, a combination for the use, a use, or a composition according to arrangement 63, wherein the Treg cells are increased to a number or level of 4×10⁶ Treg/litre, for example at least 5×10⁶ Treg/litre, or at least 6×10⁶ Treg/litre, or at least 7×10⁶ Treg/litre, or at least 8×10⁶ Treg/litre.

Arrangement 65.

A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition according to arrangement 63, wherein the Treg cells are increased to at least 4×10⁶ Treg/litre, for example at least 5×10⁶ Treg/litre, or at least 6×10⁶ Treg/litre, or at least 7×10⁶ Treg/litre, or at least 8×10⁶ Treg/litre after administration said combination.

Arrangement 66.

A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition according to arrangement 65, wherein the Treg cells are increased to at least 10×10⁶ Treg/litre, or at least 12×10⁶ Treg/litre, or at least 14×10⁶ Treg/litre, or at least 16×10⁶ Treg/litre after combining said cells with said combination.

Arrangement 67.

A method according to any one of arrangements 4 to 13, 18, 22 to 25, 30 to 33 to 53, 56 to 58, or 61 to 66, a combination for the use according to any one of arrangements 14, 19, 21 to 24, 26, 33 to 36, or 66, or a use according to any one of arrangements 15, 16, 20 to 24, 27, 28, 33 to 36, or 66, or the composition according to any one of arrangements 17, or 63 to 66, wherein the combination prevents the increase (or the expansion) of T(eff+mem) cells.

The various mechanisms of effect on the T(eff+mem) cells, along with proportions (e.g. numbers or levels) may be any of those described in arrangement 18.

Arrangement 68.

A method, a combination for the use, a use, or a composition according to arrangement 67, wherein the T(eff+mem) cells are maintained at a proportion (e.g. number or level) of less than 200×10⁶ T(eff+mem)/litre, or less than 150×10⁶ T(eff+mem)/litre, or less than 100×10⁶ T(eff+mem)/litre.

The healthy donor is preferably of the same species at the subject, for example, wherein the subject is a human, the donor is most preferably also a human. The donor is also preferably of the same gender as the subject. The donor is preferably of a similar age and ethnicity as the subject.

Arrangement 69.

A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition according to arrangement 67, wherein the T(eff+mem) cells are maintained within a range of from 10 to 500×10⁶ T(eff+mem)/litre, or from 20 to 300×10⁶ T(eff+mem)/litre, or from 100 to 200×10⁶ T(eff+mem)/litre, or from 30 to 100×10⁶ T(eff+mem)/litre.

Arrangement 70.

A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition according to arrangement 69, wherein the T(eff+mem) cells are maintained at a proportion (e.g. number or level) of at least 10×10⁶ T(eff+mem)/litre, or at least 12×10⁶ T(eff+mem)/litre, or at least 15×10⁶ T(eff+mem)/litre or at least 17×10⁶ T(eff+mem)/litre.

Arrangement 71.

A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition according to any preceding arrangement, wherein the antibody is a depleting antibody that specifically binds OX40 (in particular human OX40), optionally wherein the antibody is engineered for enhanced ADC, ADCC and/or CDC.

The various modifications may be any of those set out in concept 52 hereinabove.

Arrangement 72.

A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition according to any preceding arrangement, wherein the antibody is an antagonistic or blocking antibody.

Methods for determining antagonism or blocking functionality may be as described herein, or as well-known by those skilled in the art. For example, in vitro techniques include SPR and/or ELISA, which are described elsewhere herein.

Arrangement 73.

A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition according to arrangement 72, wherein the antibody specifically binds to OX40L (in particular human OX40L).

The OX40L antibodies may be any antibody or fragment as described herein. In one embodiment, the OX40L antibody is the antagonist anti-human OX40L (gp34) antibody ik-1 described by Matsumura et a/., J Immunol. (1999), 163:3007, which antibody is incorporated herein by reference.

Arrangement 74.

A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition according to arrangement 73, wherein the antibody antagonises specific binding of OX40 to OX40L, e.g. as determined using SPR or ELISA.

SPR and ELISA methods may be as described elsewhere herein.

Arrangement 75.

A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition according to any preceding arrangement, wherein the antibody is a humanized, human or fully human antibody.

Other antibody constructs may be as described herein.

Arrangement 76.

A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition according to any preceding arrangement, wherein the antibody is a fragment of an antibody selected from the list of multispecific antibodies (eg. bi-specific antibodies), intrabodies, single-chain Fv antibodies (scFv), camelized antibodies, Fab fragments, F(ab′) fragments, disulfide-linked Fvs (sdFv), anti-idiotypic (anti-Id) antibodies, and epitope-binding fragments thereof.

Arrangement 77.

A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition according to any preceding arrangement, wherein the antibody or fragment enables greater than 80% stem cell donor chimerism by day 12 in a Rhesus macaque model of haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

Arrangement 78.

A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition according to any preceding arrangement, wherein the antibody or fragment expresses as a stably transfected pool in Lonza GS-Xceed™ at level greater than 1.5 g/L in a fed batch overgrow culture using Lonza version 8 feed system with an overgrow period of 14 days.

Arrangement 79.

A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition according to any preceding arrangement, wherein the antibody or fragment thereof comprises a HCDR3 of from 16 to 27 amino acids and derived from the recombination of a human VH gene segment, a human D gene segment and a human JH gene segment, wherein the human JH gene segment is IGHJ6 (e.g. IGHJ6*02).

Arrangement 80.

A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition according to any preceding arrangement, wherein the antibody or fragment thereof comprises a CDR selected from:

a) the HCDR3 of antibody 2D10 (Seq ID No:40 or Seq ID No:46);

b) the HCDR3 of antibody 10A7 (Seq ID No:8 or SEQ ID No: 14);

c) the HCDR3 of antibody 09H04 (Seq ID No:72 or Seq ID No:78);

d) the HCDR3 of antibody 19H01 (Seq ID No: 100 or Seq ID No:106);

e) a CDR3 of any of the nanobodies having the variable region amino acid sequence of Seq ID Nos: 177 to 213 (as disclosed in WO2011/073180 in the name of Ablynx, Seq ID Nos: 161 to 167 therein, which are incorporated herein by reference);

f) an HCDR3 of any of the antibodies having the variable region amino acid sequence of Seq ID Nos: 215, 217, 219, 221, 223, 225, 227, 229 or 230 (as disclosed in WO2006/029879 in the name of Roche/Genentech, Seq ID Nos: 33 to 38 therein, which are incorporated herein by reference); or

g) an HCDR3 of any of the antibodies having the variable region amino acid sequence of Seq ID Nos: 232 or 234 (as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,812,133 in the name of Genentech, Seq ID Nos: 11 or 12 therein, which are incorporated herein by reference).

Arrangement 81.

A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition according to any preceding arrangement, wherein the antibody or fragment thereof comprises:

a) the CDRs of antibody 2D10 (Seq ID No:40 or Seq ID No:46 for CDRH3, SEQ ID No:38 or SEQ ID No:44 for CDRH2, SEQ ID No:36 or SEQ ID No:42 for CDRH1, SEQ ID No:50 or SEQ ID No:56 for CDRL1, SEQ ID No:52 or SEQ ID No:58 for CDRL2 and SEQ ID No:54 or SEQ ID No:60 for CDRL3);

b) the CDRs of antibody 10A7 (Seq ID No:8 or SEQ ID No: 14 for CDRH3, SEQ ID No:6 or SEQ ID No:12 for CDRH2, SEQ ID No:4 or SEQ ID No:10 for CDRH1, SEQ ID No:18 or SEQ ID No:24 for CDRL1, SEQ ID No:20 or SEQ ID No:26 for CDRL2 and SEQ ID No:22 or SEQ ID No:28 for CDRL3);

c) the CDRs of antibody 09H04 (Seq ID No:72 or Seq ID No:78 for CDRH3, SEQ ID No:70 or SEQ ID No:76 for CDRH2, SEQ ID No:68 or SEQ ID No:74 for CDRH1, SEQ ID No:82 or SEQ ID No:88 for CDRL1, SEQ ID No:84 or SEQ ID No:90 for CDRL2 and SEQ ID No:86 or SEQ ID No:92 for CDRL3);

d) the CDRs of antibody 19H01 (Seq ID No: 100 or Seq ID No: 106 for CDRH3, SEQ ID No:98 or SEQ ID No: 104 for CDRH2, SEQ ID No:96 or SEQ ID No:102 for CDRH1, SEQ ID No:110 or SEQ ID No:116 for CDRL1, SEQ ID No:112 or SEQ ID No:118 for CDRL2 and SEQ ID No:114 or SEQ ID No:120 for CDRL3);

e) the CDRs of any of the nanobodies having the variable region amino acid sequence of Seq ID Nos: 177 to 213 (as disclosed in WO2011/073180 in the name of Ablynx: Seq ID Nos: 161 to 167 therein for CDR3; Seq ID Nos: 147 to 153 therein for CDR2; and Seq ID Nos: 133 to 139 therein for CDR1, which sequences are incorporated herein by reference);

f) the heavy chain CDRs of any of the antibodies having the heavy chain variable region amino acid sequence of Seq ID Nos: 215, 217, 219, 221, 223, 225, 227, 229 or 230, and the light chain CDRs of any of the antibodies having the light chain variable region amino acid sequence of Seq ID Nos: 216, 218, 220, 222, 224, 226 or 228 (as disclosed in WO2006/029879 in the name of Roche/Genentech: Seq ID Nos: 33 to 38 therein for CDRH3; Seq ID Nos: 21 to 25 therein for CDRH1 and Seq ID Nos: 26 to 32 therein for CDRH2; SEQ ID NOs: 39 to 44 therein for CDRL1; SEQ ID NOs: 45 to 50 therein for CDRL2; and SEQ ID NOs: 51 to 57 therein for CDRL3, which sequences are incorporated herein by reference); or

g) the heavy chain CDRs of any of the antibodies having the heavy chain variable region amino acid sequence of Seq ID Nos: 232 or 234, and the light chain CDRs of any of the antibodies having the light chain variable region amino acid sequence of Seq ID Nos:231 or 233 (as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,812,133 in the name of Genentech: Seq ID Nos: 11 or 12 therein for CDRH3; Seq ID Nos: 7 or 8 therein for CDRH1 and Seq ID Nos: 9 or 10 therein for CDRH2; SEQ ID NOs: 1 or 2 therein for CDRL1; SEQ ID NOs: 3 or 4 therein for CDRL2; and SEQ ID NOs: 5 or 6 therein for CDRL3, which sequences are incorporated herein by reference).

Arrangement 82.

A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition according to any preceding arrangement, wherein the antibody or fragment thereof comprises the VH and/or VL domains selected from the following:

a) the VH and/or VL domains of antibody 2D10 (Seq ID No:34 for VH and/or Seq ID No:48 for VL);

b) the VH and/or VL domains of antibody 10A7 (Seq ID No:2 for VH and/or Seq ID No: 16 for VL);

c) the VH and/or VL domains of antibody 09H04 (Seq ID No:66 for VH and/or Seq ID No:80 for VL);

d) the VH and/or VL domains of antibody 19H01 (Seq ID No:94 for VH and/or Seq ID No: 108 for VL);

e) a VH domain of any of the nanobodies having the variable region amino acid sequence of Seq ID Nos: 177 to 213 (as disclosed in WO2011/073180 in the name of Ablynx, Seq ID Nos: 177 to 185, 199 to 226 therein, which sequences are incorporated herein by reference);

f) a VH domain of any of the antibodies having the heavy chain variable region amino acid sequence of Seq ID Nos: 215, 217, 219, 221, 223, 225, 227, 229 or 230, and a VL domain of any of the antibodies having the light chain variable region amino acid sequence of Seq ID Nos: 216, 218, 220, 222, 224, 226 or 228 (disclosed in WO2006/029879 in the name of Roche/Genentech, Seq ID Nos: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 17, 19 and 20 therein for VH domains; and Seq ID Nos: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 16 and 18 therein for VL domains, which sequences are incorporated herein by reference); or

g) a VH domain of any of the antibodies having the heavy chain variable region amino acid sequence of Seq ID Nos: 232 or 234, and a VL domain of any of the antibodies having the light chain variable region amino acid sequence of Seq ID Nos:231 or 233 (as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,812,133 in the name of Genentech, Seq ID Nos: 15 and 16 therein for VH domains; and Seq ID Nos: 13 and 14 therein for VL domains, which sequences are incorporated herein by reference).

Arrangement 83.

A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition according to any preceding arrangement, wherein the antibody is oxelumab.

In another embodiment, the antibody is not oxelumab. In another embodiment, the antibody is not oxelumab and the disease is not asthma.

Arrangement 84.

A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition according to any preceding arrangement, where in the Treg cells and/or the T(eff+mem) cells and/or the Tconv cells are CD4⁺ and/or CD8⁺.

The various markers for these cells may be as described in arrangement 1.

Arrangement 85.

A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition according to arrangement 84, wherein the Treg cells and/or the T(eff+mem) cells and/or the Tconv cells are circulating T-cells.

Arrangement 86.

A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition according to arrangement 84 or 85, wherein the Treg cells and/or the T(eff+mem) cells and/or the Tconv cells are in a sample of blood, e.g. peripheral blood.

Whereas T-cells present in blood are relatively straightforward to isolate and characterise, T-cells which are present in the tissues of a subject are generally more difficult to isolate. That said, it may be possible to isolate T-cells from various tissues (such as skin, tissues of the GI tract, e.g. bowel, and from inflamed joints, e.g. synovium).

Arrangement 87.

A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition according to any preceding arrangement, wherein the subject is a human patient.

Arrangement 88.

A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition according to arrangement 87, wherein the subject is at risk of an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition characterised by a ratio of Treg:Tconv of less than 1.5:100.

Arrangement 89.

A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition according to arrangement 88, wherein the subject has an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition characterised by a ratio of Treg:Tconv of less than 1.5:100.

Arrangement 90.

A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition according to any preceding arrangement, wherein the autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition characterised by a ratio of Treg:Tconv of less than 1.5:100 is mediated by a deficiency in Treg cells.

Arrangement 90a.

A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition according to any preceding arrangement, wherein the autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition characterised by a ratio of Treg:Tconv of less than 1.5:100 is mediated by expansion of T(eff+mem) cells.

Arrangement 91.

A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition according to any one of arrangements 88 to 90, wherein the autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition characterised by a ratio of Treg:Tconv of less than 1:100, or less than 0.75:100, or less than 0.5:100.

In one embodiment, the ratio may be less than 1:10, or 1:9, or 1:8, or 1:7, or 1:6, or 1:5 Treg:Tconv Arrangement 92. A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition according to any preceding arrangement, wherein the autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition is selected from graft versus host disease (GvHD), allogenic transplant rejection, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, multiple sclerosis, atherosclerosis, uvetitis, ankylosing spondylitis and contact hypersensitivity.

Arrangement 93.

A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition according to arrangement 92, wherein the autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition is selected from GvHD and allogenic transplant rejection.

Arrangement 94.

A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition according to arrangement 92, wherein the autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition is selected from inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.

Arrangement 95.

A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition according to arrangement 93, wherein the allogenic transplant rejection is rejection of a cell, tissue or organ transplant (e.g. liver, lung, heart, kidney or bowel), or of a blood transplant (e.g. autologous or allogeneic), for example where the blood is bone marrow-derived, is cord-blood derived (umbilical), or is peripheral-blood derived.

In one embodiment, the transplant is a CAR T-cell transplant (chimeric antigen receptor). In one embodiment, the transplant is an HLA-matched allogeneic bone marrow or stem cell transplant.

In another embodiment, the transplant is an HLA mis-matched allogeneic bone marrow or stem cell transplant.

Arrangement 96.

A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition according to any preceding arrangement, wherein the second therapeutic agent is an IL-2 modulating agent, such as a calcinueirn inhibitor or an mTOR inhibitor (for example the agent is selected from the group consisting of rapamycin (sirolimus), tacrolimus, ciclosporin, corticosteroids (e.g. methylprednisolone), anti-IL2R antibodies (e.g. basilixumab), anti-IL-2 antibodies and anti-CD24-Fc fusion protein).

In another embodiment, the IL-2 modulating agent is recombinant IL-2. In another embodiment, the IL-2 modulating agent is an IL-2 inhibiting agent.

Arrangement 97.

A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition according to any preceding arrangement, wherein the second therapeutic agent is independently selected from the group consisting of methotrexate, mycophenolate mofetil, anti-CD28 antibodies, anti-IL12/IL-23 antibodies (e.g. ustekinumab), anti-CD20 antibodies (e.g.rituximab), anti-CD30 antibodies (e.g. brentuximab), CTLA4-Fc molecules (e.g. abatacept), CCR5 receptor antagonists (e.g. maraviroc), anti-CD40L antibodies, anti-VLA4 antibodies (e.g. natalizumab), anti-LFA1 antibodies, fludarabine, anti-CD52 antibodies (e.g. alemtuzumab), anti-CD45 antibodies, cyclophosphamide, anti-thymocyte globulins, anti-complement C5 antibodies (e.g. eculizumab), anti-a4b7 integrin antibodies (e.g. vedolizumab), anti-IL6 antibodies (e.g. tocilizumab), anti-CD25 antibodies (e.g. daclizumab), anti-TCONVFa/TCONVFa-Fc molecules (e.g. etanercept, adalimumab, infliximab, golimumab or certolizumab pegol) and Vorinostat.

Arrangement 98.

A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition according to any one of arrangements 1 to 95, wherein the second therapeutic agent is independently selected from the group consisting of rapamycin (sirolimus), tacrolimus, ciclosporin, corticosteroids (e.g. methylprednisolone), methotrexate, mycophenolate mofetil, anti-CD28 antibodies, CTLA4-Fc molecules (e.g. abatacept), anti-CD40L antibodies, anti-LFA1 antibodies, anti-CD52 antibodies (e.g. alemtuzumab), cyclophosphamide and anti-thymocyte globulins.

Arrangement 99.

A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition according to any preceding arrangement, wherein the second therapeutic agent is rapamycin.

Arrangement 100.

A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition according to any preceding arrangement, wherein the second therapeutic agent is tacrolimus.

In another embodiment, the second therapeutic agent is rapamycin or derivatives thereof.

Derivatives of rapamycin are well-known to those skilled in the art.

Following further experiment, the present inventors have found a number of further developments described in the following arrangements: Arrangement 101. A method of normalising T-cell signalling in a subject comprising combining T-cells from said subject with an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and optionally a second therapeutic agent, which method reduces the level (e.g. expression or amount) of RORC, and whereby T-cell signalling is normalised.

Without being bound by theory, it is thought that reducing the level (e.g. expression or amount) of RORC will have a number of benefits in various diseases as set out herein, due its direct correlation with aberrant T-cell signalling, and the inventors have surprisingly shown that this may be achieved using an anti-OX40L antibody or a combination of that antibody and another therapeutic agent as described herein more effectively than with other therapies currently employed.

The level (e.g. expression or amount) of RORC may be determined by methods well-known to those skilled in the art, e.g. by flow cytometic analysis of T-cells in a sample, which may be obtained from a subject (see arrangements 1 to 100 hereinabove for further details, all of which apply mutatis mutandis to these further arrangements hereinbelow).

Thus, as used in the arrangements herein, the phrase “reducing the level (e.g. expression or amount) of RORC” or similar phrases may be replaced throughout by the phrase “lowering the level (e.g. expression or amount) of RORC” or similar phrases. Further, as used in the arrangements herein, the phrase “reducing the level (e.g. expression or amount) of RORC” or similar phrases may be replaced by the phrase “downregulating the level (e.g. expression or amount) of RORC” or similar phrases. In any of the arrangements herein, the “level” may be a relative level, or an absolute number.

“Reducing” or “reduces” as used in any of the arrangements herein, refers to a mechanism which reduces the apparent expression levels of RORC in a given sample. The sample may be a sample of blood, e.g. peripheral blood which may be processed by, for example, flow cytometry or by microarray analysis to extract RORC mRNA transcripts from the T-cells in the sample.

In a particular embodiment, the antibody or fragment thereof is in a format or structure of any of the antibodies and fragments described elsewhere herein. The antibody or fragment may be any of the constructs as described herein (for example, as in any one of concepts 52 to 64 herein, or any arrangement hereinbelow). In a particular embodiment, the antibody is an anti-human OX40 antibody or fragment thereof. In another particular embodiment, the agent is an anti-human OX40L antibody, such as an antibody comprising the amino acid sequence of 02D10 described herein or an antibody comprising the amino acid sequence of oxelumab. In another embodiment, the combination comprises an anti-OX40L antibody which is not oxelumab (having a VH region amino acid sequence of Seq ID No:215 and a VL region amino acid sequence of Seq ID No:214).

The second therapeutic agent is described in more detail in the arrangements herein, but is preferably an IL-2 modulating agent.

The antibodies and combinations of the present invention may provide benefit by preventing increases in the level (e.g. expression or amount) of RORC, which will have occurred if the disease or disorder is already beginning to take effect, or has already taken hold. If used prophylactically, the antibodies and combinations of the present invention may prevent any substantial change in the level (e.g. expression or amount) of RORC, because they are able to protect the patient from the detrimental cellular changes. Thus, in another embodiment, the level (e.g. expression or amount) of RORC remains at a substantially constant level after administration of the combination. Substantially constant may be as described in arrangement 2 hereinabove.

Arrangement 102.

A method of reducing the level (e.g. expression or amount) of RORC in a subject, comprising combining T-cells from said subject with an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and optionally a second therapeutic agent, which method reduces the level (e.g. expression or amount) of RORC.

Arrangement 103.

A method of reducing or inhibiting Th/Tc17 based activation of T-cells in a subject comprising combining T-cells from said subject with an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and optionally a second therapeutic agent, which method reduces the level (e.g. expression or amount) of RORC, and whereby Th/Tc17 activation of T-cells is reduced.

Arrangement 104.

A method of reducing or inhibiting Th/Tc17 based activation of T-cells in a subject comprising combining T-cells from said subject with an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and optionally a second therapeutic agent, which method downregulates or reduces the level (e.g. expression or amount) of one or more (e.g. 3, 4 or 5) of the genes listed in Table 17 (FIG. 14G) or Table 17 (FIG. 14F), and whereby Th/Tc17 based activation of T-cells is reduced or inhibited.

Arrangement 105.

A method according to arrangement 104, wherein the one or more (e.g. 3, 4 or 5) genes is listed in Table 17 (FIG. 14G); optionally selected from: IL12RB1, IL6, CCL2, IFNG, IL17A, TNF, IL18, IL23R, CXCL1, IL17F, CXCL9; for example, selected from: IL6, CCL2, IFNG, IL17A, TNF, IL18, IL23R; e.g. selected from: IL6, CCL2, IFNG; and alternatively selected from CCR5, IL12RB2 and IFNG.

As used throughout arrangements 101 to 187, “one or more” may mean from 1 to 15 genes (e.g. 1 to 14, or 1 to 13, or 1 to 12, or 1 to 11 genes) to make up a gene signature. In another embodiment, “one or more” means from 1 to 10 genes (e.g. 1 to 9, or 1 to 8, or 1 to 7, or 1 to 6 genes). In another embodiment, “one or more” means from 1 to 5 genes (e.g. 1 to 5, or 1 to 4, or 1 to 3, or 1 or 2 genes). In another embodiment, there may be 2, 3, 4 or 5 genes selected. In another embodiment, there may be 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 genes selected. In another embodiment, there may be 11, 12, 13, 14 or 15 genes selected.

In one embodiment, the one or more (e.g. 3, 4 or 5) genes are selected from: IFNG, IL6, TNF, IL18, IL23R, IL17A, CCL2, IL12RB1, CXCL1 and CXCL9. In another embodiment, the one or more (e.g. 3, 4 or 5) genes are selected from: IFNG, IL6, TNF, IL18, IL23R, IL17A and CCL2. In another embodiment, the one or more (e.g. 2, 3, 4 or 5) genes are selected from: IFNG, IL6, TNF, IL18 and IL23R. In another embodiment, the one or more (e.g. 2 or 3) genes are selected from: IFNG, IL6 and TNF.

In one embodiment, the one or more (e.g. 3, 4 or 5) genes are selected from: IL6, CCL2, IFNG, IL17A, TNF, IL18, IL23R, CXCL1, IL17F and CXCL9. In another embodiment, the one or more (e.g. 3, 4 or 5) genes are selected from: IL6, CCL2, IFNG, IL17A, TNF, IL18 and IL23R. In another embodiment, the one or more (e.g. 2, 3, 4 or 5) genes are selected from: IL6, CCL2, IFNG, IL17A and TNF. In another embodiment, the one or more (e.g. 2 or 3) genes are selected from: IL6, CCL2 and IFNG.

In one embodiment, the genes are CCR5, IL12RB2 and IFNG. In another embodiment, the genes are CCR5 and IL12RB2. In another embodiment, the genes are CCR5 and IFNG. In another embodiment, the genes are IL12RB2 and IFNG. In another embodiment, the gene is CCR5. In another embodiment, the gene is IL12RB2. In another embodiment, the gene is IFNG.

Arrangement 106.

A method according to arrangement 104, wherein the one or more (e.g. 3, 4 or 5) genes is listed in Table 17 (FIG. 14F); optionally selected from: selected from: MGAM, CYP4F3, MMP9, TNFAIP6, CD163, HERC5, TYMP, IFIT2, C3AR1, LILRA3, SAMD9L, IFIT1, IFIT3, KCNJ15, IFI44, EGR1, EGR2, SAMD9, RSAD2, FFAR2, ANLN, DUSP4, UBE2T, UHRF1, KIF11, TTK, RAD54B, E2F8, KIF15, HIST1H2BB, GTSE1, AKAP12, CENPF, CASC5, MKI67, PRC1, PRR11, RACGAP1, SPAG5 and ARHGAP11A; for example, selected from: MGAM, CYP4F3, MMP9, TNFAIP6, CD163, HERC5, TYMP, IFIT2, C3AR1, LILRA3, ANLN, DUSP4, UBE2T, UHRF1, KIF11, TTK, RAD54B, E2F8, KIF15 and HIST1H2BB; e.g. selected from: MGAM, CYP4F3, MMP9, TNFAIP6, CD163, ANLN, DUSP4, UBE2T, UHRF1 and KIF11.

In one embodiment, the one or more (e.g. 3, 4 or 5) genes are selected from: MGAM, CYP4F3, MMP9, TNFAIP6, CD163, HERC5, TYMP, IFIT2, C3AR1, LILRA3, SAMD9L, IFIT1, IFIT3, KCNJ15 and IFI44. In another embodiment, the one or more (e.g. 3, 4 or 5) genes are selected from: MGAM, CYP4F3, MMP9, TNFAIP6, CD163, HERC5, TYMP, IFIT2, C3AR1 and LILRA3. In another embodiment, the one or more (e.g. 3, 4 or 5) genes are selected from: MGAM, CYP4F3, MMP9, TNFAIP6, CD163, HERC5 and TYMP. In another embodiment, the one or more (e.g. 2, 3, 4 or 5) genes are selected from: MGAM, CYP4F3, MMP9, TNFAIP6 and CD163. In another embodiment, the one or more (e.g. 2 or 3) genes are selected from: MGAM, CYP4F3 and MMP9.

In one embodiment, the one or more (e.g. 3, 4 or 5) genes are selected from: ANLN, DUSP4, UBE2T, UHRF1, KIF11, TTK, RAD54B, E2F8, KIF15, HIST1H2BB, GTSE1, AKAP12, CENPF, CASC5, MKI67, PRC1, PRR11, RACGAP1, SPAG5 and ARHGAP11A. In another embodiment, the one or more (e.g. 3, 4 or 5) genes are selected from: ANLN, DUSP4, UBE2T, UHRF1, KIF11, TTK, RAD54B, E2F8, KIF15, HIST1H2BB, GTSE1, AKAP12, CENPF, CASC5 and MKI67. In another embodiment, the one or more (e.g. 3, 4 or 5) genes are selected from: ANLN, DUSP4, UBE2T, UHRF1, KIF11, TTK, RAD54B, E2F8, KIF15 and HIST1H2BB. In another embodiment, the one or more (e.g. 3, 4 or 5) genes are selected from: ANLN, DUSP4, UBE2T, UHRF1, KIF11, TTK and RAD54B. In another embodiment, the one or more (e.g. 2, 3, 4 or 5) genes are selected from: ANLN, DUSP4, UBE2T, UHRF1 and KIF11. In another embodiment, the one or more (e.g. 2 or 3) genes are selected from: ANLN, DUSP4 and UBE2T.

Arrangement 107.

A method of normalising cytotoxicity in a subject, comprising combining T-cells from said subject with an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and optionally a second therapeutic agent, which method reduces the level (e.g. expression or amount) of Granzyme A, and whereby the cytotoxicity is normalised.

Without being bound by theory, it is thought that reducing the level (e.g. expression or amount) of Granzyme A will have a number of benefits in various diseases as set out herein, due its direct correlation with aberrant T-cell signalling and cytotoxicty, and the inventors have surprisingly shown that this may be achieved using an anti-OX40L antibody or a combination of that antibody and another therapeutic agent as described herein more effectively than with other therapies currently employed.

The level (e.g. expression or amount) of Granzyme A may be determined by methods well-known to those skilled in the art, e.g. by flow cytometric analysis of T-cells in a sample, which may be obtained from a subject (see arrangements 1 to 100 hereinabove for further details, all of which apply mutatis mutandis to these further arrangements hereinbelow).

Thus, as used in the arrangements herein, the phrase “reducing the level (e.g. expression or amount) of Granzyme A” or similar phrases may be replaced throughout by the phrase “lowering the level (e.g. expression or amount) of Granzyme A” or similar phrases. Further, as used in the arrangements herein, the phrase “reducing the level (e.g. expression or amount) of Granzyme A” or similar phrases may be replaced by the phrase “downregulating the level (e.g. expression or amount) of Granzyme A” or similar phrases. In any of the arrangements herein, the “level” may be a relative level, or an absolute number.

“Reducing” or “reduces” as used in any of the arrangements herein, refers to a mechanism which reduces the apparent expression levels of Granzyme A in a given sample. The sample may be a sample of blood, e.g. peripheral blood which may be processed by, for example, flow cytometry or by microarray analysis to extract Granzyme A mRNA transcripts from the T-cells in the sample.

In a particular embodiment, the antibody or fragment thereof is in a format or structure of any of the antibodies and fragments described elsewhere herein. The antibody or fragment may be any of the constructs as described herein (for example, as in any one of concepts 52 to 64 herein, or any arrangement hereinbelow). In a particular embodiment, the antibody is an anti-human OX40 antibody or fragment thereof. In another particular embodiment, the agent is an anti-human OX40L antibody, such as an antibody comprising the amino acid sequence of 02D10 described herein or an antibody comprising the amino acid sequence of oxelumab. In another embodiment, the combination comprises an anti-OX40L antibody which is not oxelumab (having a VH region amino acid sequence of Seq ID No:215 and a VL region amino acid sequence of Seq ID No:214).

The second therapeutic agent is described in more detail in the arrangements herein, but is preferably an IL-2 modulating agent.

The antibodies and combinations of the present invention may provide benefit by preventing increases in the level (e.g. expression or amount) of Granzyme A, which will have occurred if the disease or disorder is already beginning to take effect, or has already taken hold. If used prophylactically, the antibodies and combinations of the present invention may prevent any substantial change in the level (e.g. expression or amount) of Granzyme A, because they are able to protect the patient from the detrimental cellular changes. Thus, in another embodiment, the level (e.g. expression or amount) of Granzyme A remains at a substantially constant level after administration of the combination. Substantially constant may be as described in arrangement 2 hereinabove.

Arrangement 108.

A method of reducing the level (e.g. expression or amount) of Granzyme A in a subject, comprising combining T-cells from said subject with an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and optionally a second therapeutic agent, which method reduces the level (e.g. expression or amount) of Granzyme A.

Without being bound by theory, it is thought that reducing the level (e.g. expression or amount) of Granzyme A will have a number of benefits in various diseases as set out herein, due its direct correlation with aberrant T-cell signalling, and the inventors have surprisingly shown (see Example 11) that this may be achieved using an anti-OX40L antibody or a combination of that antibody and another therapeutic agent as described herein more effectively than with other therapies currently employed.

The level (e.g. expression or amount) of Granzyme A may be determined by methods well-known to those skilled in the art, e.g. by flow cytometric analysis of T-cells in a sample, which may be obtained from a subject (see arrangements 1 to 100 hereinabove for further details, all of which apply mutatis mutandis to these further arrangements hereinbelow).

Thus, as used in the arrangements herein, the phrase “reducing the level (e.g. expression or amount) of Granzyme A” or similar phrases may be replaced throughout by the phrase “lowering the level (e.g. expression or amount) of Granzyme A” or similar phrases. Further, as used in the arrangements herein, the phrase “reducing the level (e.g. expression or amount) of Granzyme A” or similar phrases may be replaced by the phrase “downregulating the level (e.g. expression or amount) of Granzyme A” or similar phrases. In any of the arrangements herein, the “level” may be a relative level, or an absolute number.

Arrangement 109.

A method of reducing or inhibiting Th/Tc1 based activation of T-cells in a subject comprising combining T-cells from said subject with an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and optionally a second therapeutic agent, which method downregulates or reduces the level (e.g. expression or amount) of Granzyme A, and whereby Th/Tc1 based activation of T-cells is reduced or inhibited.

Arrangement 110.

A method according to any one of arrangements 107 to 110, wherein the levels (e.g. expression or amount) of Granzyme A before the combination step are at least 1.5-fold greater in the subject as compared to the levels (e.g. expression or amount) of Granzyme A in a sample taken from a healthy donor.

The levels of Granzyme A before the combination step may be any of those set out in arrangement 161 and 162 hereinbelow.

Arrangement 111.

A method according to any one of arrangements 107 to 111, wherein the levels (e.g. expression or amount) of Granzyme A after the combination step are at least 1.5-fold lower in the subject as compared to the levels (e.g. expression or amount) of Granzyme A in said sample taken before the combination step.

Arrangement 111a.

A method according to any one of arrangements 107 to 111, wherein the levels (e.g. expression or amount) of Granzyme A after the combination step are reduced by at least 1.5-fold in the subject as compared to the levels (e.g. expression or amount) of Granzyme A in said sample taken before the combination step.

The levels of Granzyme A before the combination step may be the opposite of any of those set out in arrangement 161 and 162 hereinbelow. For example, if arrangement 161 states that the levels are greater than 20-fold of the levels in a sample taken from a healthy donor, this embodiment would mean that the Granzyme A levels are reduced by at least 20-fold after the combination step, or are at least 20-fold lower after the combination step.

Arrangement 112.

A method according to any one of arrangements 107 to 111, wherein the levels (e.g. expression or amount) of Granzyme A after the combination step are within 1.5-fold of the levels (e.g. expression or amount) of Granzyme A in a sample taken from a healthy donor.

In one embodiment, the levels (e.g. expression or amount) of Granzyme A after the combination step are substantially the same as the levels (e.g. expression or amount) of Granzyme A in a sample taken from a healthy donor.

Arrangement 113.

A method of reducing or inhibiting Th/Tc1 based activation of T-cells in a subject comprising combining said cells with an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and optionally a second therapeutic agent, which method downregulates or reduces the level (e.g. expression or amount) of one or more (e.g. 3, 4 or 5) of the genes listed in Table 16 (FIG. 14E), and whereby Th/Tc1 based activation of T-cells is reduced or inhibited.

Arrangement 114.

A method according to arrangement 113, wherein the one or more (e.g. 3, 4 or 5) genes is selected from: BCL2L14, SH2D1A, SAMD3, STAT4, SLA2, SLAMF1, KLRD1, F2R, CCR5, IL12RB2, IFNG, TYMS, CASC5, IL10, RRM2, P2RX5, GIMAP4, MKI67, GZMK, CD38, CTLA4, MYBL1, IRF4, SH2D1A, BCL2L14, PRF1, IL21 and HS3ST3B1X; for example, selected from: SLAMF1, KLRD1, F2R, CCR5, IL12RB2, IFNG, TYMS, CASC5, IL10, RRM2, P2RX5, GIMAP4 and MKI67; e.g. F2R, CCR5, IL12RB2, IFNG, TYMS and CASC5; and alternatively selected from CCR5, IL12RB2 and IFNG.

In one embodiment, the one or more (e.g. 3, 4 or 5) genes are selected from: CCR5, IFNG, CASC5, TYMS, F2R, IL10, MKI67, PRF1, KLRD1, SLAMF1, GIMAP4, CTLA4, SLA2, STAT4 and HS3ST3B1. In another embodiment, the one or more (e.g. 3, 4 or 5) genes are selected from: CCR5, IFNG, CASC5, TYMS, F2R, IL10, MKI67, PRF1, KLRD1 and SLAMF1. In another embodiment, the one or more (e.g. 3, 4 or 5) genes are selected from: CCR5, IFNG, CASC5, TYMS, F2R, IL10 and MKI67. In another embodiment, the one or more (e.g. 2, 3, 4 or 5) genes are selected from: CCR5, IFNG, CASC5, TYMS and F2R. In another embodiment, the one or more (e.g. 2 or 3) genes are selected from: CCR5, IFNG and CASC5.

In one embodiment, the one or more (e.g. 3, 4 or 5) genes are selected from: CCR5, IL12RB2, IFNG, TYMS, CASC5, IL10, RRM2, P2RX5, GIMAP4, MKI67, GZMK, CD38, CTLA4, MYBL1 and IRF4. In another embodiment, the one or more (e.g. 3, 4 or 5) genes are selected from: CCR5, IL12RB2, IFNG, TYMS, CASC5, IL10, RRM2, P2RX5, GIMAP4 and MKI67. In another embodiment, the one or more (e.g. 3, 4 or 5) genes are selected from: CCR5, IL12RB2, IFNG, TYMS, CASC5, IL10 and RRM2. In another embodiment, the one or more (e.g. 2, 3, 4 or 5) genes are selected from: CCR5, IL12RB2, IFNG, TYMS and CASC5. In another embodiment, the one or more (e.g. 2 or 3) genes are selected from: CCR5, IL12RB2 and IFNG. In another embodiment, the gene is CCR5.

In one embodiment, the genes are CCR5, IL12RB2 and IFNG. In another embodiment, the genes are CCR5 and IL12RB2. In another embodiment, the genes are CCR5 and IFNG. In another embodiment, the genes are IL12RB2 and IFNG. In another embodiment, the gene is CCR5. In another embodiment, the gene is IL12RB2. In another embodiment, the gene is IFNG.

Arrangement 115.

A method of activating, upregulating or enhancing the Type 1 interferon (IFN) pathway or the Reactome HSA-909733 Interferon alpha/beta signalling pathway in a subject comprising combining said cells with an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and a second therapeutic agent, which method activates, upregulates or enhances the Type 1 interferon (IFN) pathway or the Reactome HSA-909733 Interferon alpha/beta signalling pathway.

Arrangement 116.

A method according to arrangement 115, wherein the activation, upregulation or enhancement is of the Type 1 IFN pathway.

Arrangement 117.

A method according to arrangement 115, wherein the activation, upregulation or enhancement is of the Reactome HSA-909733 Interferon alpha/beta signalling pathway, wherein optionally activation, upregulation or enhancement is of one or more (e.g. 3, 4 or 5) of the genes is selected from IGS15, IFIT3, RSAD2, IFIT1, IFIT2, IFIT3, MX1, OASL, OAS2 and RSAD2; or is selected from from: IGS15, IFIT3 and RSAD2; or is alternatively selected from: IFIT1, IFIT2, IFIT3, MX1, OASL, OAS2 and RSAD2.

In one embodiment, the one or more (e.g. 3, 4 or 5) genes are selected from: from IGS15, IFIT3, RSAD2, IFIT1, IFIT2, IFIT3, MX1, OASL, OAS2 and RSAD2. In another embodiment, the one, 2 or 3 genes are selected from: IGS15, IFIT3 and RSAD2. In another embodiment, the one or more (e.g. 3, 4 or 5) genes are selected from: IFIT1, IFIT2, IFIT3, MX1, OASL, OAS2 and RSAD2. In another embodiment, the one or more (e.g. 2, 3 or 4) genes are selected from: IFIT1, IFIT2, IFIT3, MX1, OASL, OAS2 and RSAD2. In another embodiment, the one or more (e.g. 2, 3 or 4) genes are selected from: IFIT1, IFIT2, IFIT3, MX1, OASL, OAS2 and RSAD2.

Arrangement 118.

A method according to arrangement 117, which method upregulates or enhances the level (e.g. expression or amount) of one or more (e.g. 3, 4 or 5) of the genes listed in Table 14 (FIG. 15D) or Table 15.

Arrangement 119.

A method according to arrangement 118, which method upregulates or enhances the level (e.g. expression or amount) of one or more (e.g. 3, 4 or 5) of the genes listed in Table 14 (FIG. 15D); optionally selected from: TYMP, ISG15, IFI44, IRF7, RSAD2, C1QA, CCL2, CXCL10, XAF1, IFIT5, PROS1, IFI6, PLSCR1, SERPING1, SAMD9L, C3AR1, GOS2, IL8, HERC5, CMPK2, MMP9, IFIT1, IFIT3, RSAD2, CYP4F3, MGAM, CD163, TNFAIP6, IFI27, MX1, ISG15, MX2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS2, OASL, EPSTI1 and LILRA3; for example, selected from: ISG15, MX1, IFI44, IFI27, C3AR1, C1QA, CCL2, CXCL10, GOS2, IL8, HERC5, CMPK2, MMP9, IFIT1, IFIT3, RSAD2, CYP4F3, MGAM, CD163 and TNFAIP6; e.g. selected from: IFI27, MMP9, RSAD2, C3AR1, CD163, CXCL10, GOS2, IL8, HERC5, CMPK2, MMP9, IFIT1 and IFIT3; or may be selected from: CXCL10, CD163, IL8, CMPK2, IFI27, MMP9 and HERC5.

In one embodiment, the one or more (e.g. 3, 4 or 5) genes are selected from: CXCL10, CD163, IL8, GOS2, C3AR1, TNFAIP6, IFI27, CCL2, CMPK2, C1QA, PLSCR1, ISG15, HERC5, RSAD2, MX1, OASL, IRF7, IFIT3, IFI44 and TYMP. In another embodiment, the one or more (e.g. 3, 4 or 5) genes are selected from: CXCL10, CD163, IL8, GOS2, C3AR1, TNFAIP6, IFI27, CCL2, CMPK2, C1QA, PLSCR1, ISG15, HERC5, RSAD2 and MX1. In another embodiment, the one or more (e.g. 3, 4 or 5) genes are selected from: CXCL10, CD163, IL8, GOS2, C3AR1, TNFAIP6, IFI27, CCL2 and CMPK2. In another embodiment, the one or more (e.g. 3, 4 or 5) genes are selected from: CXCL10, CD163, IL8, GOS2, C3AR1, TNFAIP6 and IFI27. In another embodiment, the one or more (e.g. 2, 3, 4 or 5) genes are selected from: CXCL10, CD163, IL8, GOS2 and C3AR1. In another embodiment, the one or more (e.g. 2 or 3) genes are selected from: CXCL10, CD163 and IL8.

In one embodiment, the one or more (e.g. 3, 4 or 5) genes are selected from: CMPK2, IFI27, MMP9, HERC5, RSAD2, ISG15, IFI44, IL8, GOS2, MX1, CYP4F3, C3AR1, SAMD9L, SERPING1 and PLSCR1. In another embodiment, the one or more (e.g. 3, 4 or 5) genes are selected from: CMPK2, IFI27, MMP9, HERC5, RSAD2, ISG15, IFI44, IL8, GOS2 and MX1. In another embodiment, the one or more (e.g. 3, 4 or 5) genes are selected from: CMPK2, IFI27, MMP9, HERC5, RSAD2, ISG15 and IFI44.

In another embodiment, the one or more (e.g. 2, 3, 4 or 5) genes are selected from: CMPK2, IFI27, MMP9, HERC5 and RSAD2. In another embodiment, the one or more (e.g. 2 or 3) genes are selected from: CMPK2, IFI27 and MMP9.

In one embodiment, the one or more (e.g. 3, 4 or 5) genes are selected from: HERC5, CMPK2, MMP9, IFIT1, IFIT3, RSAD2, CYP4F3, MGAM, CD163, TNFAIP6, IFI27, MX1, ISG15, MX2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS2, OASL, EPSTI1 and LILRA3. In another embodiment, the one or more (e.g. 3, 4 or 5) genes are selected from: HERC5, CMPK2, MMP9, IFIT1, IFIT3, RSAD2, CYP4F3, MGAM, CD163, TNFAIP6, IFI27, MX1, ISG15, MX2 and IFI44. In another embodiment, the one or more (e.g. 3, 4 or 5) genes are selected from: HERC5, CMPK2, MMP9, IFIT1, IFIT3, RSAD2, CYP4F3, MGAM, CD163 and TNFAIP6. In another embodiment, the one or more (e.g. 3, 4 or 5) genes are selected from: HERC5, CMPK2, MMP9, IFIT1, IFIT3, RSAD2 and CYP4F3. In another embodiment, the one or more (e.g. 2, 3, 4 or 5) genes are selected from: HERC5, CMPK2, MMP9, IFIT1 and IFIT3. In another embodiment, the one or more (e.g. 2 or 3) genes are selected from: HERC5, CMPK2 and MMP9.

Arrangement 120.

A method according to arrangement 118, which method upregulates or enhances the level (e.g. expression or amount) of one or more (e.g. 3, 4 or 5) of the genes listed in Table 15; optionally selected from: HERC6, MMP25, GOS2, KCNJ15, IL8, OASL, DDX58, TYMP, MX2, OAS2, IFI44, CMPK2, HERC5, RSAD2, MMP9, CYP4F3, MGAM, CD163, IL8, TNFAIP6, EGR1, IFIT3, EGR2, C3AR1, LILRA3, MX1, IFIT2, SAMD9L, IFIT1, MMP25 and ISG15; for example, selected from: MMP25, GOS2, KCNJ15, IL8, TYMP, OAS2, IFI44, CMPK2, HERC5, RSAD2, MMP9, CYP4F3, MGAM, CD163, IL8, TNFAIP6, EGR1, IFIT3, EGR2, C3AR1, LILRA3, MX1, IFIT2, SAMD9L and IFIT1; e.g. selected from: IL8, TYMP, IFI44, CMPK2, HERC5, RSAD2, MMP9, CYP4F3, MGAM, CD163, IL8, TNFAIP6, EGR1, IFIT3, C3AR1, LILRA3, IFIT2 and IFIT1; or may be selected from: IL8, CMPK2, HERC5, RSAD2, MMP9, CYP4F3, MGAM, EGR1, IFIT3 and IFIT1.

In one embodiment, the one or more (e.g. 3, 4 or 5) genes are selected from: CMPK2, HERC5, RSAD2, MMP9, CYP4F3, MGAM, CD163, IL8, TNFAIP6, EGR1, IFIT3, EGR2, C3AR1, LILRA3, MX1, IFIT2, SAMD9L, IFIT1, MMP25 and ISG15. In another embodiment, the one or more (e.g. 3, 4 or 5) genes are selected from: CMPK2, HERC5, RSAD2, MMP9, CYP4F3, MGAM, CD163, IL8, TNFAIP6, EGR1, IFIT3, EGR2, C3AR1, LILRA3 and MX1. In another embodiment, the one or more (e.g. 3, 4 or 5) genes are selected from: CMPK2, HERC5, RSAD2, MMP9, CYP4F3, MGAM, CD163, IL8, TNFAIP6 and EGR1. In another embodiment, the one or more (e.g. 3, 4 or 5) genes are selected from: CMPK2, HERC5, RSAD2, MMP9, CYP4F3, MGAM and CD163. In another embodiment, the one or more (e.g. 2, 3, 4 or 5) genes are selected from: CMPK2, HERC5, RSAD2, MMP9 and CYP4F3. In another embodiment, the one or more (e.g. 2 or 3) genes are selected from: CMPK2, HERC5 and RSAD2.

In one embodiment, the one or more (e.g. 3, 4 or 5) genes are selected from: HERC5, IFIT1, IFIT3, CYP4F3, MGAM, RSAD2, IFIT2, IFI44, CMPK2, TNFAIP6, MX1, OAS2, MMP9, CD163, SAMD9L, MX2, LILRA3, TYMP, DDX58 and OASL. In another embodiment, the one or more (e.g. 3, 4 or 5) genes are selected from: HERC5, IFIT1, IFIT3, CYP4F3, MGAM, RSAD2, IFIT2, IFI44, CMPK2, TNFAIP6, MX1, OAS2, MMP9, CD163 and SAMD9L. In another embodiment, the one or more (e.g. 3, 4 or 5) genes are selected from: HERC5, IFIT1, IFIT3, CYP4F3, MGAM, RSAD2, IFIT2, IFI44, CMPK2 and TNFAIP6. In another embodiment, the one or more (e.g. 3, 4 or 5) genes are selected from: HERC5, IFIT1, IFIT3, CYP4F3, MGAM, RSAD2 and IFIT2. In another embodiment, the one or more (e.g. 2, 3, 4 or 5) genes are selected from: HERC5, IFIT1, IFIT3, CYP4F3 and MGAM. In another embodiment, the one or more (e.g. 2 or 3) genes are selected from: HERC5, IFIT1 and IFIT3.

In one embodiment, the one or more (e.g. 3, 4 or 5) genes are selected from: CYP4F3, IL8, HERC5, MGAM, EGR1, LILRA3, IFIT3, RSAD2, TYMP, C3AR1, CMPK2, KCNJ15, GOS2, MMP9, IFIT2, MP25, IFIT1, IFI44, HERC6 and TNFAIP6. In another embodiment, the one or more (e.g. 3, 4 or 5) genes are selected from: CYP4F3, IL8, HERC5, MGAM, EGR1, LILRA3, IFIT3, RSAD2, TYMP, C3AR1, CMPK2, KCNJ15, GOS2, MMP9 and IFIT2. In another embodiment, the one or more (e.g. 3, 4 or 5) genes are selected from: CYP4F3, IL8, HERC5, MGAM, EGR1, LILRA3, IFIT3, RSAD2, TYMP and C3AR1. In another embodiment, the one or more (e.g. 3, 4 or 5) genes are selected from: CYP4F3, IL8, HERC5, MGAM, EGR1, LILRA3 and IFIT3. In another embodiment, the one or more (e.g. 2, 3, 4 or 5) genes are selected from: CYP4F3, IL8, HERC5, MGAM and EGR1. In another embodiment, the one or more (e.g. 2 or 3) genes are selected from: CYP4F3, IL8 and HERC5.

Arrangement 121.

A method of upregulating or enhancing the KEGG hsa04630:Jak-STAT signalling pathway in a subject comprising combining said cells with an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and optionally a second therapeutic agent, which method upregulates the KEGG hsa04630:Jak-STAT signalling pathway.

Arrangement 122.

A method according to arrangement 121, which method upregulates or enhances the level (e.g. expression or amount) of one or more (e.g. 3, 4 or 5) of the genes listed in Table 14 (FIG. 15C); optionally selected from: IFNA16, OSM, CBLB, IL6, PIK3R1, CCND2, JAK3, PIAS1, STAT4, IL22, IL4R, IL12RB2, IL26, SOCS2, IL13RA1, CSF2RA, CSF3R, CSF2RB, OSM, IFNGR1, JAK2, STAT3, SOS1, IL2RA, CISH, IL6ST, SOCS1, IRF9, PIK3CB, PIM1, SOCS3, STAM2 and IFNGR2; for example, selected from: CCND2, IL6, STAT4, IL22, IL4R, IL12RB2, IL26, SOCS2, IL13RA1, CSF2RA, CSF3R, CSF2RB, OSM, IFNGR1, JAK2, STAT3, SOS1, IL2RA, CISH, IL6ST, SOCS1, IRF9, PIM1 and SOCS3; e.g. selected from: CCND2, IL6, IL22, IL12RB2, IL26, SOCS2, IL13RA1, CSF2RA, CSF3R, CSF2RB, OSM, IFNGR1, JAK2, STAT3, SOS1, IL2RA, IL6ST, SOCS1 and SOCS3; or may be selected from: IL6, IL22, SOCS2, IL13RA1, CSF2RA, CSF3R, CSF2RB, STAT3, IL2RA, SOCS1 and SOCS3; and alternatively may be selected from: IL6, SOCS2, IL13RA1, CSF2RA, IL2RA and SOCS1.

Arrangement 122A.

A method according to arrangement 121, which method upregulates or enhances the level (e.g. expression or amount) of one or more (e.g. 3, 4 or 5) of the genes listed in Table 14 (FIG. 15C); optionally selected from: IL6R, IL6ST, IL26, OSM, IL2RA, IL10RB, CSF3R, IL32RA1, STAT1, STAT2, STAT3, SOCS1, SOCS2, PIM1, SOS1, SOS2, CISH, PIAS1 and SPRY1; optionally selected from: OSM, IL2RA, IL10RB, CSF3R and IL13RA1; or selected from STAT1, STAT2 and STAT3; or alternatively selected from SOCS1, SOCS2, PIM1, SOS1, SOS2, CISH, PIAS1 and SPRY1; or selected from transcripts encoding pro-inflammatory cytokines or cytokine receptors (optionally selected from: IL6, IL6R, IL6ST and IL26); or selected from transcripts encoding anti-inflamatory cytokines or cytokine receptors (optionally selected from OSM, IL2RA, IL10RB, CSF3R and IL32RA1).

In one embodiment, the one or more (e.g. 3, 4 or 5) genes are selected from: IL6, SOCS2, IL2RA, SOCS3, IL22, SOCS1, CSF2RA, IL26, SOS1, CCND2, JAK2, CISH, PIM1, CSF3R, CSF2RB, IFNGR2, CBLB, OSM, IL12RB2 and IFNA16. In another embodiment, the one or more (e.g. 3, 4 or 5) genes are selected from: IL6, SOCS2, IL2RA, SOCS3, IL22, SOCS1, CSF2RA, IL26, SOS1, CCND2, JAK2, CISH, PIM1, CSF3R and CSF2RB. In another embodiment, the one or more (e.g. 3, 4 or 5) genes are selected from: IL6, SOCS2, IL2RA, SOCS3, IL22, SOCS1, CSF2RA, IL26, SOS1 and CCND2. In another embodiment, the one or more (e.g. 3, 4 or 5) genes are selected from: IL6, SOCS2, IL2RA, SOCS3, IL22, SOCS1 and CSF2RA. In another embodiment, the one or more (e.g. 2, 3, 4 or 5) genes are selected from: IL6, SOCS2, IL2RA, SOCS3 and IL22. In another embodiment, the one or more (e.g. 2 or 3) genes are selected from: IL6, SOCS2 and IL2RA.

In one embodiment, the one or more (e.g. 3, 4 or 5) genes are selected from: SOCS2, IL2RA, SOCS1, SOCS3, STAT3, SOS1, IL26, IL6ST, IL12RB2, JAK2, IL4R, IL22, IFNGR1, PIM1, STAT4, PIAS1, JAK3, CCND2, IFNGR2 and PIK3R1. In another embodiment, the one or more (e.g. 3, 4 or 5) genes are selected from: SOCS2, IL2RA, SOCS1, SOCS3, STAT3, SOS1, IL26, IL6ST, IL12RB2, JAK2, IL4R, IL22, IFNGR1, PIM1 and STAT4. In another embodiment, the one or more (e.g. 3, 4 or 5) genes are selected from: SOCS2, IL2RA, SOCS1, SOCS3, STAT3, SOS1, IL26, IL6ST, IL12RB2, JAK2. In another embodiment, the one or more (e.g. 3, 4 or 5) genes are selected from: SOCS2, IL2RA, SOCS1, SOCS3, STAT3, SOS1 and IL26. In another embodiment, the one or more (e.g. 2, 3, 4 or 5) genes are selected from: SOCS2, IL2RA, SOCS1, SOCS3 and STAT3. In another embodiment, the one or more (e.g. 2 or 3) genes are selected from: SOCS2, IL2RA and SOCS1.

In one embodiment, the one or more (e.g. 3, 4 or 5) genes are selected from: SOCS2, IL13RA1, CSF2RA, CSF3R, CSF2RB, OSM, IFNGR1, JAK2, STAT3, SOS1, IL2RA, CISH, IL6ST, SOCS1, IRF9, PIK3CB, PIM1, SOCS3, STAM2 and IFNGR2. In another embodiment, the one or more (e.g. 3, 4 or 5) genes are selected from: SOCS2, IL13RA1, CSF2RA, CSF3R, CSF2RB, OSM, IFNGR1, JAK2, STAT3, SOS1, IL2RA, CISH, IL6ST, SOCS1 and IRF9. In another embodiment, the one or more (e.g. 3, 4 or 5) genes are selected from: SOCS2, IL13RA1, CSF2RA, CSF3R, CSF2RB, OSM, IFNGR1, JAK2, STAT3 and SOS1. In another embodiment, the one or more (e.g. 3, 4 or 5) genes are selected from: SOCS2, IL13RA1, CSF2RA, CSF3R, CSF2RB, OSM and IFNGR1. In another embodiment, the one or more (e.g. 2, 3, 4 or 5) genes are selected from: SOCS2, IL13RA1, CSF2RA, CSF3R and CSF2RB. In another embodiment, the one or more (e.g. 2 or 3) genes are selected from: SOCS2, IL13RA1 and CSF2RA.

In one embodiment, the method upregulates or enhances the level (e.g. expression or amount) of one or more (e.g. 3, 4 or 5) genes selected from: IL6R, IL6ST, IL26, OSM, IL2RA, IL10RB, CSF3R, IL32RA1, STAT1, STAT2, STAT3, SOCS1, SOCS2, PIM1, SOS1, SOS2, CISH, PIAS1 and SPRY1. In another embodiment, the one or more (e.g. 2 or 3) genes are selected from: OSM, IL2RA, IL10RB, CSF3R and IL13RA1; or selected from STAT1, STAT2 and STAT3. In another embodiment, the one or more (e.g. 2, 3 or 4) genes are selected from SOCS1, SOCS2, PIM1, SOS1, SOS2, CISH, PIAS1 and SPRY1. In another embodiment, the method upregulates or enhances the level (e.g. expression or amount) of one or more (e.g. 1 or 2) transcripts encoding pro-inflammatory cytokines or cytokine receptors (optionally selected from: IL6, IL6R, IL6ST and IL26). In another embodiment, the method upregulates or enhances the level (e.g. expression or amount) of one or more (e.g. 1 or 2) transcripts encoding anti-inflamatory cytokines or cytokine receptors (optionally selected from OSM, IL2RA, IL10RB, CSF3R and IL32RA1).

Arrangement 123.

A method according to any one of arrangements 101 to 122, wherein the subject has or is at risk of an OX40L-mediated disease.

Arrangement 124.

A method according to any arrangement 123, wherein the subject has or is at risk of an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition, e.g. selected from graft versus host disease (GvHD), allogenic transplant rejection, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, multiple sclerosis, atherosclerosis, uveitis, ankylosing spondylitis and contact hypersensitivity.

Arrangement 125.

A method of treating or reducing the risk of a disease or condition (e.g. an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition) in a subject, the method comprising administering to said subject a therapeutically effective amount or prophylactically effective amount of an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and optionally a second therapeutic agent, which method normalises T-cell signalling, or reduces or inhibits Th/Th17 based activation of T-cells, and whereby said disease or condition is treated, or the risk of said disease or condition is reduced in said subject.

In on embodiment, in any of the therapeutic methods of these arrangements, the methods include the use of a therapeutically effective amount or prophylactically effective amount of a combination of (i) an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and (i) a second therapeutic agent. These combinations are described further in the arrangements hereinabove. Thus, in one embodiment, the combination comprises a therapeutically effective amount of the anti OX40 or anti-OX40L antibody and a therapeutically effective amount of the second therapeutic agent. In one embodiment, the combination comprises a therapeutically effective amount of the anti OX40 or anti-OX40L antibody and a prophylactically effective amount of the second therapeutic agent. In one embodiment, the combination comprises a prophylactically effective amount of the anti OX40 or anti-OX40L antibody and a therapeutically effective amount of the second therapeutic agent. In one embodiment, the combination comprises a prophylactically effective amount of the anti OX40 or anti-OX40L antibody and a prophylactically effective amount of the second therapeutic agent.

In another embodiment, the combination may be therapeutically or prophylactically effective, despite containing doses or amounts of either (i) the anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof and (ii) the second therapeutic agent which, by themselves, would not necessarily be therapeutically or prophylactically effective. Hence, the risk of side effects may be reduced, as smaller amounts of therapeutic entities are being given to patients in need thereof.

Arrangement 126.

A method according to arrangement 125, wherein the T-cell signalling is normalised, or wherein the Th/Th17 based activation of T-cells is reduced or inhibited by reducing the level (e.g. expression or amount) of RORC in a population of T-cells isolated from said subject.

Arrangement 127.

A method according to arrangement 125, wherein the T-cell signalling is normalised, or wherein the Th/Th17 based activation of T-cells is reduced or inhibited by downregulation or reduction of the level (e.g. expression or amount) of one or more (e.g. 3, 4 or 5) of the genes listed in Table 17 (FIG. 14G) or Table 17 (FIG. 14F).

In one embodiment, the genes are those described hereinabove for Arrangement 105 or 106.

Arrangement 128.

A method according to arrangement 127, wherein the one or more (e.g. 3, 4 or 5) genes is listed in Table 17 (FIG. 14G); optionally selected from: IL12RB1, IL6, CCL2, IFNG, IL17A, TNF, IL18, IL23R, CXCL1, IL17F, CXCL9; for example, selected from: IL6, CCL2, IFNG, IL17A, TNF, IL18, IL23R; e.g. selected from: IL6, CCL2, IFNG.

Arrangement 129.

A method according to arrangement 127, wherein the one or more (e.g. 3, 4 or 5) genes is listed in Table 17 (FIG. 14F); optionally selected from: selected from: MGAM, CYP4F3, MMP9, TNFAIP6, CD163, HERC5, TYMP, IFIT2, C3AR1, LILRA3, SAMD9L, IFIT1, IFIT3, KCNJ15, IFI44, EGR1, EGR2, SAMD9, RSAD2, FFAR2, ANLN, DUSP4, UBE2T, UHRF1, KIF11, TTK, RAD54B, E2F8, KIF15, HIST1H2BB, GTSE1, AKAP12, CENPF, CASC5, MKI67, PRC1, PRR11, RACGAP1, SPAG5 and ARHGAP11A; for example, selected from: MGAM, CYP4F3, MMP9, TNFAIP6, CD163, HERC5, TYMP, IFIT2, C3AR1, LILRA3, ANLN, DUSP4, UBE2T, UHRF1, KIF11, TTK, RAD54B, E2F8, KIF15 and HIST1H2BB; e.g. selected from: MGAM, CYP4F3, MMP9, TNFAIP6, CD163, ANLN, DUSP4, UBE2T, UHRF1 and KIF11.

Arrangement 130.

A method of treating or reducing the risk of a disease or condition (e.g. an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition) in a subject, the method comprising administering to said subject a therapeutically effective amount or prophylactically effective amount of an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and optionally a second therapeutic agent, which method normalises cytotoxicity, or reduces or inhibits Th/Tc1 based activation of T-cells, and whereby said disease or condition is treated, or the risk of said disease or condition is reduced in said subject.

Arrangement 131.

A method according to arrangement 130, wherein the cytotoxicity is normalised, or wherein the Th/Tc1 based activation of T-cells is reduced or inhibited by reducing the level (e.g. expression or amount) of Granzyme A in a T-cell population isolated from said subject.

Arrangement 132.

A method according to arrangement 130, wherein the cytotoxicity is normalised, or wherein the Th/Tc1 based activation of T-cells is reduced or inhibited by downregulation or reduction of the level (e.g. expression or amount) of one or more (e.g. 3, 4 or 5) of the genes listed in Table 16 (FIG. 14E); optionally wherein the one or more (e.g. 3, 4 or 5) genes is selected from: BCL2L14, SH2D1A, SAMD3, STAT4, SLA2, SLAMF1, KLRD1, F2R, CCR5, IL12RB2, IFNG, TYMS, CASC5, IL10, RRM2, P2RX5, GIMAP4, MKI67, GZMK, CD38, CTLA4, MYBL1, IRF4, SH2D1A, BCL2L14, PRF1, IL21 and HS3ST3B1X; for example, selected from: SLAMF1, KLRD1, F2R, CCR5, IL12RB2, IFNG, TYMS, CASC5, IL10, RRM2, P2RX5, GIMAP4 and MKI67; e.g. F2R, CCR5, IL12RB2, IFNG, TYMS and CASC5.

In one embodiment, the genes are as those described in Arrangement 114 hereinabove.

Arrangement 133.

An anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and optionally a second therapeutic agent for use in treating or reducing the risk of an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition characterised by an elevation or increase of at least 1.5-fold in the levels (e.g. expression or amount) of Granzyme A as compared to the levels (e.g. expression or amount) in a sample taken from a healthy donor.

Arrangement 134.

Use of an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and optionally a second therapeutic agent for the treatment or prevention of an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition characterised by an elevation or increase of at least 1.5-fold in the levels (e.g. expression or amount) of Granzyme A as compared to the levels (e.g. expression or amount) in a sample taken from a healthy donor.

Arrangement 135.

Use of an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and optionally a second therapeutic agent in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment or prevention of an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition characterised by an elevation or increase of at least 1.5-fold in the levels (e.g. expression or amount) of Granzyme A as compared to the levels (e.g. expression or amount) in a sample taken from a healthy donor.

Arrangement 136.

A composition comprising an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and optionally a second therapeutic agent for the treatment or prevention of an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition characterised by an elevation or increase of at least 1.5-fold in the levels (e.g. expression or amount) of Granzyme A as compared to the levels (e.g. expression or amount) in a sample taken from a healthy donor.

Arrangement 137.

A method of treating or reducing the risk of a disease or condition in a subject in need thereof, comprising:

-   -   a. Performing an assay to measure the levels (e.g. expression or         amount) of Granzyme A in a sample obtained from the subject; and     -   b. Administering an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or         fragment thereof, and optionally a second therapeutic agent to         the subject when the levels (e.g. expression or amount) of         Granzyme A in the sample is determined in the assay to be at         least 1.5-fold greater than in a sample taken from a healthy         human donor.

Arrangement 138.

An anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and optionally a second therapeutic agent for use in therapy of a subject, wherein the antibody or fragment thereof is to be administered to a subject who has, or has been determined to have an elevation or increase of at least 1.5-fold in the levels (e.g. expression or amount) of Granzyme A as compared to the levels (e.g. expression or amount) in a sample taken from a healthy donor.

Arrangement 139.

Use of an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and optionally a second therapeutic agent for therapy of a subject who has, or has been determined to have an elevation or increase of at least 1.5-fold in the levels (e.g. expression or amount) of Granzyme A as compared to the levels (e.g. expression or amount) in a sample taken from a healthy donor.

Arrangement 140.

Use of an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and optionally a second therapeutic agent in the manufacture of a medicament for use in therapy of a subject, wherein the antibody or fragment thereof is to be administered to a subject who has, or has been determined to have an elevation or increase of at least 1.5-fold in the levels (e.g. expression or amount) of Granzyme A as compared to the levels (e.g. expression or amount) in a sample taken from a healthy donor.

In any of arrangement 138 to 140, the levels (e.g. expression or amount) are determined in a sample, for example, in a sample of blood obtained from said subject.

In any of arrangements 138 to 140, in one embodiment, the therapy is for treatment, for reducing the risk or for the prevention of an OX40L-mediated disease. In another embodiment, the therapy is for the treatment, for reducing the risk or for the prevention of an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition, e.g. which is characterised by a ratio of Treg:Tconv of less than 1.5:100, which may be as described in any of the arrangements hereinbelow. In another embodiment, the therapy is for the treatment, for reducing the risk or for the prevention of a disease or condition (e.g. any of the diseases or conditions mentioned herein). In another embodiment, the therapy is for reducing the risk or preventing a disease or condition (e.g. any of the disease or conditions mentioned herein).

Arrangement 141.

A method of determining a subject as having, or as being at risk of, an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition, which disease or condition is suitable for treatment with an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and optionally a second therapeutic agent, comprising:

-   -   a. performing an assay that detects the levels (e.g. expression         or amount) of Granzyme A in a sample obtained from said subject;         and     -   b. determining the subject as having said disease or condition         if there is an elevation or increase of at least 1.5-fold in the         levels (e.g. expression or amount) of Granzyme A as compared to         the levels (e.g. expression or amount) in a sample taken from a         healthy donor.

Arrangement 142.

A method according to arrangement 141 further comprising the step of:

-   -   c. administering to said subject an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L         antibody or fragment thereof, and optionally a second         therapeutic agent, which antibody or fragment thereof:         -   i. reduces or inhibit Th/Tc1 based activation of T-cells;             and/or         -   ii. normalises cytotoxicity; and/or         -   iii. reduces the levels (e.g. expression or amount) of             Granzyme A;     -   in a sample taken from said subject, if said subject has been         determined as having a disease or condition in step b).

Arrangement 143.

A method for treating an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition with an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and optionally a second therapeutic agent, comprising the steps of:

-   -   a. determining whether the subject is a candidate for treatment         by detecting the levels (e.g. expression or amount) of Granzyme         A in a sample from the subject;     -   b. administering said antibody or fragment thereof to the         subject if the subject has an elevation or increase of at least         1.5-fold in the levels (e.g. expression or amount) of Granzyme A         as compared to the levels (e.g. expression or amount) in a         sample taken from a healthy donor.

Arrangement 144.

A method, comprising:

-   -   a. obtaining at least two samples derived from a subject who has         or is at risk of an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or         condition, wherein said at least two samples comprise a first         sample taken at a first time point, and a second sample taken at         a subsequent time point,     -   b. determining the levels (e.g. expression or amount) of         Granzyme A in said first and second samples;     -   c. treating said subject to:         -   i. reduce or inhibit Th/Tc1 based activation of T-cells;             and/or         -   ii. normalise cytotoxicity; and/or         -   iii. reduce the levels (e.g. expression or amount) of             Granzyme A;     -   by administering an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or         fragment thereof, and optionally a second therapeutic agent, if         the levels (e.g. expression or amount) of Granzyme A in said         second sample are elevated as compared to said first sample, in         order to treat or reduce the risk of said autoimmune or         alloimmune disease or condition.

Autoimmune and alloimmune disease are well-known to those skilled in the art, but may be as further defined in any of the arrangements disclosed herein. In another embodiment, the disease or disorder is additionally an OX40L-mediated disease or disorder. In any arrangement described herein, an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition my further be characterised by a ratio of Treg:Tconv of less than 1.5:100 may be as defined in any of arrangements 92 to 95 herein.

As used herein, a subject may be identified as being “at risk of an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition” when the cellular changes in their T-cell population (for example, reduction in the level (e.g. expression or amount) of Granzyme A or RORC, a reduction in the level, expression or amount of Treg cells in the population, or an increase in T(eff+mem) cells in the population, or a reduction in the ratio of Treg:Tconv) have begun to take place, but the subject has not yet presented symptoms or would not be diagnosed as having such a disease by any conventional method (for example, by reaching the stated level of less than 1.5:100). Thus, the methods and uses disclosed herein may aid in the early identification of patients who will develop such diseases. In one embodiment, the disease is prevented (i.e. the treatment is prophylactic).

In a particular embodiment, the subject is at risk of GvHD or transplant rejection when they are pre-operative for a transplant. Potential transplant therapies are envisaged in arrangement 95 herein.

Arrangement 145.

A method according to arrangement 144, wherein in step c), the levels (e.g. expression or amount) of Granzyme A in said second sample is greater than 1.5-fold of the levels (e.g. expression or amount) of Granzyme A in said first sample, for example is greater than 2-fold or greater than 3-fold of the levels (e.g. expression or amount) of Granzyme A in said first sample.

Arrangement 146.

A method according to any one of arrangements 142 to 145, further comprising the steps of

-   -   d. obtaining a third sample derived from said subject taken at a         time point subsequent to the second sample;     -   e. determining the levels (e.g. expression or amount) of         Granzyme A in said third sample;     -   f. treating said subject to:         -   i. reduce or inhibit Th/Tc1 based activation of T-cells;             and/or         -   ii. normalise cytotoxicity; and/or         -   iii. reduce the levels (e.g. expression or amount) of             Granzyme A;     -   by administering an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or         fragment thereof, and optionally a second therapeutic agent, if         the levels (e.g. expression or amount) of Granzyme A in said         second sample are elevated as compared to said first sample, in         order to treat or reduce the risk of said autoimmune or         alloimmune disease or condition.

Arrangement 147.

A method according to arrangement 146, wherein steps d) to f) are repeated as necessary until the levels (e.g. expression or amount) of Granzyme A reach a therapeutically-effective, or a prophylactically-effective levels, e.g. a substantially constant level in said subject.

In one embodiment, the levels are reached and maintained for a week, or two weeks, or three weeks or four weeks. In one embodiment, the levels are reached and maintained for a month, or two months, or three months or four months. In one embodiment, the levels are reached and maintained for a six months, or nine months or for a year.

In another embodiment, the levels (e.g. expression or amount) of Granzyme A remains at a (substantially) constant level after administration of said antibody or fragment (and optionally the second therapeutic agent). As used in the arrangements herein, a “substantially constant level” may be described as within 30% variance between samples. In one embodiment, a substantially constant level is within 20% variance between samples. In another embodiment, a substantially constant level is within 15% variance between samples, such as within 10% variance between samples, e.g. within 5% variance between samples. In another embodiment, a substantially constant level is one which does not show a statistically significant change in level. In one embodiment, a substantially constant level is one which reaches the 95% confidence level (e.g. greater than 97% or greater than 99%).

Arrangement 148.

A method according to any one of arrangements 142 to 147, wherein in step c), or in step f) the levels (e.g. expression or amount) of Granzyme A in said second sample or third sample is greater than double the levels (e.g. expression or amount) as compared to said first sample or second sample, for example is greater than three times, or is greater than 4 times the levels (e.g. expression or amount) as compared to said first sample or second sample.

Arrangement 149.

A method according to any one of arrangements 141 to 148, wherein said first sample is collected:

-   -   i. before the onset of said disease or condition; or     -   ii. after the onset of said disease or condition; and     -   optionally wherein said second sample is collected no longer         than one month, e.g. no longer than one week after the first         sample.

Arrangement 150.

A method according to any one of arrangements 141 to 149, wherein the autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition is a transplant, and wherein in step c) the treatment is in order to reduce the risk of transplant rejection, optionally wherein the first sample is taken before the transplant, and the second sample is taken after the transplant.

The first sample may be taken pre-operatively, e.g. after the subject has been identified as a candidate for treatment. The second sample is taken after the transplant and may be used by physicians as a method of monitoring the acceptance of the transplant. Thus, it may be that the physician may take more than one sample after the transplant, e.g. a daily blood sample to monitor the subject for changes in Granzyme A in the sample. The samples may be taken every other day, weekly, monthly or longer (including yearly) according to the likelihood of transplant rejection. For example, if the transplant is autologous, then the likelihood of transplant rejection may be reduced as compared to an allogeneic transplant, and therefore the time period between sample collections post-transplant may be longer than with an allogeneic transplant, where the risk of rejection is higher.

Arrangement 151.

A method according to arrangement 150, wherein in step a), the first sample is collected no longer than a week, e.g. no longer than 6 days, no longer than 5 days, no longer than 4 days, or no longer than 3 days, such as no longer than 2 days before said transplant.

Arrangement 152.

A method according to arrangement 150 or arrangement 151, wherein the second sample is collected no longer than 6 days, no longer than 5 days, no longer than 4 days, or no longer than 3 days, such as no longer than 2 days after the first sample or after said transplant.

Arrangement 153.

A method according to any one of arrangements 150 to 152, wherein the subject is given a prophylactic dose of an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and optionally a second therapeutic agent before said transplant, and the first sample is taken before administration of said combination and wherein the second sample is taken after the transplant or after administration of the combination (preferably, where in the second sample is taken after the transplant).

Arrangement 154.

A method according to any one of arrangements 150 to 152, wherein the subject is given a therapeutic dose of an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and optionally a second therapeutic agent after the transplant, and wherein the first sample is taken before said transplant, and the second sample is taken after the transplant.

Arrangement 155.

A method according to any one of arrangements 150 to 152, wherein the subject is given a therapeutic dose of an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and optionally a second therapeutic agent after the transplant, and wherein the first sample is taken before said transplant, and the second sample is taken after the administration of said combination.

Arrangement 156.

A method according to any one of arrangements 140 to 155, wherein the second sample is taken no longer than one month after the first sample, such as no longer than one week, no longer than 6 days, no longer than 5 days, no longer than 4 days, or no longer than 3 days, e.g. no longer than 2 days after the first sample, and optionally wherein the third sample is taken no longer than one month after the second sample, such as no longer than one week, no longer than 6 days, no longer than 5 days, no longer than 4 days, or no longer than 3 days, e.g. no longer than 2 days after the second sample.

Timepoints for taking any of the samples described in these arrangements will depend on a number of factors, such as the likelihood of the subject having or being at risk of a particular disease or condition (e.g. GvHD or transplant rejection), the level determined in the previous sample, the type of transplant, etc. A person skilled in the art will be able to determine appropriate time points as necessary or desired. The timepoints may be monthly, every other month, quarterly, half-yearly or yearly, if desired.

Arrangement 157.

In vitro use of the levels (e.g. expression or amount) of RORC, or the levels (e.g. expression or amount) of Granzyme A, as a diagnostic for an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition in a subject, which disease or condition can be treated or prevented with an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and optionally a second therapeutic agent.

Arrangement 158.

Use of a biomarker of an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition, wherein the biomarker is the levels (e.g. expression or amount) of RORC, or wherein the biomarker is the levels (e.g. expression or amount) of Granzyme A, in vitro as a diagnostic for an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition, which disease or condition can be treated or prevented with an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and optionally a second therapeutic agent.

There is also provided a biomarker of an autoimmune or alloimmune diseases, wherein the biomarker is the levels (e.g. expression or amount) of Granzyme A. The autoimmune or alloimmune diseases may be any of the diseases or disorders as disclosed in the arrangements herein. In another embodiment, the use of the biomarker is ex vivo.

Arrangement 159.

A method, an antibody for the use, or a use according to any one of arrangements 110 to 112, 123, 124 or 130 to 158, wherein the levels (e.g. expression or amount) of Granzyme A are determined (or is determinable) by microarray analysis, e.g. target hybridization of RNA to GeneChip Rhesus Macaque Genome Array (Affymetrix), and for example further comprising processing and normalising the resultant fluorescent signals using the Robust Multichip Averaging (RMA) Method.

Arrangement 160.

A method, an antibody for the use, or a use according to any one of arrangements 110 to 112, 123, 124 or 130 to 158, wherein the levels (e.g. expression or amount) of Granzyme A are determined (or is determinable) by flow cytometry.

Arrangement 161.

A method, an antibody for the use, or a use according to any preceding arrangement, wherein the levels (e.g. expression or amount) of Granzyme A before administration of the antibody or fragment thereof are greater than 2-fold (or greater than 4-fold, or 6-fold, or 8-fold; for example 10-fold, or 15-fold, or 20-fold) the levels (e.g. expression or amount) of Granzyme A in a sample taken from a healthy donor.

Arrangement 162.

A method, an antibody for the use, or a use according to any preceding arrangement, wherein the levels (e.g. expression or amount) of Granzyme A before administration of the antibody or fragment thereof are greater than 30-fold (or greater than 40-fold, 50-fold or 60-fold; for example, greater than 70-fold, 80-fold or 90-fold; e.g. greater than 100-fold, greater than 125-fold or greater than 150-fold) the levels (e.g. expression or amount) of Granzyme A in a sample taken from a healthy donor.

Arrangement 163.

A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition according to any preceding arrangement, wherein the antibody is a depleting antibody that specifically binds OX40 (in particular human OX40), optionally wherein the antibody is engineered for enhanced ADC, ADCC and/or CDC.

The various modifications may be any of those set out in concept 52 hereinabove.

Arrangement 164.

A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition according to any preceding arrangement, wherein the antibody is an antagonistic or blocking antibody.

Methods for determining antagonism or blocking functionality may be as described herein, or as well-known by those skilled in the art. For example, in vitro techniques include SPR and/or ELISA, which are described elsewhere herein.

Arrangement 165.

A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition according to arrangement 164, wherein the antibody specifically binds to OX40L (in particular human OX40L).

The OX40L antibodies may be any antibody or fragment as described herein. In one embodiment, the OX40L antibody is the antagonist anti-human OX40L (gp34) antibody ik-1 described by Matsumura et a/., J Immunol. (1999), 163:3007, which antibody is incorporated herein by reference.

Arrangement 166.

A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition according to arrangement 165, wherein the antibody antagonises specific binding of OX40 to OX40L, e.g. as determined using SPR or ELISA.

SPR and ELISA methods may be as described elsewhere herein.

Arrangement 167.

A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition according to any preceding arrangement, wherein the antibody is a humanized, human or fully human antibody.

Other antibody constructs may be as described herein.

Arrangement 168.

A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition according to any preceding arrangement, wherein the antibody is a fragment of an antibody selected from the list of multispecific antibodies (eg. bi-specific antibodies), intrabodies, single-chain Fv antibodies (scFv), camelized antibodies, Fab fragments, F(ab′) fragments, disulfide-linked Fvs (sdFv), anti-idiotypic (anti-Id) antibodies, and epitope-binding fragments thereof.

Arrangement 169.

A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition according to any preceding arrangement, wherein the antibody or fragment enables greater than 80% stem cell donor chimerism by day 12 in a Rhesus macaque model of haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

Arrangement 170.

A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition according to any preceding arrangement, wherein the antibody or fragment expresses as a stably transfected pool in Lonza GS-Xceed™ at level greater than 1.5 g/L in a fed batch overgrow culture using Lonza version 8 feed system with an overgrow period of 14 days.

Arrangement 171.

A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition according to any preceding arrangement, wherein the antibody or fragment thereof comprises a HCDR3 of from 16 to 27 amino acids and derived from the recombination of a human VH gene segment, a human D gene segment and a human JH gene segment, wherein the human JH gene segment is IGHJ6 (e.g. IGHJ6*02).

Arrangement 172.

A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition according to any preceding arrangement, wherein the antibody or fragment thereof comprises a CDR selected from:

-   -   a. the HCDR3 of antibody 2D10 (Seq ID No:40 or Seq ID No:46);     -   b. the HCDR3 of antibody 10A7 (Seq ID No:8 or SEQ ID No: 14);     -   c. the HCDR3 of antibody 09H04 (Seq ID No:72 or Seq ID No:78);     -   d. the HCDR3 of antibody 19H01 (Seq ID No:100 or Seq ID No:         106);     -   e. a CDR3 of any of the nanobodies having the variable region         amino acid sequence of Seq ID Nos: 177 to 213;     -   f. an HCDR3 of any of the antibodies having the variable region         amino acid sequence of Seq ID Nos: 215, 217, 219, 221, 223, 225,         227, 229 or 230; or     -   g. an HCDR3 of any of the antibodies having the variable region         amino acid sequence of Seq ID Nos: 232 or 234.

Arrangement 173.

A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition according to any preceding arrangement, wherein the antibody or fragment thereof comprises:

-   -   a. the CDRs of antibody 2D10 (Seq ID No:40 or Seq ID No:46 for         CDRH3, SEQ ID No:38 or SEQ ID No:44 for CDRH2, SEQ ID No:36 or         SEQ ID No:42 for CDRH1, SEQ ID No:50 or SEQ ID No:56 for CDRL1,         SEQ ID No:52 or SEQ ID No:58 for CDRL2 and SEQ ID No:54 or SEQ         ID No:60 for CDRL3);     -   b. the CDRs of antibody 10A7 (Seq ID No:8 or SEQ ID No:14 for         CDRH3, SEQ ID No:6 or SEQ ID No:12 for CDRH2, SEQ ID No:4 or SEQ         ID No:10 for CDRH1, SEQ ID No:18 or SEQ ID No:24 for CDRL1, SEQ         ID No:20 or SEQ ID No:26 for CDRL2 and SEQ ID No:22 or SEQ ID         No:28 for CDRL3);     -   c. the CDRs of antibody 09H04 (Seq ID No:72 or Seq ID No:78 for         CDRH3, SEQ ID No:70 or SEQ ID No:76 for CDRH2, SEQ ID No:68 or         SEQ ID No:74 for CDRH1, SEQ ID No:82 or SEQ ID No:88 for CDRL1,         SEQ ID No:84 or SEQ ID No:90 for CDRL2 and SEQ ID No:86 or SEQ         ID No:92 for CDRL3);     -   d. the CDRs of antibody 19H01 (Seq ID No:100 or Seq ID No:106         for CDRH3, SEQ ID No:98 or SEQ ID No:104 for CDRH2, SEQ ID No:96         or SEQ ID No:102 for CDRH1, SEQ ID No:110 or SEQ ID No:116 for         CDRL1, SEQ ID No:112 or SEQ ID No:118 for CDRL2 and SEQ ID         No:114 or SEQ ID No:120 for CDRL3);     -   e. the CDRs of any of the nanobodies having the variable region         amino acid sequence of Seq ID Nos: 177 to 213;     -   f. the heavy chain CDRs of any of the antibodies having the         heavy chain variable region amino acid sequence of Seq ID Nos:         215, 217, 219, 221, 223, 225, 227, 229 or 230, and the light         chain CDRs of any of the antibodies having the light chain         variable region amino acid sequence of Seq ID Nos: 216, 218,         220, 222, 224, 226 or 228; or     -   g. the heavy chain CDRs of any of the antibodies having the         heavy chain variable region amino acid sequence of Seq ID Nos:         232 or 234, and the light chain CDRs of any of the antibodies         having the light chain variable region amino acid sequence of         Seq ID Nos:231 or 233.

Arrangement 174.

A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition according to any preceding arrangement, wherein the antibody or fragment thereof comprises the VH and/or VL domains selected from the following:

-   -   a. the VH and/or VL domains of antibody 2D10 (Seq ID No:34 for         VH and/or Seq ID No:48 for VL);     -   b. the VH and/or VL domains of antibody 10A7 (Seq ID No:2 for VH         and/or Seq ID No: 16 for VL);     -   c. the VH and/or VL domains of antibody 09H04 (Seq ID No:66 for         VH and/or Seq ID No:80 for VL);     -   d. the VH and/or VL domains of antibody 19H01 (Seq ID No:94 for         VH and/or Seq ID No: 108 for VL);     -   e. a VH domain of any of the nanobodies having the variable         region amino acid sequence of Seq ID Nos: 177 to 213;     -   f. a VH domain of any of the antibodies having the heavy chain         variable region amino acid sequence of Seq ID Nos: 215, 217,         219, 221, 223, 225, 227, 229 or 230, and a VL domain of any of         the antibodies having the light chain variable region amino acid         sequence of Seq ID Nos: 216, 218, 220, 222, 224, 226 or 228; or     -   g. a VH domain of any of the antibodies having the heavy chain         variable region amino acid sequence of Seq ID Nos: 232 or 234,         and a VL domain of any of the antibodies having the light chain         variable region amino acid sequence of Seq ID Nos:231 or 233.

Arrangement 175.

A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition according to any preceding arrangement, wherein the antibody is oxelumab.

In another embodiment, the antibody is not oxelumab. In another embodiment, the antibody is not oxelumab and the disease is not asthma.

Arrangement 176.

A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition according to any preceding arrangement, wherein the Granzyme A is measured in a sample of blood, e.g. peripheral blood.

Whereas T-cells (and hence Granzyme A) present in blood are relatively straightforward to isolate and characterise, T-cells which are present in the tissues of a subject are generally more difficult to isolate. That said, it may be possible to isolate T-cells from various tissues (such as skin, tissues of the GI tract, e.g. bowel, and from inflamed joints, e.g. synovium).

Arrangement 177.

A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition according to any preceding arrangement, wherein the subject is a human patient.

Arrangement 178.

A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition according to any preceding arrangement, wherein the autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition is mediated by a deficiency in Treg cells.

Arrangement 179.

A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition according to any preceding arrangement, wherein the autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition is selected from graft versus host disease (GvHD), allogenic transplant rejection, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, multiple sclerosis, atherosclerosis, uveitis, ankylosing spondylitis and contact hypersensitivity.

Arrangement 180.

A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition according to arrangement 179, wherein the autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition is selected from GvHD and allogenic transplant rejection.

Arrangement 181.

A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition according to arrangement 179, wherein the autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition is selected from inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.

Arrangement 182.

A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition according to arrangement 180, wherein the allogenic transplant rejection is rejection of a cell, tissue or organ transplant (e.g. liver, lung, heart, kidney or bowel), or of a blood transplant (e.g. autologous or allogeneic), for example where the blood is bone marrow-derived, is cord-blood derived (umbilical), or is peripheral-blood derived.

In one embodiment, the transplant is an HLA-matched allogeneic bone marrow or stem cell transplant. In another embodiment, the transplant is an HLA mis-matched allogeneic bone marrow or stem cell transplant.

Arrangement 183.

A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition according to any preceding arrangement, wherein the second therapeutic agent is an IL-2 modulating agent, for example an IL-2 inhibiting agent, such as a calcinueirn inhibitor or an mTOR inhibitor (for example the agent is selected from the group consisting of rapamycin (sirolimus), tacrolimus, ciclosporin, corticosteroids (e.g. methylprednisolone), anti-IL2R antibodies (e.g. basilixumab), anti-IL-2 antibodies and anti-CD24-Fc fusion protein).

In another embodiment, the IL-2 modulating agent is recombinant IL-2. In another embodiment, the IL-2 modulating agent is an IL-2 inhibiting agent.

Arrangement 184.

A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition according to any preceding arrangement, wherein the second therapeutic agent is independently selected from the group consisting of methotrexate, mycophenolate mofetil, anti-CD28 antibodies, anti-IL12/IL-23 antibodies (e.g. ustekinumab), anti-CD20 antibodies (e.g.rituximab), anti-CD30 antibodies (e.g. brentuximab), CTLA4-Fc molecules (e.g. abatacept), CCR5 receptor antagonists (e.g. maraviroc), anti-CD40L antibodies, anti-VLA4 antibodies (e.g. natalizumab), anti-LFA1 antibodies, fludarabine, anti-CD52 antibodies (e.g. alemtuzumab), anti-CD45 antibodies, cyclophosphamide, anti-thymocyte globulins, anti-complement C5 antibodies (e.g. eculizumab), anti-a4b7 integrin antibodies (e.g. vedolizumab), anti-IL6 antibodies (e.g. tocilizumab), anti-CD25 antibodies (e.g. daclizumab), anti-TCONVFa/TCONVFa-Fc molecules (e.g. etanercept, adalimumab, infliximab, golimumab or certolizumab pegol) and Vorinostat.

Arrangement 185.

A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition according to any one of arrangements 101 to 197, wherein the second therapeutic agent is independently selected from the group consisting of rapamycin (sirolimus), tacrolimus, ciclosporin, corticosteroids (e.g. methylprednisolone), methotrexate, mycophenolate mofetil, anti-CD28 antibodies, CTLA4-Fc molecules (e.g. abatacept), anti-CD40L antibodies, anti-LFA1 antibodies, anti-CD52 antibodies (e.g. alemtuzumab), cyclophosphamide and anti-thymocyte globulins.

Arrangement 186.

A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition according to any preceding arrangement, wherein the second therapeutic agent is rapamycin.

In another embodiment, the second therapeutic agent is rapamycin or derivatives thereof. Derivatives of rapamycin are well-known to those skilled in the art.

Arrangement 187.

A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition according to any preceding arrangement, wherein the second therapeutic agent is tacrolimus.

The inventors have surprisingly found that following administration of an anti-OX40L antibody CD4⁺ T-cells had a reduced ability to express IL-17A, whilst production of IFNγ, TNFα or IL-2 was unaffected. This unexpected result suggests that anti-OX40L antibodies may have further therapeutic uses in diseases where an IL-17A antagonist may be effective. Thus, there is provided:

Arrangement 201.

A method of reducing the level (e.g. expression or amount) of IL-17A in a subject, comprising combining T-cells from said subject with an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and optionally a second therapeutic agent, which method reduces the level (e.g. expression or amount) of IL-17 (e.g. IL-17A).

The level (e.g. expression or amount) of IL-17A may be determined by methods well-known to those skilled in the art, e.g. by flow cytometic analysis of T-cells in a sample, which may be obtained from a subject (see arrangements 1 to 100 hereinabove for further details, all of which apply mutatis mutandis to these further arrangements hereinbelow).

Thus, as used in the arrangements herein, the phrase “reducing the level (e.g. expression or amount) of IL-17A” or similar phrases may be replaced throughout by the phrase “lowering the level (e.g. expression or amount) of IL-17A” or similar phrases. Further, as used in the arrangements herein, the phrase “reducing the level (e.g. expression or amount) of IL-17A” or similar phrases may be replaced by the phrase “downregulating the level (e.g. expression or amount) of IL-17A” or similar phrases. In any of the arrangements herein, the “level” may be a relative level, or an absolute number.

“Reducing” or “reduces” as used in any of the arrangements herein, refers to a mechanism which reduces the apparent expression levels of IL-17A in a given sample. The sample may be a sample of blood, e.g. peripheral blood which may be processed by, for example, flow cytometry or by microarray analysis to extract IL-17A mRNA transcripts from the T-cells in the sample.

The second therapeutic agent is described in more detail in the arrangements herein, but is preferably an IL-2 modulating agent.

The antibodies and combinations of the present invention may provide benefit by preventing increases in the level (e.g. expression or amount) of IL-17A, which will have occurred if the disease or disorder is already beginning to take effect, or has already taken hold. If used prophylactically, the antibodies and combinations of the present invention may prevent any substantial change in the level (e.g. expression or amount) of IL-17A, because they are able to protect the patient from the detrimental cellular changes. Thus, in another embodiment, the level (e.g. expression or amount) of IL-17A remains at a substantially constant level after administration of the combination. Substantially constant may be as described in arrangement 2 hereinabove.

Arrangement 202.

An anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and optionally a second therapeutic agent for use in treating or reducing the risk of an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition characterised by an elevation or increase of at least 1.5-fold in the levels (e.g. expression or amount) of IL-17 (e.g. IL-17A) as compared to the levels (e.g. expression or amount) in a sample taken from a healthy donor.

Arrangement 203.

Use of an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and optionally a second therapeutic agent for the treatment or prevention of an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition characterised by an elevation or increase of at least 1.5-fold in the levels (e.g. expression or amount) of IL-17 (e.g. IL-17A) as compared to the levels (e.g. expression or amount) in a sample taken from a healthy donor.

Arrangement 204.

Use of an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and optionally a second therapeutic agent in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment or prevention of an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition characterised by an elevation or increase of at least 1.5-fold in the levels (e.g. expression or amount) of IL-17 (e.g. IL-17A) as compared to the levels (e.g. expression or amount) in a sample taken from a healthy donor.

Arrangement 205.

A method according to arrangement 201, wherein the subject has or is at risk of an IL-17A-mediated disease.

Arrangement 206.

A method of treating or preventing an IL-17A-mediated disease in a subject comprising administering to said subject a therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and optionally a second therapeutic agent, which method reduces the level (e.g. expression or amount) of IL-17 (e.g. IL-17A), and whereby the IL-17A-mediated disease is thereby treated or prevented.

Arrangement 207.

An anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and optionally a second therapeutic agent for use in treating or reducing the risk of an IL-17A-mediated disease, whereby the level (e.g. expression or amount) of IL-17 (e.g. IL-17A) is reduced, and whereby the IL-17A-mediated disease is thereby treated or prevented.

Arrangement 208.

Use of an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and optionally a second therapeutic agent for the treatment or prevention of an IL-17A-mediated disease, whereby the level (e.g. expression or amount) of IL-17 (e.g. IL-17A) is reduced, and whereby the IL-17A-mediated disease is thereby treated or prevented.

Arrangement 209.

Use of an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and optionally a second therapeutic agent in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment or prevention of an IL-17A-mediated disease.

Arrangement 210.

A method, use or antibody for the use according to any one of arrangements 205 to 209, wherein the IL-17A-mediated disease is selected from an inflammatory disease or condition, an autoimmune disease or condition, an alloimmune disease or condition and an infectious disease or condition, optionally selected from colorectal cancer (CRC), colon cancer, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, glioma, asthma, COPD, cystic fibrosis, transplant rejection (e.g. lung transplant rejection), multiple sclerosis, arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), reactive arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, atherosclerosis, spondyloarthropathies, juvenile-onset spondyloarthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, Chron's disease, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), psoriasis, ankylosing spondylitis, type 1 diabetes, stroke, depression, Behcet's disease, allograft rejection, nephritic syndrome, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, undifferentiated SpA, vitiligo, cardiovascular diseases, Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection, in particular selected from colorectal cancer (CRC), colon cancer, asthma, COPD, cystic fibrosis, transplant rejection (e.g. lung transplant rejection), multiple sclerosis, arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), psoriatic arthritis, atherosclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease, Chron's disease, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), psoriasis, ankylosing spondylitis, type 1 diabetes and allograft rejection.

In one embodiment, the IL-17A-mediated disease is an inflammatory cancer. One such cancer is colorectal cancer (CRC), which is an inflammation-driven cancer that represents the third most prevalent malignancy and one of the major killers of cancer patients worldwide (Terzid J, et al., Inflammation and colon cancer, Gastroenterology, 138, 2101-2114 (2010)). In humans, CRC development is strongly linked to the interleukin-23 (IL-23)-IL-17 pathway (Grivennikov S I, et al., Adenoma-linked barrier defects and microbial products drive IL-23/IL-17-mediated tumour growth, Nature, 491, 254-258 (2012); Langowski J L, et al., IL-23 promotes tumour incidence and growth, Nature, 442, 461-465 (2006); Wang K, et al., Interleukin-17 receptor a signaling in transformed enterocytes promotes early colorectal tumorigenesis, Immunity, 41, 1052-1063 (2014)). IL-17 expression is associated with poor prognosis. Furthermore, microsatellite stable (MSS) CRC patients are poor responders to anti PD-1/PD-L1 therapies, except MSI-CRC patients (5% to 6% of the stage IV CRC) who respond well to checkpoint inhibitors. IL-17 promotes angiogenesis via stimulating VEGF production of cancer cells in CRC and IL-17RA signals directly within transformed colonic epithelial cells (enterocytes) to promote early tumour development (Wang et al., supra). IL-17RA signals are required for growth and progression of aberrant crypt foci, and IL-17RA activates ERK, p38 MAPK, and NF-κB in transformed enterocytes. Wu S, et a/., A human colonic commensal promotes colon tumorigenesis via activation of T helper type 17 T cell responses, Nat. Med., 15, 1016-1022 (2009) showed that neutralization of IL-17A with a specific antibody prevented ETBF-induced acceleration of colonic tumorigenesis.

Other cancers have been shown to have an IL-17 component, for example breast cancer (Zhu X, et al., IL-17 expression by breast-cancer-associated macrophages: IL-17 promotes invasiveness of breast cancer cell lines, Breast Cancer Res, (2008), 10:R95), pancreatic cancer (Cully M., Cancer: Targeting IL-17 in pancreatic cancer, Nat. Rev. Drug Discov., (2014), 13:493) and glioma (Zambrano-Zaragoza J F, et al., Th17 cells in autoimmune and infectious diseases, Int. J. Inflam., (2014), 651503).

In another embodiment, the IL-17A-mediated disease is an autoimmune disease or condition, for example selected from rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel diseases, Chron's disease, SLE, Behcet's disease, allograft rejection and nephritic syndrome. See for example, Yamada H., Current perspectives on the role of IL-17 in autoimmune disease, J. Inflamm. Res., (2010), 3:33-44; Yang J, et al, Targeting Th17 cells in autoimmune diseases, Trends Pharmacol. Sci., (2014), 35:493-500; Chiricozzi A., Pathogenic role of IL-17 in psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis, Actas Dermosifiliogr., (2014), 1:9-20; and Komiyama Y et al., IL-17 plays an important role in the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, J. Immunol., (2006), 177:566-73.

In another embodiment, the IL-17A-mediated disease is an inflammatory disease or disorder, for example asthma, RA, MS, IBD, Chron's disease, COPD and cystic fibrosis (see Jin W & Dong C., IL-17 cytokines in immunity and inflammation, Emerg. Microbes Infect., (2013), 2(9):e60; Waisman A, et al., The role of IL-17 in CNS diseases, Acta Neuropathol., (2015), 129:625-637; Zambrano-Zaragoza J F, et al., supra, and Bullens D M, et al, IL-17A in human respiratory diseases: innate or adaptive immunity? Clinical implications, Clin. Dev. Immunol., (2013), 840315.

Arrangement 211.

A method, use or antibody for the use according to any one of arrangements 205 to 209, wherein the IL-17A-mediated disease is a cancer in which IL-17A is overexpressed, for example a cancer selected from stomach adenocarcinoma, head & neck squamous cell carcinoma, oesophageal carcinoma, lung adenocarcinoma, cervical squamous cell carcinoma and endocervical adenocarcinoma, uterine corpus endometrial carcinoma, lung squamous cell carcinoma, glioblastoma multiforme, prostrate adenocarcinoma, bladder urothelial carcinoma, sarcoma, pancreatic adenocarcinoma, uterine carcinosarcoma, brain lower grade glioma, rectum adenocarcinoma, pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma, kidney renal papillary cell carcinoma, breast invasive carcinoma, thyroid carcinoma, mesothelioma, skin cutaneous melanoma, kidney renal clear cell carcinoma, adrenocortical carcinoma, liver hepatocellular carcinoma, ovarian serous cystadenocarcinoma and kidney chromophobe.

These cancers have been shown to have an IL-17A component to varying degrees, but all may be amenable to treatment with an anti-OX40 or anti-OX40L antibody of the present disclosure.

In any of arrangements 201 to 211, the anti-OX40 antibody may be as described in any of the aspects, concepts or arrangements described herein. In a particular embodiment, the antibody or fragment thereof is in a format or structure of any of the antibodies and fragments described elsewhere herein. The antibody or fragment may be any of the constructs as described herein (for example, as in any one of concepts 52 to 64 herein, or any arrangement hereinbelow, and any concept, embodiment, aspect, arrangement or feature describing anti-OX40L antibodies or anti-OX40 antibodies herein applies mutatis mutandis to arrangements 201 to 208). In a particular embodiment, the antibody is an anti-human OX40 antibody or fragment thereof. In another particular embodiment, the agent is an anti-human OX40L antibody, such as an antibody comprising the amino acid sequence of 02D10 described herein or an antibody comprising the amino acid sequence of oxelumab. In another embodiment, the combination comprises an anti-OX40L antibody which is not oxelumab (having a VH region amino acid sequence of Seq ID No:215 and a VL region amino acid sequence of Seq ID No:214). In another embodiment, the antibody is not oxelumab. In another embodiment, the antibody is not oxelumab and the disease is not asthma.

The second therapeutic agent is any of those described elsewhere herein, in particular in arrangements 183 to 187 hereinabove.

Further provided herein are the following arrangements:

Arrangement 301.

A method of preventing a reduction in the proportion (e.g. number or level) of naïve T-cells (T_(N)), and/or preventing an increase in the proportion (e.g. number or level) of central memory T-cells (T_(CM)) comprising combining said cells with an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof and optionally a second therapeutic agent, which antibody (or combination) prevents reduction of the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T_(N) cells, and whereby the proportion of said TN cells is not substantially reduced and/or which antibody (or combination) prevents an increase in the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T_(CM) cells, and whereby the proportion of said T_(N) cells is not substantially increased.

Without being bound by theory, it is thought that preventing reduction of the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T_(N) cells and/or preventing an increase of the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T_(CM) cells will have a number of benefits in various diseases, as set out herein, and the inventors have surprisingly shown that this may be achieved using an anti-OX40L antibody by itself or in combination with a second agent which is sirolimus, see Example 10 hereinbelow. Naïve T-cells (T_(N)) as defined in the arrangements herein are characterised as CD3⁺CD14⁻CD20⁻CD28⁺CD95⁻. Further markers may be present or absent, but T_(N) cells must at a minimum be CD3 CD14⁻CD20⁻CD28⁺CD95⁻. In one embodiment, T_(N) cells may additionally be CD8⁺ or CD4⁺, in particular CD4⁺. It is thought that TN are beneficial because these represent the entire pool of T-cells from which adaptive T-cell immune responses can develop to protect an individual when exposed to potentially harmful pathogens and malignant cells. In one embodiment, the T_(N) cells are CD4⁺. In another embodiment, the T_(N) cells are CD8⁺.

Central memory T-cells (T_(CM)) as defined in the arrangements herein are characterised as CD3⁺CD14⁻CD20⁻CD28⁺CD95⁺. Further markers may be present or absent, but T_(CM) cells must at a minimum be CD3⁺CD14⁻CD20⁻CD28⁺CD95⁺. In one embodiment, T_(CM) cells may additionally be CD8⁺ or CD4⁺, in particular CD4⁺. In one embodiment, the T_(CM) cells are CD4⁺. In another embodiment, the T_(CM) cells are CD8⁺.

The proportion (e.g. number or level) of T_(N) cells and/or T_(CM) cells may be determined relative to the entire T-cell population in the sample. In one embodiment, the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T_(N) cells and/or T_(CM) cells is determined relative to other T-cells in the sample. The proportion (e.g. number or level) of T_(CM) cells may be altered by allowing the expansion or increase in the absolute number of T_(CM) cells, or by changing the number of other T-cell subtypes such that the relative proportion (e.g. number or level) of T_(CM) cells appears to be maintained or increased. The proportion (e.g. number or level) of T_(N) cells may be altered by allowing the depletion or decrease in the absolute number of T_(N) cells, or by changing the number of other T-cell subtypes such that the relative proportion (e.g. number or level) of T_(N) cells appears to be maintained or decreased.

Thus, as used in the arrangements herein, the phrase “preventing the reduction of the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T_(N) cells and” or similar phrases may be replaced throughout by the phrase “slowing the reduction in proportion (e.g. number or level) of T_(N) cells” or similar phrases. Further, as used in the arrangements herein, the phrase “preventing the reduction of the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T_(N) cells” or similar phrases may be replaced with the phrase “maintaining the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T_(N) cells” or similar phrases. Further, as used in the arrangements herein, the phrase “preventing the reduction of the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T_(N) cells” or similar phrases may be replaced with the phrase “preventing depletion of the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T_(N) cells” or similar phrases. Further, as used in the arrangements herein, the phrase “preventing the reduction of the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T_(N) cells” or similar phrases may be replaced with the phrase “increasing the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T_(N) cells” or similar phrases. To illustrate this point, which may be applied in any of the arrangements herein, there is described arrangements 301a) to 301d).

Thus, as used in the arrangements herein, the phrase “preventing the increase of the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T_(CM) cells and” or similar phrases may be replaced throughout by the phrase “slowing the increase in proportion (e.g. number or level) of T_(CM) cells” or similar phrases. Further, as used in the arrangements herein, the phrase “preventing the increase of the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T_(CM) cells” or similar phrases may be replaced with the phrase “maintaining the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T_(CM) cells” or similar phrases. Further, as used in the arrangements herein, the phrase “preventing the increase of the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T_(CM) cells” or similar phrases may be replaced with the phrase “preventing expansion of the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T_(CM) cells” or similar phrases. Further, as used in the arrangements herein, the phrase “preventing the increase of the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T_(CM) cells” or similar phrases may be replaced with the phrase “decreasing the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T_(CM) cells” or similar phrases. To illustrate this point, which may be applied in any of the arrangements herein, there is described arrangements 301e) to 301h).

In any of the arrangements herein, the “proportion” may be the relative proportion (e.g. number or level) of T_(N) cells and/or T_(CM) cells, or the absolute number of level of T_(N) cells and/or T_(CM) cells.

Thus, according to arrangement 301a), there is provided a method of slowing the reduction in the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T_(N) cells comprising combining said cells with an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof and optionally a second therapeutic agent, which antibody (or combination) slows reduction of the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T_(N) cells and, and whereby reduction of the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T_(N) cells is slowed.

Thus, according to arrangement 301b), there is provided a method of maintaining the proportion of (e.g. maintaining the number or level of) T_(N) cells comprising combining said cells with an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof and optionally a second therapeutic agent, which antibody (or combination) maintains the proportion of (e.g. maintains the number or level of) TN cells, and whereby the proportion of said T_(N) cells is maintained (e.g. whereby the number or level of said T_(N) cells is maintained).

Thus, according to arrangement 301c), there is provided a method of preventing depletion of the proportion of (e.g. the number or level of) T_(N) cells comprising combining said cells with an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof and optionally a second therapeutic agent, which antibody (or combination) prevents depletion of the proportion of (e.g. the number or level of) TN cells, and whereby the proportion (e.g. the number or level) of said T_(N) cells is not substantially depleted.

Thus, according to arrangement 301d), there is provided a method of increasing the proportion of (e.g. increasing the number or level of) T_(N) cells comprising combining said cells with an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof and optionally a second therapeutic agent, which antibody (or combination) increases the proportion of (e.g. increases the number or level of) TN cells, and whereby the proportion of said T_(N) cells is increased (e.g. whereby the number or level of said T_(N) cells is increased).

Thus, according to arrangement 301e), there is provided a method of slowing the increase in the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T_(CM) cells comprising combining said cells with an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof and optionally a second therapeutic agent, which antibody (or combination) slows the increase in the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T_(CM) cells and, and whereby the increase in the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T_(CM) cells is slowed.

Thus, according to arrangement 301f), there is provided a method of maintaining the proportion of (e.g. maintaining the number or level of) T_(CM) cells comprising combining said cells with an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof and optionally a second therapeutic agent, which antibody (or combination) maintains the proportion of (e.g. maintains the number or level of) TM cells, and whereby the proportion of said T_(CM) cells is maintained (e.g. whereby the number or level of said T_(CM) cells is maintained).

Thus, according to arrangement 301g), there is provided a method of preventing expansion of the proportion of (e.g. the number or level of) T_(CM) cells comprising combining said cells with an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof and optionally a second therapeutic agent, which antibody (or combination) prevents expansion of the proportion of (e.g. the number or level of) T_(CM) cells, and whereby the proportion (e.g. the number or level) of said T_(CM) cells is not substantially expanded.

Thus, according to arrangement 301d), there is provided a method of decreasing the proportion of (e.g. decreasing the number or level of) T_(CM) cells comprising combining said cells with an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof and optionally a second therapeutic agent, which antibody (or combination) decreases the proportion of (e.g. decreases the number or level of) T_(CM) cells, and whereby the proportion of said T_(CM) cells is decreased (e.g. whereby the number or level of said T_(CM) cells is decreased).

“Decreasing” or “decreases” as used in any of the arrangements herein, refers to a mechanism which reduces the absolute number or levels of cells in a given population. This may be achieved indirectly, for example through a blocking or neutralising agent (such as an antibody) against a target which indirectly results in the killing of a target cell (such as a TN and/or T_(CM)), or prevents the expansion or growth of the target cells, resulting in an apparent decrease in proportions relative to another type of cell (such as Teff or Tmem cells).

“Increasing” or “increases” as used in any of the arrangements herein, refers to a mechanism which increases the absolute number or levels of cells in a given population. This may be achieved indirectly, for example through a blocking or neutralising agent (such as an antibody) against a target which indirectly results in the killing of a target cell other than TN and/or T_(CM), or prevents the expansion or growth of the target cells other than TN and/or T_(CM), resulting in an apparent increase in proportions of T_(N) and/or T_(CM) relative to the other cells.

As used in any of the arrangements herein, a “level” of a T-cell population may refer to the absolute number, or to the relative proportion of a type of T-cell. Particular numbers of T_(N) cells and T_(CM) cells are described elsewhere herein, for example in arrangements 302 and 303 below. Any of these levels or numbers may be applied to any arrangement which discusses T_(N) cells or T_(CM) cells.

In a particular embodiment, the combination of any arrangement comprises an antibody or fragment thereof which in is a format or structure of any of the antibodies and fragments described elsewhere herein, e.g. in any concept, embodiment, arrangement, aspect or feature. The antibody or fragment may be any of the constructs as described herein (for example, as in any one of concepts 52 to 64 herein, or any arrangement hereinbelow). In a particular embodiment, the antibody is an anti-human OX40 antibody or fragment thereof. In another particular embodiment, the agent is an anti-human OX40L antibody, such as an antibody comprising the amino acid sequence of 02D10 described herein or an antibody comprising the amino acid sequence of oxelumab. In another embodiment, the combination comprises an anti-OX40L antibody which is not oxelumab (having a VH region amino acid sequence of Seq ID No:215 and a VL region amino acid sequence of Seq ID No:214).

In one embodiment, the antibody is an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof. In another embodiment, the antibody is an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof in combination with a second therapeutic agent. In another embodiment, the second therapeutic agent contained within the combination is described in more detail in the arrangements hereinbelow, but is preferably an IL-2 modulating agent.

Arrangement 302.

The method according to arrangement 301, wherein the method prevents reduction in the proportion (e.g. the number or level) of T_(N) cells and wherein the proportion of T_(N) cells is at least 10 T_(N) cells/L⁻⁶, for example at least 20 T_(N) cells/L⁻⁶, or at least 30 T_(N) cells/L⁻⁶, or at least 40 TN cells/L⁻⁶, or at least 50 T_(N) cells/L⁻⁶ after combining said cells with said antibody (or combination).

In one embodiment, the proportion is at least 60 T_(N) cells/L⁻⁶, or at least 70 T_(N) cells/L⁻⁶, or at least 80 T_(N) cells/L⁻⁶, or at least 90 T_(N) cells/L⁻⁶ after combining said cells with said antibody (or combination). In another embodiment, the proportion is at least 100 T_(N) cells/L⁻⁶, or at 110 T_(N) cells/L⁻⁶, or at 120 T_(N) cells/L⁻⁶ after combining said cells with said antibody (or combination). In another embodiment, the proportion is at least 130 T_(N) cells/L⁻⁶, or at least 140 T_(N) cells/L⁻⁶, or at least 150 TN cells/L⁻⁶ after combining said cells with said antibody (or combination). In another embodiment, the proportion is at least 160 T_(N) cells/L⁻⁶, or at least 170 T_(N) cells/L⁻⁶, or at least 180 T_(N) cells/L⁻⁶, or at least 190 T_(N) cells/L⁻⁶ or at least 200 T_(N) cells/L⁶ after combining said cells with said antibody (or combination). In another embodiment, the proportion is at least 250 T_(N) cells/L⁻⁶, or at least 300 TN cells/L⁻⁶, or at least 350 T_(N) cells/L⁻⁶, or at least 400 T_(N) cells/L⁻⁶ after combining said cells with said antibody (or combination). In another embodiment, the proportion is no more than 800 T_(N) cells/L⁻⁶, or no more than 700 T_(N) cells/L⁻⁶, or no more than 600 T_(N) cells/L⁻⁶, or no more than 500 T_(N) cells/L⁻⁶ after combining said cells with said antibody (or combination).

In one embodiment, the proportion is above 400 T_(N) cells/L⁻⁶, or is above 500 T_(N) cells/L⁻⁶, or is above 600 T_(N) cells/L⁻⁶ before combining said cells with said antibody (or combination). In another embodiment, the proportion is above 700 T_(N) cells/L⁻⁶, or above 800 T_(N) cells/L⁻⁶, or is above 900 TN cells/L⁻⁶, before combining said cells with said antibody (or combination). In another embodiment, the proportion is about 1000 T_(N) cells/L⁻⁶, or is at a maximum of 1500 (e.g. 1000) TN cells/L⁻⁶ before combining said cells with said antibody (or combination).

In another embodiment, the proportion is in a range of from 10 to 100 T_(N) cells/L⁻⁶, or at from 10 to 75 T_(N) cells/L⁻⁶, or from 10 to 50 T_(N) cells/L⁻⁶, or from 10 to 30 T_(N) cells/L⁻⁶ after combining said cells with said antibody (or combination). In another embodiment, the proportion is in a range of from 50 to 200 T_(N) cells/L⁻⁶, or at from 50 to 150 T_(N) cells/L⁻⁶, or from 50 to 100 T_(N) cells/L⁻⁶ after combining said cells with said antibody (or combination). The upper limit may be any of the proportions provided before contact with the antibody (or combination), and the lower limit may be any of the proportions provided for after contact with the antibody (or combination).

In another embodiment, the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T_(N) cells remains at a (substantially) constant proportion after administration of said combination. As used in the arrangements herein, a “substantially constant level” may be described as within 30% variance between samples. In one embodiment, a substantially constant level is within 20% variance between samples. In another embodiment, a substantially constant level is within 15% variance between samples, such as within 10% variance between samples, e.g. within 5% variance between samples. In another embodiment, a substantially constant level is one which does not show a statistically significant change in level. In one embodiment, a substantially constant level is one which reaches the 95% confidence level (e.g. greater than 97% or greater than 99%).

In another embodiment, the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T_(N) cells does not change substantially as compared to the first measurement taken.

These proportions (e.g. numbers or levels) of T_(N) cells may apply to any arrangement herein which relates to the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T_(N) cells after administration of the anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof and optionally a second therapeutic agent.

These proportions (e.g. number of levels) of T_(N) cells may apply to any arrangement herein which relates to the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T_(N) cells before administration of the anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof and optionally a second therapeutic agent.

Arrangement 303.

The method according to arrangement 301, wherein the method prevents reduction in the proportion (e.g. the number or level) of T_(N) cells and wherein the proportion of T_(N) cells is above 5% of the total population of T-cells after combining said T_(N) cells with said antibody (or combination).

In one embodiment, the proportion of T_(N) cells is above 10, or above 15%, or above 20% of the total population of T-cells after combining said T_(N) cells with said antibody (or combination). In another embodiment, the proportion of T_(N) cells is above 25%, or above 30%, or above 35% of the total population of T-cells after combining said T_(N) cells with said antibody (or combination). In another embodiment, the proportion of T_(N) cells is above 40%, or above 45%, or above 50% of the total population of T-cells after combining said T_(N) cells with said antibody (or combination).

In one embodiment, the proportion of T_(N) cells is above 40%, or above 45%, or above 50% of the total population of T-cells before combining said T_(N) cells with said antibody (or combination). In one embodiment, the proportion of T_(N) cells is above 55%, or above 60%, or is about 65% of the total population of T-cells before combining said T_(N) cells with said antibody (or combination).

In another embodiment, the proportion is in a range of from 10 to 50%, or from 10 to 40%, or from 20 to 30% after combining said cells with said antibody (or combination). The upper limit may be any of the proportions provided before contact with the antibody (or combination), and the lower limit may be any of the proportions provided for after contact with the antibody (or combination).

In another embodiment, the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T_(N) cells remains at a (substantially) constant proportion after administration of said combination. As used in the arrangements herein, a “substantially constant level” may be described as within 30% variance between samples. In one embodiment, a substantially constant level is within 20% variance between samples. In another embodiment, a substantially constant level is within 15% variance between samples, such as within 10% variance between samples, e.g. within 5% variance between samples. In another embodiment, a substantially constant level is one which does not show a statistically significant change in level. In one embodiment, a substantially constant level is one which reaches the 95% confidence level (e.g. greater than 97% or greater than 99%).

In another embodiment, the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T_(N) cells does not change substantially as compared to the first measurement taken.

These proportions of T_(N) cells may apply to any arrangement herein which relates to the proportion of T_(N) cells after administration of the anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof and optionally a second therapeutic agent.

These proportions of T_(N) cells may apply to any arrangement herein which relates to the proportion of T_(N) cells before administration of the anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof and optionally a second therapeutic agent.

Arrangement 304.

The method according to arrangement 301, wherein the method prevents an increase in the proportion (e.g. the number or level) of T_(CM) cells and wherein the proportion of T_(CM) cells is at least 10 T_(CM) cells/L⁶, for example at least 20 T_(CM) cells/L⁻⁶, or at least 30 T_(CM) cells/L⁶, or at least 40 T_(CM) cells/L⁶, or at least 50 T_(CM) cells/L⁶ after combining said cells with said antibody (or combination).

In one embodiment, the proportion is at least 60 T_(CM) cells/L⁻⁶, or at least 70 T_(CM) cells/L⁻⁶, or at least 80 T_(CM) cells/L⁻⁶, or at least 90 T_(CM) cells/L⁻⁶ after combining said cells with said antibody (or combination). In another embodiment, the proportion is at least 100 T_(CM) cells/L⁻⁶, or at least 110 T_(CM) cells/L⁻⁶, or at least 120 T_(CM) cells/L⁻⁶ after combining said cells with said antibody (or combination). In another embodiment, the proportion is at least 130 T_(CM) cells/L⁻⁶, or at least 140 T_(CM) cells/L⁶, or at least 150 TM cells/L⁻⁶ after combining said cells with said antibody (or combination). In another embodiment, the proportion is at least 160 T_(CM) cells/L⁻⁶, or at least 170 T_(CM) cells/L⁻⁶, or at least 180 T_(CM) cells/L⁻⁶, or at least 190 T_(CM) cells/L⁻⁶ or at least 200 T_(CM) cells/L⁻⁶ after combining said cells with said antibody (or combination).

In one embodiment, the proportion is above 75 T_(CM) cells/L⁻⁶, or is above 100 T_(CM) cells/L⁻⁶, or is above 125 T_(CM) cells/L⁶ before combining said cells with said antibody (or combination). In another embodiment, the proportion is above 250 T_(CM) cells/L⁻⁶, or above 300 T_(CM) cells/L⁻⁶, or is above 350 T_(CM) cells/L⁻⁶, before combining said cells with said antibody (or combination). In another embodiment, the proportion is above 400 T_(CM) cells/L⁻⁶, or above 4500 T_(CM) cells/L⁻⁶, or is about 500 T_(CM) cells/L⁻⁶, before combining said cells with said antibody (or combination). In another embodiment, the proportion is at a maximum of 600 (e.g. 700) T_(CM) cells/L⁻⁶ before combining said cells with said antibody (or combination).

In another embodiment, the proportion is in a range of from 10 to 250 T_(CM) cells/L⁻⁶, or at from 10 to 75 T_(CM) cells/L⁻⁶, or from 10 to 50 T_(CM) cells/L⁻⁶ after combining said cells with said antibody (or combination). In another embodiment, the proportion is in a range of from 50 to 200 T_(CM) cells/L⁻⁶, or at from 50 to 150 T_(CM) cells/L⁻⁶, or from 50 to 100 T_(CM) cells/L⁻⁶ after combining said cells with said antibody (or combination). The upper limit may be any of the proportions provided before contact with the antibody (or combination), and the lower limit may be any of the proportions provided for after contact with the antibody (or combination).

In another embodiment, the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T_(CM) cells remains at a (substantially) constant proportion after administration of said combination. As used in the arrangements herein, a “substantially constant level” may be described as within 30% variance between samples. In one embodiment, a substantially constant level is within 20% variance between samples. In another embodiment, a substantially constant level is within 15% variance between samples, such as within 10% variance between samples, e.g. within 5% variance between samples. In another embodiment, a substantially constant level is one which does not show a statistically significant change in level. In one embodiment, a substantially constant level is one which reaches the 95% confidence level (e.g. greater than 97% or greater than 99%).

In another embodiment, the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T_(CM) cells does not change substantially as compared to the first measurement taken.

These proportions (e.g. numbers or levels) of T_(CM) cells may apply to any arrangement herein which relates to the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T_(CM) cells after administration of the anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof and optionally a second therapeutic agent.

These proportions (e.g. number of levels) of T_(CM) cells may apply to any arrangement herein which relates to the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T_(CM) cells before administration of the anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof and optionally a second therapeutic agent.

Arrangement 305.

The method according to arrangement 301, wherein the method prevents an increase in the proportion (e.g. the number or level) of T_(CM) cells and wherein the proportion of T_(CM) cells is above 15% of the total population of T-cells after combining said T_(CM) cells with said antibody (or combination).

In one embodiment, the proportion of T_(CM) cells is above 20%, or above 25%, or above 30%, or above 35% of the total population of T-cells after combining said T_(CM) cells with said antibody (or combination). In another embodiment, the proportion of T_(CM) cells is above 40%, or above 45%, or above 50% of the total population of T-cells after combining said T_(CM) cells with said antibody (or combination). In another embodiment, the proportion of T_(CM) cells is above 55%, or above 60%, or above 65%, or above 70% of the total population of T-cells after combining said T_(N) cells with said antibody (or combination).

In one embodiment, the proportion of T_(N) cells is above 30%, or above 35%, or above 40% of the total population of T-cells before combining said T_(CM) cells with said antibody (or combination). In one embodiment, the proportion of T_(CM) cells is above 45%, or above 50%, or is about 55% of the total population of T-cells before combining said T_(CM) cells with said antibody (or combination).

In another embodiment, the proportion is in a range of from 20 to 70%, or from 20 to 50%, or from 20 to 40% after combining said cells with said antibody (or combination). In another embodiment, the proportion is in a range of from 50 to 70% after combining said cells with said antibody (or combination). The upper limit may be any of the proportions provided before contact with the antibody (or combination), and the lower limit may be any of the proportions provided for after contact with the antibody (or combination).

In another embodiment, the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T_(CM) cells remains at a (substantially) constant proportion after administration of said combination. As used in the arrangements herein, a “substantially constant level” may be described as within 30% variance between samples. In one embodiment, a substantially constant level is within 20% variance between samples. In another embodiment, a substantially constant level is within 15% variance between samples, such as within 10% variance between samples, e.g. within 5% variance between samples. In another embodiment, a substantially constant level is one which does not show a statistically significant change in level. In one embodiment, a substantially constant level is one which reaches the 95% confidence level (e.g. greater than 97% or greater than 99%).

These proportions of T_(CM) cells may apply to any arrangement herein which relates to the proportion of T_(CM) cells after administration of the anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof and optionally a second therapeutic agent.

These proportions of T_(CM) cells may apply to any arrangement herein which relates to the proportion of T_(CM) cells before administration of the anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof and optionally a second therapeutic agent.

Arrangement 306.

A method of altering the ratio of cell types in a T-cell population in a sample, the method comprising:

(a) providing said population, wherein the population comprises a mixture of different T-cell types, wherein the population comprises T_(N) cells and/or T_(CM),

(b) providing an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and optionally a second therapeutic agent; and

(c) combining said cell population with an amount of said antibody (or combination) effective to alter the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T_(N) cells and/or T_(CM) cells in said population.

The proportion may be altered by mechanisms such as preventing reduction in the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T_(N) cells in said population. Alternatively, the ratio may be altered by slowing the reduction in proportion (e.g. number or level) of T_(N) cells in said population. Alternatively, the ratio may be altered by increasing the proportion (e.g. the number or level) of T_(N) cells in said population. Alternatively, the ratio may be altered by preventing depletion of T_(N) cells in said population.

The proportion may be altered by mechanisms such as preventing an increase in the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T_(CM) cells in said population. Alternatively, the ratio may be altered by slowing the increase in proportion (e.g. number or level) of T_(CM) cells in said population. Alternatively, the ratio may be altered by decreasing the proportion (e.g. the number or level) of T_(CM) cells in said population. Alternatively, the ratio may be altered by preventing expansion of T_(CM) cells in said population.

In one embodiment, the method further comprises a step (d) of obtaining or isolating a sample of T-cells in which the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T_(N) cells and/or T_(CM) cells is altered. Such an obtained or isolated sample may be formulated into a product for cell transplant. The resulting product may be used in a method of treating any of the diseases associated with the arrangements herein (e.g. an OX40L-mediated disease, or an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition, e.g. an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition characterised by a ratio of Treg:Tconv of less than 1.5:100).

Arrangement 307.

A method of treating or reducing the risk of an OX40L-mediated disease or condition (e.g. an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition) in a subject, the method comprising combining a population of T-cells with an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and optionally a second therapeutic agent, wherein the antibody (or combination) prevents reduction in the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T_(N) cells, and whereby the proportion of said T_(N) cells is not reduced and/or wherein the antibody (or combination) prevents an increase in the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T_(CM) cells, and whereby the proportion of said T_(CM) cells is not increased.

In one embodiment, the antibody (or combination) slows the reduction in proportion (e.g. number or level) of T_(N) cells in said population, and results in a slowing in reduction of the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T_(N) cells. In one embodiment, the antibody (or combination) maintains the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T_(N) cells, and results in maintenance of the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T_(N) cells. In one embodiment, the antibody (or combination) prevents depletion of the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T_(N) cells, and results in the proportion (e.g. number or level) of TN cells not being depleted (or substantially depleted). In one embodiment, the antibody (or combination) increases the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T_(N) cells, and results in an increase in the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T_(N) cells.

In one embodiment, the antibody (or combination) slows the increase in proportion (e.g. number or level) of T_(CM) cells in said population, and results in a slowing in the increase of the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T_(CM) cells. In one embodiment, the antibody (or combination) maintains the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T_(CM) cells, and results in maintenance of the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T_(CM) cells. In one embodiment, the antibody (or combination) prevents expansion of the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T_(CM) cells, and results in the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T_(N) cells not being expanded (or substantially expanded). In one embodiment, the antibody (or combination) decreases the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T_(CM) cells, and results in a decrease in the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T_(CM) cells.

Arrangement 308.

A method according to arrangement 307, wherein the combining of cells and the antibody (or combination) is by administering said antibody (or combination) in a therapeutically effective amount or prophylactically effective amount to said subject, and whereby said disease or condition is treated, or the risk of said disease or condition is reduced in said subject.

In one embodiment, the administration is of a combination of an anti-OX40 or anti-OX40L antibody and a second therapeutic agent. In one embodiment, the combination comprises a therapeutically effective amount of the anti OX40 or anti-OX40L antibody and a therapeutically effective amount of the second therapeutic agent. In one embodiment, the combination comprises a therapeutically effective amount of the anti OX40 or anti-OX40L antibody and a prophylactically effective amount of the second therapeutic agent. In one embodiment, the combination comprises a prophylactically effective amount of the anti OX40 or anti-OX40L antibody and a therapeutically effective amount of the second therapeutic agent. In one embodiment, the combination comprises a prophylactically effective amount of the anti OX40 or anti-OX40L antibody and a prophylactically effective amount of the second therapeutic agent.

In another embodiment, the combination may be therapeutically or prophylactically effective, despite containing doses or amounts of either (i) the anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof and (ii) the second therapeutic agent which, by themselves, would not necessarily be therapeutically or prophylactically effective. Hence, the risk of side effects may be reduced, as smaller amounts of therapeutic entities are being given to patients in need thereof.

Arrangement 309.

A method of treating or reducing the risk of a disease or condition (e.g. an OX40L-mediated disease or condition, or an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition, or an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition characterised by a ratio of Treg:Tconv of less than 1.5:100) in a subject comprising administering to said subject a therapeutically effective amount or a prophylactically effective amount of an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and optionally a second therapeutic agent thereof;

-   wherein the antibody (or combination) prevents reduction in the     proportion (e.g. number or level) of T_(N) cells, and whereby said     proportion (e.g. number or level) of T_(N) cells is not reduced,     and/or wherein the antibody (or combination) prevents an increase in     the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T_(CM) cells, and whereby     the proportion of said T_(CM) cells is not increased; and -   wherein the disease or condition is thereby treated, or the risk of     said disease or condition is reduced.

In one embodiment, the combination slows the reduction in proportion (e.g. number or level) of T_(N) cells in said population, and results in a slowing in reduction of the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T_(N) cells. In one embodiment, the combination maintains the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T_(N) cells, and results in maintenance of the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T_(N) cells. In one embodiment, the combination prevents depletion of the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T_(N) cells, and results in the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T_(N) cells not being depleted (or substantially depleted). In one embodiment, the combination increases the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T_(N) cells, and results in an increase in the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T_(N) cells.

In one embodiment, the antibody (or combination) slows the increase in proportion (e.g. number or level) of T_(CM) cells in said population, and results in a slowing in the increase of the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T_(CM) cells. In one embodiment, the antibody (or combination) maintains the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T_(CM) cells, and results in maintenance of the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T_(CM) cells. In one embodiment, the antibody (or combination) prevents expansion of the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T_(CM) cells, and results in the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T_(N) cells not being expanded (or substantially expanded). In one embodiment, the antibody (or combination) decreases the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T_(CM) cells, and results in a decrease in the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T_(CM) cells.

Arrangement 310.

An anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and optionally a second therapeutic agent for use in treating or reducing the risk of an anti-OX40L-mediated disease or condition, or an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition, or an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition characterised by a ratio of Treg:Tconv of less than 1.5:100 in a subject;

-   wherein the antibody (or combination) prevents reduction in the     proportion (e.g. number or level) of TN cells, and whereby said     proportion (e.g. number or level) of T_(N) cells is not reduced     and/or wherein the antibody (or combination) prevents an increase in     the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T_(CM) cells, and whereby     the proportion of said T_(CM) cells is not increased; and -   wherein the disease or condition is thereby treated, or the risk of     said disease or condition is reduced.

Arrangement 311.

Use of an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and optionally a second therapeutic agent for the treatment or prevention of an anti-OX40L-mediated disease or condition, or an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition, or an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition characterised by a ratio of Treg:Tconv of less than 1.5:100 in a subject,

-   wherein the antibody (or combination) prevents reduction in the     proportion (e.g. number or level) of T_(N) cells, and whereby said     proportion (e.g. number or level) of T_(N) cells is not reduced     and/or wherein the antibody (or combination) prevents an increase in     the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T_(CM) cells, and whereby     the proportion of said T_(CM) cells is not increased; and -   wherein the disease or condition is thereby treated, or the risk of     said disease or condition is reduced.

Arrangement 312.

A composition comprising an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and optionally a second therapeutic agent for the treatment or prevention of an anti-OX40L-mediated disease or condition, or an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition, or an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition characterised by a ratio of Treg:Tconv of less than 1.5:100 in a subject;

-   wherein the antibody (or combination) prevents reduction in the     proportion (e.g. number or level) of TN cells, and whereby said     proportion (e.g. number or level) of T_(N) cells is not reduced     and/or wherein the antibody (or combination) prevents an increase in     the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T_(CM) cells, and whereby     the proportion of said T_(CM) cells is not increased; and -   wherein the disease or condition is thereby treated, or the risk of     said disease or condition is reduced.

In any of arrangements 309 to 312, in one embodiment, the administration of the combination results in the change in T_(N) cells and/or T_(CM) cells is as described in arrangements 301 to 305. The In any of arrangements 201 to 211, the anti-OX40 antibody may be as described in any of the aspects, concepts or arrangements described herein. In a particular embodiment, the antibody or fragment thereof is in a format or structure of any of the antibodies and fragments described elsewhere herein. The antibody or fragment may be any of the constructs as described herein (for example, as in any one of concepts 52 to 64 herein, or any arrangement hereinbelow, and any concept, embodiment, aspect, arrangement or feature describing anti-OX40L antibodies or anti-OX40 antibodies herein applies mutatis mutandis to arrangements 201 to 208). In a particular embodiment, the antibody is an anti-human OX40 antibody or fragment thereof. In another particular embodiment, the agent is an anti-human OX40L antibody, such as an antibody comprising the amino acid sequence of 02D10 described herein or an antibody comprising the amino acid sequence of oxelumab. In another embodiment, the combination comprises an anti-OX40L antibody which is not oxelumab (having a VH region amino acid sequence of Seq ID No:215 and a VL region amino acid sequence of Seq ID No:214).

The second therapeutic agent is any of those described elsewhere herein, in particular in arrangements 183 to 187 hereinabove.

The methods described in arrangements 301 to 312 are intended to be combinable with the methods of any other arrangement or concept herein, such that there may be a methods wherein different effects on the proportions (e.g. numbers or levels) of Treg, TN, T_(CM) and/or T(eff+mem) may be claimed. The biomarkers described elsewhere herein, e.g. Ki67, and granzyme A may also be combined with the levels of T_(N) and/or T_(CM) cells.

Immunoconjugates

The invention encompasses the antibody or fragment conjugated to a therapeutic moiety (“immunoconjugate”), such as a cytotoxin, a chemotherapeutic drug, an immunosuppressant or a radioisotope. Cytotoxin agents include any agent that is detrimental to cells. Examples of suitable cytotoxin agents and chemotherapeutic agents for forming immunoconjugates are known in the art, see for example, WO 05/103081, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

Bispecifics

The antibodies and fragments of the present invention may be monospecific, bispecific, or multispecific. Multispecific mAbs may be specific for different epitopes of one target polypeptide or may contain antigen-binding domains specific for more than one target polypeptide. See, e.g., Tutt et al., (1991) J. Immunol. 147:60-69. The human anti-hOX40L antibodies or fragments can be linked to or co-expressed with another functional molecule, e.g., another peptide or protein. For example, an antibody or fragment thereof can be functionally linked (e.g., by chemical coupling, genetic fusion, noncovalent association or otherwise) to one or more other molecular entities, such as another antibody or antibody fragment, to produce a bispecific or a multispecific antibody with a second binding specificity.

An exemplary bi-specific antibody format that can be used in the context of the present invention involves the use of a first immunoglobulin (Ig) CH3 domain and a second Ig CH3 domain, wherein the first and second Ig CH3 domains differ from one another by at least one amino acid, and wherein at least one amino acid difference reduces binding of the bispecific antibody to Protein A as compared to a bi-specific antibody lacking the amino acid difference. In one embodiment, the first Ig CH3 domain binds Protein A and the second Ig CH3 domain contains a mutation that reduces or abolishes Protein A binding such as an H95R modification (by IMGT exon numbering; H435R by EU numbering). The second CH3 may further comprise a Y96F modification (by IMGT; Y436F by EU). Further modifications that may be found within the second CH3 include: D16E, L18M, N44S, K52N, V57M, and V821 (by IMGT; D356E, L358M, N384S, K392N, V397M, and V422I by EU) in the case of IgG1 antibodies; N44S, K52N, and V82I (IMGT; N384S, K392N, and V422I by EU) in the case of IgG2 antibodies; and Q15R, N44S, K52N, V57M, R69K, E79Q, and V82I (by IMGT; Q355R, N3845, K392N, V397M, R409K, E419Q, and V422I by EU) in the case of IgG4 antibodies. Variations on the bi-specific antibody format described above are contemplated within the scope of the present invention.

In certain embodiments, the antibody or OX40L binding fragment thereof comprises less than six CDRs. In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof comprises or consists of one, two, three, four, or five CDRs selected from the group consisting of HCDR1, HCDR2, HCDR3, LCDR1, LCDR2, and LCDR3. In specific embodiments, the antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof comprises or consists of one, two, three, four, or five CDRs selected from the group consisting of the HCDR1, HCDR2, HCDR3, LCDR1, LCDR2, and LCDR3 sequences in the sequence listing (i.e. Seq ID No:4, Seq ID No:10, Seq ID No:36, Seq ID No:42, Seq ID No:68, Seq ID No:74, Seq ID No:96 or Seq ID No: 102, in particular, Seq ID No:36 or Seq ID No:42 for HCDR1; Seq ID No:6, Seq ID No:12, Seq ID No:38, Seq ID No:44, Seq ID No:70, Seq ID No:76, Seq ID No:98 or Seq ID No: 104, in particular Seq ID No:38 or Seq ID No:44 for HCDR2; Seq ID No:8, Seq ID No:14, Seq ID No:40, Seq ID No:46, Seq ID No:72, Seq ID No:78, Seq ID No:100 or Seq ID No:106, in particular Seq ID No:40 or Seq ID No:46 for HCDR3; Seq ID No:18, Seq ID No:24, Seq ID No:50, Seq ID No:56, Seq ID No:82, Seq ID No:88, Seq ID No:110 or Seq ID No:116, in particular Seq ID No:50 or Seq ID No:56 for LCDR1; Seq ID No:20, Seq ID No:26, Seq ID No:52, Seq ID No:58, Seq ID No:84, Seq ID No:90, Seq ID No:112 or Seq ID No:118, in particular Seq ID No:52 or Seq ID No:58 for LCDR2; and Seq ID No:22, Seq ID No:28, Seq ID No:54, Seq ID No:60, Seq ID No:86, Seq ID No:92, Seq ID No:114 or Seq ID No: 120, in particular Seq ID No:54 or Seq ID No:60 for LCDR3).

In specific embodiments, an antibody of the invention is a fully human antibody, a monoclonal antibody, a recombinant antibody, an antagonist antibody, a hOX40L-neutralising antibody or any combination thereof or the invention provides a hOX40L binding fragment thereof. In an example, the antibody is a chimaeric antibody comprising human variable domains and non-human (e.g., mouse or rat or rabbit) constant domains. In particular embodiments, the antibody is a fully human antibody, such as a fully human monoclonal antibody, or antigen binding fragment thereof, that specifically binds to hOX40L. In preferred embodiments, the antibody is an antagonist antibody. In preferred embodiments, the antibody is a neutralising antibody.

In an example, the antibody or fragment is a lambda-type antibody or fragment (i.e., whose variable domains are lambda variable domains). Optionally, the antibody or fragment also comprises lambda constant domains.

In certain embodiments, the antibody competes (e.g., in a dose dependent manner) with OX40 or a fusion protein thereof (e.g., Fc:OX40), for binding to hOX40L, such as a cell surface-expressed hOX40L or soluble hOX40L. Exemplary competitive blocking tests are provided in the Examples herein.

In another aspect, provided herein are isolated nucleic acids encoding antibodies that specifically bind to a hOX40L polypeptide (e.g., a cell surface-expressed or soluble hOX40L), a hOX40L polypeptide fragment, or a hOX40L epitope. In certain embodiments, the nucleic acid encodes a VH chain, VL chain, VH domain, VL domain, HCDR1, HCDR2, HCDR3, LCDR1, LCDR2, and LCDR3 as disclosed in the sequence listing (i.e. Seq ID No:30 or Seq ID No:62 for VH chains; Seq ID No:32 or Seq ID No:64 for VL chains; Seq ID No: Seq ID No:2, Seq ID No:34, Seq ID No:66 or Seq ID No:94, in particular Seq ID No:34 for VH domains; Seq ID No:16, Seq ID No:48, Seq ID No:80, or Seq ID No:108, in particular Seq ID No:48 for VL domains; Seq ID No:4, Seq ID No:10, Seq ID No:36, Seq ID No:42, Seq ID No:68, Seq ID No:74, Seq ID No:96 or Seq ID No:102, in particular, Seq ID No:36 or Seq ID No:42 for HCDR1; Seq ID No:6, Seq ID No:12, Seq ID No:38, Seq ID No:44, Seq ID No:70, Seq ID No:76, Seq ID No:98 or Seq ID No: 104, in particular Seq ID No:38 or Seq ID No:44 for HCDR2; Seq ID No:8, Seq ID No:14, Seq ID No:40, Seq ID No:46, Seq ID No:72, Seq ID No:78, Seq ID No:100 or Seq ID No:106, in particular Seq ID No:40 or Seq ID No:46 for HCDR3; Seq ID No:18, Seq ID No:24, Seq ID No:50, Seq ID No:56, Seq ID No:82, Seq ID No:88, Seq ID No:110 or Seq ID No:116, in particular Seq ID No:50 or Seq ID No:56 for LCDR1; Seq ID No:20, Seq ID No:26, Seq ID No:52, Seq ID No:58, Seq ID No:84, Seq ID No:90, Seq ID No:112 or Seq ID No:118, in particular Seq ID No:52 or Seq ID No:58 for LCDR2; and Seq ID No:22, Seq ID No:28, Seq ID No:54, Seq ID No:60, Seq ID No:86, Seq ID No:92, Seq ID No: 114 or Seq ID No:120, in particular Seq ID No:54 or Seq ID No:60 for LCDR3).

In another aspect, provided herein are vectors and host-cells comprising nucleic acids encoding antibodies or fragments of the invention.

In certain embodiments, the antibody specifically binds to one or more single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) variants of hOX40L. In an example of any aspect of the invention, the hOX40L is a trimer of monomers.

In an aspect, provided herein is a method for decreasing (e.g., by at least 20, 30, 40 50 or 60%, or 70%, 80%, 90%, 95% or >90%) or completely inhibiting binding of hOX40L to OX40 in a subject (e.g., a human subject), comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of an antibody or fragment thereof of the invention that specifically binds to hOX40L (e.g., a cell surface-expressed or soluble hOX40L).

In an aspect, provided herein is a method of treating or preventing a hOX40L-mediated disease or condition in a subject (e.g., a human subject), the method comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of an antibody or fragment thereof of the invention that specifically binds to hOX40L (e.g., a cell surface-expressed or soluble hOX40L), wherein the disease or condition is treated or prevented by the antibody or fragment. In an example, the method comprises decreasing or inhibiting a hOX40L biological activity, such as secretion of one, more or all of IL-2, IL-8, TNF alpha and interferon gamma, in the subject. In an example, the biological activity is selected from the secretion of one, more or all of IL-2, TNF alpha and interferon gamma. In an example, the biological activity is selected from the secretion of one, more or all of IL-8, CCL20 and RANTES.

In an aspect, provided herein is a method of decreasing or inhibiting a hOX40L biological activity, such as secretion of one, more or all of IL-2, IL-8, TNF alpha and interferon gamma, in a subject (e.g., a human subject), the method comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of an antibody or fragment thereof of the invention that specifically binds to hOX40L (e.g., a cell surface-expressed or soluble hOX40L), wherein hOX40L biological activity is decreased by the antibody or fragment. In an example, the biological activity is selected from the secretion of one, more or all of IL-2, TNF alpha and interferon gamma. In an example, the biological activity is selected from the secretion of one, more or all of IL-8, CCL20 and RANTES.

The term “about” or “approximately” means within 20%, preferably within 10%, and more preferably within 5% (or 4%, or 3% or 2%, or, in an example, 1% or less) of a given value or range.

As used herein, “administer” or “administration” refers to the act of injecting or otherwise physically delivering a substance as it exists outside the body (e.g., an anti-hOX40L antibody provided herein) into a patient, such as by mucosal, intradermal, intravenous, intramuscular delivery and/or any other method of physical delivery described herein or known in the art. When a disease, or a symptom thereof, is being treated, administration of the substance typically occurs after the onset of the disease or symptoms thereof. When a disease, or symptoms thereof, are being prevented, administration of the substance typically occurs before the onset of the disease or symptoms thereof.

To determine the percent identity of two amino acid sequences or of two nucleic acid sequences, the sequences are aligned for optimal comparison purposes (e.g., gaps can be introduced in the sequence of a first amino acid or nucleic acid sequence for optimal alignment with a second amino acid or nucleic acid sequence). The amino acid residues or nucleotides at corresponding amino acid positions or nucleotide positions are then compared. When a position in the first sequence is occupied by the same amino acid residue or nucleotide as the corresponding position in the second sequence, then the molecules are identical at that position. The percent identity between the two sequences is a function of the number of identical positions shared by the sequences (i.e., % identity=number of identical overlapping positions/total number of positions×100%). In one embodiment, the two sequences are the same length.

The determination of percent identity between two sequences (e.g., amino acid sequences or nucleic acid sequences) can also be accomplished using a mathematical algorithm. A preferred, non-limiting example of a mathematical algorithm utilized for the comparison of two sequences is the algorithm of Karlin and Altschul, 1990, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 87:2264 2268, modified as in Karlin and Altschul, 1993, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90:5873 5877. Such an algorithm is incorporated into the NBLAST and XBLAST programs of Altschul et al., 1990, J. Mol. Biol. 215:403. BLAST nucleotide searches can be performed with the NBLAST nucleotide program parameters set, e.g., for score=100, wordlength=12 to obtain nucleotide sequences homologous to a nucleic acid molecules of the present invention. BLAST protein searches can be performed with the XBLAST program parameters set, e.g., to score 50, wordlength=3 to obtain amino acid sequences homologous to a protein molecule of the present invention. To obtain gapped alignments for comparison purposes, Gapped BLAST can be utilized as described in Altschul et al., 1997, Nucleic Acids Res. 25:3389 3402. Alternatively, PSI BLAST can be used to perform an iterated search which detects distant relationships between molecules (Id.). When utilizing BLAST, Gapped BLAST, and PSI Blast programs, the default parameters of the respective programs (e.g., of XBLAST and NBLAST) can be used (see, e.g., National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) on the worldwide web, ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). Another preferred, non-limiting example of a mathematical algorithm utilized for the comparison of sequences is the algorithm of Myers and Miller, 1988, CABIOS 4:11 17. Such an algorithm is incorporated in the ALIGN program (version 2.0) which is part of the GCG sequence alignment software package. When utilizing the ALIGN program for comparing amino acid sequences, a PAM120 weight residue table, a gap length penalty of 12, and a gap penalty of 4 can be used.

The percent identity between two sequences can be determined using techniques similar to those described above, with or without allowing gaps. In calculating percent identity, typically only exact matches are counted.

As used herein, an “antagonist” or “inhibitor” of hOX40L refers to a ligand (e.g., antibody or fragment) that is capable of inhibiting or otherwise decreasing one or more of the biological activities of hOX40L, such as in a cell expressing hOX40L or in a cell expressing a hOX40L ligand. For example, in certain embodiments, antibodies of the invention are antagonist antibodies that inhibit or otherwise decrease secretion of CCL20, IL-8 and/or RANTES from a cell having a cell surface-expressed OX40 when said antibody is contacted with said cell. In some embodiments, an antagonist of hOX40L (e.g., an antagonistic antibody of the invention) may, for example, act by inhibiting or otherwise decreasing the activation and/or cell signalling pathways of the cell expressing OX40L, thereby inhibiting a hOX40L-mediated biological activity of the cell the relative to the hOX40L-mediated biological activity in the absence of antagonist. In certain embodiments, the antibodies provided herein are fully human, antagonistic anti-hOX40L antibodies, preferably fully human, monoclonal, antagonistic anti-hOX40L antibodies.

The term “antibody” and “immunoglobulin” or “Ig” may be used interchangeably herein. An antibody or a fragment thereof that specifically binds to a hOX40L antigen may be cross-reactive with related antigens. Preferably, an antibody or a fragment thereof that specifically binds to a hOX40L antigen does not cross-react with other antigens (but may optionally cross-react with OX40L of a different species, e.g., rhesus, or murine). An antibody or a fragment thereof that specifically binds to a hOX40L antigen can be identified, for example, by immunoassays, BIAcore™, or other techniques known to those of skill in the art. An antibody or a fragment thereof binds specifically to a hOX40L antigen when it binds to a hOX40L antigen with higher affinity than to any cross-reactive antigen as determined using experimental techniques, such as radioimmunoassays (RIA) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). Typically a specific or selective reaction will be at least twice background signal or noise and more typically more than 10 times background. See, e.g., Paul, ed., 1989, Fundamental Immunology Second Edition, Raven Press, New York at pages 332-336 for a discussion regarding antibody specificity.

Antibodies of the invention include, but are not limited to, synthetic antibodies, monoclonal antibodies, recombinantly produced antibodies, multispecific antibodies (including bi-specific antibodies), human antibodies, humanized antibodies, chimeric antibodies, intrabodies, single-chain Fvs (scFv) (e.g., including monospecific, bispecific, etc.), camelized antibodies, Fab fragments, F(ab′) fragments, disulfide-linked Fvs (sdFv), anti-idiotypic (anti-Id) antibodies, and epitope-binding fragments of any of the above. In particular, antibodies of the present invention include immunoglobulin molecules and immunologically active portions of immunoglobulin molecules, i.e., antigen binding domains or molecules that contain an antigen-binding site that specifically binds to a hOX40L antigen (e.g., one or more complementarity determining regions (CDRs) of an anti-hOX40L antibody). The antibodies of the invention can be of any type (e.g., IgG, IgE, IgM, IgD, IgA and IgY), any class (e.g., IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgA1 and IgA2, in particular IgG4), or any subclass (e.g., IgG2a and IgG2b) of immunoglobulin molecule. In preferred embodiments, the hOX40L antibodies are fully human, such as fully human monoclonal hOX40L antibodies. In certain embodiments, antibodies of the invention are IgG antibodies, or a class (e.g., human IgG1 or IgG4) or subclass thereof. In certain embodiments, the antibodies of the invention comprise a human gamma 4 constant region. In another embodiment, the heavy chain constant region does not bind Fc-y receptors, and e.g. comprises a Leu235Glu mutation. In another embodiment, the heavy chain constant region comprises a Ser228Pro mutation to increase stability. In another embodiment, the heavy chain constant region is IgG4-PE.

The term “antigen binding domain,” “antigen binding region,” “antigen binding fragment,” and similar terms refer to that portion of an antibody which comprises the amino acid residues that interact with an antigen and confer on the binding agent its specificity and affinity for the antigen (e.g., the complementarity determining regions (CDRs)). The antigen binding region can be derived from any animal species, such as rodents (e.g., rabbit, rat or hamster) and humans. Preferably, the antigen binding region will be of human origin.

As used herein, the term “composition” is intended to encompass a product containing the specified ingredients (e.g., an antibody of the invention) in, optionally, the specified amounts, as well as any product which results, directly or indirectly, from combination of the specified ingredients in, optionally, the specified amounts.

In the context of a polypeptide, the term “derivative” as used herein refers to a polypeptide that comprises an amino acid sequence of a hOX40L polypeptide, a fragment of a hOX40L polypeptide, or an antibody that specifically binds to a hOX40L polypeptide which has been altered by the introduction of amino acid residue substitutions, deletions or additions. The term “derivative” as used herein also refers to a hOX40L polypeptide, a fragment of a hOX40L polypeptide, or an antibody that specifically binds to a hOX40L polypeptide which has been chemically modified, e.g., by the covalent attachment of any type of molecule to the polypeptide. For example, but not by way of limitation, a hOX40L polypeptide, a fragment of a hOX40L polypeptide, or a hOX40L antibody may be chemically modified, e.g., by glycosylation, acetylation, pegylation, phosphorylation, amidation, derivatization by known protecting/blocking groups, proteolytic cleavage, linkage to a cellular ligand or other protein, etc. The derivatives are modified in a manner that is different from naturally occurring or starting peptide or polypeptides, either in the type or location of the molecules attached. Derivatives further include deletion of one or more chemical groups which are naturally present on the peptide or polypeptide. A derivative of a hOX40L polypeptide, a fragment of a hOX40L polypeptide, or a hOX40L antibody may be chemically modified by chemical modifications using techniques known to those of skill in the art, including, but not limited to specific chemical cleavage, acetylation, formulation, metabolic synthesis of tunicamycin, etc. Further, a derivative of a hOX40L polypeptide, a fragment of a hOX40L polypeptide, or a hOX40L antibody may contain one or more non-classical amino acids. A polypeptide derivative possesses a similar or identical function as a hOX40L polypeptide, a fragment of a hOX40L polypeptide, or a hOX40L antibody described herein.

The term “effective amount” as used herein refers to the amount of a therapy (e.g., an antibody or pharmaceutical composition provided herein) which is sufficient to reduce and/or ameliorate the severity and/or duration of a given disease and/or a symptom related thereto. This term also encompasses an amount necessary for the reduction or amelioration of the advancement or progression of a given disease, reduction or amelioration of the recurrence, development or onset of a given disease, and/or to improve or enhance the prophylactic or therapeutic effect(s) of another therapy (e.g., a therapy other than anti-hOX40L antibody provided herein). In some embodiments, the effective amount of an antibody of the invention is from about 0.1 mg/kg (mg of antibody per kg weight of the subject) to about 100 mg/kg. In certain embodiments, an effective amount of an antibody provided therein is about 0.1 mg/kg, about 0.5 mg/kg, about 1 mg/kg, 3 mg/kg, 5 mg/kg, about 10 mg/kg, about 15 mg/kg, about 20 mg/kg, about 25 mg/kg, about 30 mg/kg, about 35 mg/kg, about 40 mg/kg, about 45 mg/kg, about 50 mg/kg, about 60 mg/kg, about 70 mg/kg, about 80 mg/kg about 90 mg/kg or about 100 mg/kg (or a range therein). In some embodiments, “effective amount” as used herein also refers to the amount of an antibody of the invention to achieve a specified result (e.g., inhibition of a hOX40L biological activity of a cell, such as inhibition of secretion of CCL20, IL-8 or RANTES, or INF-γ, TNF-α or IL-2, in particular INF-γ from the cell).

The term “epitope” as used herein refers to a localized region on the surface of an antigen, such as hOX40L polypeptide or hOX40L polypeptide fragment, that is capable of being bound to one or more antigen binding regions of an antibody, and that has antigenic or immunogenic activity in an animal, preferably a mammal, and most preferably in a human, that is capable of eliciting an immune response. An epitope having immunogenic activity is a portion of a polypeptide that elicits an antibody response in an animal. An epitope having antigenic activity is a portion of a polypeptide to which an antibody specifically binds as determined by any method well known in the art, for example, by the immunoassays described herein. Antigenic epitopes need not necessarily be immunogenic. Epitopes usually consist of chemically active surface groupings of molecules such as amino acids or sugar side chains and have specific three dimensional structural characteristics as well as specific charge characteristics. A region of a polypeptide contributing to an epitope may be contiguous amino acids of the polypeptide or the epitope may come together from two or more non-contiguous regions of the polypeptide. The epitope may or may not be a three-dimensional surface feature of the antigen. In certain embodiments, a hOX40L epitope is a three-dimensional surface feature of a hOX40L polypeptide (e.g., in a trimeric form of a hOX40L polypeptide). In other embodiments, a hOX40L epitope is linear feature of a hOX40L polypeptide (e.g., in a trimeric form or monomeric form of the hOX40L polypeptide). Antibodies provided herein may specifically bind to an epitope of the monomeric (denatured) form of hOX40L, an epitope of the trimeric (native) form of hOX40L, or both the monomeric (denatured) form and the trimeric (native) form of hOX40L. In specific embodiments, the antibodies provided herein specifically bind to an epitope of the trimeric form of hOX40L but do not specifically bind the monomeric form of hOX40L.

The term “excipients” as used herein refers to inert substances which are commonly used as a diluent, vehicle, preservatives, binders, or stabilizing agent for drugs and includes, but not limited to, proteins (e.g., serum albumin, etc.), amino acids (e.g., aspartic acid, glutamic acid, lysine, arginine, glycine, histidine, etc.), fatty acids and phospholipids (e.g., alkyl sulfonates, caprylate, etc.), surfactants (e.g., SDS, polysorbate, nonionic surfactant, etc.), saccharides (e.g., sucrose, maltose, trehalose, etc.) and polyols (e.g., mannitol, sorbitol, etc.). See, also, Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences (1990) Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa., which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

In the context of a peptide or polypeptide, the term “fragment” as used herein refers to a peptide or polypeptide that comprises less than the full length amino acid sequence. Such a fragment may arise, for example, from a truncation at the amino terminus, a truncation at the carboxy terminus, and/or an internal deletion of a residue(s) from the amino acid sequence. Fragments may, for example, result from alternative RNA splicing or from in vivo protease activity. In certain embodiments, hOX40L fragments include polypeptides comprising an amino acid sequence of at least 5 contiguous amino acid residues, at least 10 contiguous amino acid residues, at least 15 contiguous amino acid residues, at least 20 contiguous amino acid residues, at least 25 contiguous amino acid residues, at least 40 contiguous amino acid residues, at least 50 contiguous amino acid residues, at least 60 contiguous amino residues, at least 70 contiguous amino acid residues, at least 80 contiguous amino acid residues, at least 90 contiguous amino acid residues, at least contiguous 100 amino acid residues, at least 125 contiguous amino acid residues, at least 150 contiguous amino acid residues, at least 175 contiguous amino acid residues, at least 200 contiguous amino acid residues, or at least 250 contiguous amino acid residues of the amino acid sequence of a hOX40L polypeptide or an antibody that specifically binds to a hOX40L polypeptide. In a specific embodiment, a fragment of a hOX40L polypeptide or an antibody that specifically binds to a hOX40L antigen retains at least 1, at least 2, or at least 3 functions of the polypeptide or antibody.

The terms “fully human antibody” or “human antibody” are used interchangeably herein and refer to an antibody that comprises a human variable region and, most preferably a human constant region. In specific embodiments, the terms refer to an antibody that comprises a variable region and constant region of human origin. “Fully human” anti-hOX40L antibodies, in certain embodiments, can also encompass antibodies which bind hOX40L polypeptides and are encoded by nucleic acid sequences which are naturally occurring somatic variants of human germline immunoglobulin nucleic acid sequence. In a specific embodiment, the anti-hOX40L antibodies provided herein are fully human antibodies. The term “fully human antibody” includes antibodies having variable and constant regions corresponding to human germline immunoglobulin sequences as described by Kabat et al. (See Kabat et al. (1991) Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, Fifth Edition, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, NIH Publication No. 91-3242). Exemplary methods of producing fully human antibodies are provided, e.g., in the Examples herein, but any method known in the art may be used.

The phrase “recombinant human antibody” includes human antibodies that are prepared, expressed, created or isolated by recombinant means, such as antibodies expressed using a recombinant expression vector transfected into a host cell, antibodies isolated from a recombinant, combinatorial human antibody library, antibodies isolated from an animal (e.g., a mouse or cow) that is transgenic and/or transchromosomal for human immunoglobulin genes (see e.g., Taylor, L. D. et al. (1992) Nucl. Acids Res. 20:6287-6295) or antibodies prepared, expressed, created or isolated by any other means that involves splicing of human immunoglobulin gene sequences to other DNA sequences. Such recombinant human antibodies can have variable and constant regions derived from human germline immunoglobulin sequences (See Kabat, E. A. et al. (1991) Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, Fifth Edition, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, NIH Publication No. 91-3242). In certain embodiments, however, such recombinant human antibodies are subjected to in vitro mutagenesis (or, when an animal transgenic for human Ig sequences is used, in vivosomatic mutagenesis) and thus the amino acid sequences of the VH and VL regions of the recombinant antibodies are sequences that, while derived from and related to human germline VH and VL sequences, may not naturally exist within the human antibody germline repertoire in vivo.

The term “fusion protein” as used herein refers to a polypeptide that comprises an amino acid sequence of an antibody and an amino acid sequence of a heterologous polypeptide or protein (i.e., a polypeptide or protein not normally a part of the antibody (e.g., a non-anti-hOX40L antigen antibody)). The term “fusion” when used in relation to hOX40L or to an anti-hOX40L antibody refers to the joining of a peptide or polypeptide, or fragment, variant and/or derivative thereof, with a heterologous peptide or polypeptide. Preferably, the fusion protein retains the biological activity of the hOX40L or anti-hOX40L antibody. In certain embodiments, the fusion protein comprises a hOX40L antibody VH domain, VL domain, VH CDR (one, two or three VH CDRs), and/or VL CDR (one, two or three VL CDRs), wherein the fusion protein specifically binds to a hOX40L epitope.

The term “heavy chain” when used in reference to an antibody refers to five distinct types, called alpha (α), delta (δ), epsilon (ε), gamma (γ) and mu (μ), based on the amino acid sequence of the heavy chain constant domain. These distinct types of heavy chains are well known and give rise to five classes of antibodies, IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG and IgM, respectively, including four subclasses of IgG, namely IgG1, IgG1, IgG3 and IgG4. Preferably the heavy chain is a human heavy chain. In one example, the heavy chain is a disabled IgG isotype, e.g. a disabled IgG4. In certain embodiments, the antibodies of the invention comprise a human gamma 4 constant region. In another embodiment, the heavy chain constant region does not bind Fc-y receptors, and e.g. comprises a Leu235Glu mutation. In another embodiment, the heavy chain constant region comprises a Ser228Pro mutation to increase stability. In another embodiment, the heavy chain constant region is IgG4-PE.

The term “host” as used herein refers to an animal, preferably a mammal, and most preferably a human.

The term “host cell” as used herein refers to the particular subject cell transfected with a nucleic acid molecule and the progeny or potential progeny of such a cell. Progeny of such a cell may not be identical to the parent cell transfected with the nucleic acid molecule due to mutations or environmental influences that may occur in succeeding generations or integration of the nucleic acid molecule into the host cell genome.

The term “immunomodulatory agent” and variations thereof including, but not limited to, immunomodulatory agents, as used herein refer to an agent that modulates a host's immune system.

In certain embodiments, an immunomodulatory agent is an immunosuppressant agent. In certain other embodiments, an immunomodulatory agent is an immunostimulatory agent. In accordance with the invention, an immunomodulatory agent used in the combination therapies of the invention does not include an anti-hOX40L antibody or antigen-binding fragment. Immunomodulatory agents include, but are not limited to, small molecules, peptides, polypeptides, proteins, fusion proteins, antibodies, inorganic molecules, mimetic agents, and organic molecules.

As used herein, the term “in combination” in the context of the administration of other therapies refers to the use of more than one therapy. The use of the term “in combination” does not restrict the order in which therapies are administered to a subject with a disease. A first therapy can be administered before (e.g., 1 minute, 45 minutes, 30 minutes, 45 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 4 hours, 6 hours, 12 hours, 24 hours, 48 hours, 72 hours, 96 hours, 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, 4 weeks, 5 weeks, 6 weeks, 8 weeks, or 12 weeks), concurrently, or after (e.g., 1 minute, 45 minutes, 30 minutes, 45 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 4 hours, 6 hours, 12 hours, 24 hours, 48 hours, 72 hours, 96 hours, 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, 4 weeks, 5 weeks, 6 weeks, 8 weeks, or 12 weeks) the administration of a second therapy to a subject which had, has, or is susceptible to a hOX40L-mediated disease. Any additional therapy can be administered in any order with the other additional therapies. In certain embodiments, the antibodies of the invention can be administered in combination with one or more therapies (e.g., therapies that are not the antibodies of the invention that are currently administered to prevent, treat, manage, and/or ameliorate a hOX40L-mediated disease. Non-limiting examples of therapies that can be administered in combination with an antibody of the invention include analgesic agents, anesthetic agents, antibiotics, or immunomodulatory agents or any other agent listed in the U.S. Pharmacopoeia and/or Physician's Desk Reference.

An “isolated” or “purified” antibody is for example substantially free of cellular material or other contaminating proteins from the cell or tissue source from which the antibody is derived, or substantially free of chemical precursors or other chemicals when chemically synthesized. The language “substantially free of cellular material” includes preparations of an antibody in which the antibody is separated from cellular components of the cells from which it is isolated or recombinantly produced. Thus, an antibody that is substantially free of cellular material includes preparations of antibody having less than about 30%, 20%, 10%, or 5% (by dry weight) of heterologous protein (also referred to herein as a “contaminating protein”). When the antibody is recombinantly produced, it is also preferably substantially free of culture medium, i.e., culture medium represents less than about 20%, 10%, or 5% of the volume of the protein preparation. When the antibody is produced by chemical synthesis, it is preferably substantially free of chemical precursors or other chemicals, i.e., it is separated from chemical precursors or other chemicals which are involved in the synthesis of the protein. Accordingly, such preparations of the antibody have less than about 30%, 20%, 10%, 5% (by dry weight) of chemical precursors or compounds other than the antibody of interest. In a preferred embodiment, antibodies of the invention are isolated or purified.

An “isolated” nucleic acid molecule is one which is separated from other nucleic acid molecules which are present in the natural source of the nucleic acid molecule. Moreover, an “isolated” nucleic acid molecule, such as a cDNA molecule, can be substantially free of other cellular material, or culture medium when produced by recombinant techniques, or substantially free of chemical precursors or other chemicals when chemically synthesized. In a specific embodiment, a nucleic acid molecule(s) encoding an antibody of the invention is isolated or purified.

The term “human OX40L,” “hOX40L” or “hOX40L polypeptide” and similar terms refers to the polypeptides (“polypeptides,” “peptides” and “proteins” are used interchangeably herein) comprising the amino acid sequence in the sequence listing and related polypeptides, including SNP variants thereof. Related polypeptides include allelic variants (e.g., SNP variants); splice variants; fragments; derivatives; substitution, deletion, and insertion variants; fusion polypeptides; and interspecies homologs, preferably, which retain hOX40L activity and/or are sufficient to generate an anti-hOX40L immune response. Also encompassed are soluble forms of hOX40L which are sufficient to generate an anti-hOX40L immunological response. As those skilled in the art will appreciate, an anti-hOX40L antibody of the invention can bind to a hOX40L polypeptide, polypeptide fragment, antigen, and/or epitope, as an epitope is part of the larger antigen, which is part of the larger polypeptide fragment, which, in turn, is part of the larger polypeptide hOX40L can exist in a trimeric (native) or monomeric (denatured) form.

The terms “Kabat numbering,” and like terms are recognized in the art and refer to a system of numbering amino acid residues which are more variable (i.e. hypervariable) than other amino acid residues in the heavy chain variable regions of an antibody, or an antigen binding portion thereof (Kabat et al. (1971) Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 190:382-391 and, Kabat et al. (1991) Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, Fifth Edition, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, NIH Publication No. 91-3242). For the heavy chain variable region, the hypervariable region typically ranges from amino acid positions 31 to 35 for CDR1, amino acid positions 50 to 65 for CDR2, and amino acid positions 95 to 102 for CDR3.

The term “monoclonal antibody” refers to an antibody obtained from a population of homogenous or substantially homogeneous antibodies, and each monoclonal antibody will typically recognize a single epitope on the antigen. In preferred embodiments, a “monoclonal antibody,” as used herein, is an antibody produced by a single hybridoma or other cell, wherein the antibody specifically binds to only a hOX40L epitope as determined, e.g., by ELISA or other antigen-binding or competitive binding assay known in the art or in the Examples provided herein. The term “monoclonal” is not limited to any particular method for making the antibody. For example, monoclonal antibodies of the invention may be made by the hybridoma method as described in Kohler et al.; Nature, 256:495 (1975) or may be isolated from phage libraries using the techniques as described herein, for example. Other methods for the preparation of clonal cell lines and of monoclonal antibodies expressed thereby are well known in the art (see, for example, Chapter 11 in: Short Protocols in Molecular Biology, (2002) 5th Ed., Ausubel et al., eds., John Wiley and Sons, New York). Other exemplary methods of producing other monoclonal antibodies are provided in the Examples herein.

The term “naturally occurring” or “native” when used in connection with biological materials such as nucleic acid molecules, polypeptides, host cells, and the like, refers to those which are found in nature and not manipulated by a human being.

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable” as used herein means being approved by a regulatory agency of the Federal or a state government, or listed in the U.S. Pharmacopeia, European Pharmacopeia or other generally recognized Pharmacopeia for use in animals, and more particularly in humans.

“Polyclonal antibodies” as used herein refers to an antibody population generated in an immunogenic response to a protein having many epitopes and thus includes a variety of different antibodies directed to the same and to different epitopes within the protein. Methods for producing polyclonal antibodies are known in the art (See, e.g., see, for example, Chapter 11 in: Short Protocols in Molecular Biology, (2002) 5th Ed., Ausubel et al., eds., John Wiley and Sons, New York).

As used herein, the term “polynucleotide,” “nucleotide,” nucleic acid” “nucleic acid molecule” and other similar terms are used interchangeable and include DNA, RNA, mRNA and the like.

As used herein, the terms “prevent,” “preventing,” and “prevention” refer to the total or partial inhibition of the development, recurrence, onset or spread of a hOX40L-mediated disease and/or symptom related thereto, resulting from the administration of a therapy or combination of therapies provided herein (e.g., a combination of prophylactic or therapeutic agents, such as an antibody of the invention).

As used herein, the term “prophylactic agent” refers to any agent that can totally or partially inhibit the development, recurrence, onset or spread of a hOX40L-mediated disease and/or symptom related thereto in a subject. In certain embodiments, the term “prophylactic agent” refers to an antibody of the invention. In certain other embodiments, the term “prophylactic agent” refers to an agent other than an antibody of the invention. Preferably, a prophylactic agent is an agent which is known to be useful to or has been or is currently being used to prevent a hOX40L-mediated disease and/or a symptom related thereto or impede the onset, development, progression and/or severity of a hOX40L-mediated disease and/or a symptom related thereto. In specific embodiments, the prophylactic agent is a fully human anti-hOX40L antibody, such as a fully human anti-hOX40L monoclonal antibody.

In an embodiment, the prophylaxis prevents the onset of the disease or condition or of the symptoms of the disease or condition. In one embodiment, the prophylactic treatment prevents the worsening, or onset, of the disease or condition. In one embodiment, the prophylactic treatment prevents the worsening of the disease or condition.

In another embodiment, an anti-OX40L antibody of the invention is administered intravenously (e.g. before or concomitantly with a transplant, e.g. blood or organ transplant). In another embodiment, said antibody is administered at a dose of about 5-10 mg/kg (e.g. at about 8 mg/kg). In another embodiment, said antibody is administered at a dose selected from about 0.1 mg/kg, about 0.5 mg/kg, about 1 mg/kg, 3 mg/kg, 5 mg/kg, about 10 mg/kg, about 15 mg/kg, about 20 mg/kg, about 25 mg/kg, about 30 mg/kg, about 40 mg/kg, about 50 mg/kg, about 60 mg/kg, about 70 mg/kg, about 80 mg/kg about 90 mg/kg or about 100 mg/kg, in particular about 1 mg/kg, or about 3 mg/kg.

In another embodiment, said antibody is administered 1-4 days before transplant (e.g. of blood or organs), e.g. 1-3 days before transplant or 1-2 days before transplant. In another embodiment, said antibody is administered weekly, bi-weekly or monthly following transplant, e.g. bi-weekly. In a further embodiment, said antibody is administered intravenously prophylactically 1-3 days before transplant at a dose of about 5-10 mg/kg (e.g. about 8 mg/kg) and then intravenously, bi-weekly at a dose of about 5-10 mg/kg (e.g. about 8 mg/kg).

In another embodiment, the patient is monitored periodically post-transplant, for the presence of a biomarker predictive for the development of transplant rejection or of GvHD (e.g. acute GvHD), and the anti-OX40L antibody of the invention is administered once the biomarker levels are such that the patient is determined to be at risk of developing transplant rejection or of GvHD (e.g. acute GvHD). This strategy would avoid unnecessary dosing of drug and unnecessary suppression of the immune system. Examples of biomarkers which may be useful as predictive biomarkers of actue GvHD may be those identified in Levine et al., “A prognostic score for acute graft-versus-host disease based on biomarkers: a multicentre study”, Lancet Haematol 2015; 2:e21-29. These biomarkers include, but are not limited to TNFR1, ST-2, elafin and IL2Rα and Reg3α.

A region of a hOX40L contributing to an epitope may be contiguous amino acids of the polypeptide or the epitope may come together from two or more non-contiguous regions of the polypeptide. The epitope may or may not be a three-dimensional surface feature of the antigen. A localized region on the surface of a hOX40L antigen that is capable of eliciting an immune response is a hOX40L epitope. The epitope may or may not be a three-dimensional surface feature of the antigen.

A “hOX40L-mediated disease” and “hOX40L-mediated condition” are used interchangeably and refer to any disease or condition that is completely or partially caused by or is the result of hOX40L. In certain embodiments, hOX40L is aberrantly (e.g., highly) expressed on the surface of a cell. In some embodiments, hOX40L may be aberrantly upregulated on a particular cell type. In other embodiments, normal, aberrant or excessive cell signalling is caused by binding of hOX40L to a hOX40L ligand. In certain embodiments, the hOX40L ligand is OX40, for example, that is expressed on the surface of a cell, such as a colonic epithelial cell. In certain embodiments, the hOX40L-mediated disease is an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), such as Crohn's disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC). In other embodiments, the hOX40L-mediated disease is graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). In other embodiments, the hOX40L-mediated disease is selected from pyoderma gangrenosum, giant cell arteritis, Schnitzler syndrome, non-infectious scleritis and uveitis (non-infectious/autoimmune and/or systemic). In other embodiments, a hOX40L mediated disease or condition selected from an autoimmune disease or condition, a systemic inflammatory disease or condition, or transplant rejection; for example inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), Crohn's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, transplant rejection, allogeneic transplant rejection, graft-versus-host disease (GvHD), ulcerative colitis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), diabetes, uveitis, ankylosing spondylitis, contact hypersensitivity, multiple sclerosis and atherosclerosis, in particular GvHD.

The terms “hOX40L receptor” or “hOX40L binding receptor” are used interchangeably herein and refer to a receptor polypeptide that binds to hOX40L. In specific embodiments, the hOX40L receptor is Hox40. In some embodiments, the hOX40L receptor is expressed on the surface of a cell, such as a colonic epithelial cell; or on graft or transplant tissue or on host tissue.

As used herein, the terms “subject” and “patient” are used interchangeably. As used herein, a subject is preferably a mammal such as a non-primate (e.g., cows, pigs, horses, cats, dogs, rats, etc.) or a primate (e.g., monkey and human), most preferably a human. In one embodiment, the subject is a mammal, preferably a human, having a hOX40L-mediated disease. In another embodiment, the subject is a mammal, preferably a human, at risk of developing a hOX40L-mediated disease.

As used herein “substantially all” refers to refers to at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or about 100%.

The term “substantially free of surfactant” as used herein refers to a formulation of an antibody that specifically binds to a hOX40L antigen, said formulation containing less than 0.0005%, less than 0.0003%, or less than 0.0001% of surfactants and/or less than 0.0005%, less than 0.0003%, or less than 0.0001% of surfactants.

The term “substantially free of salt” as used herein refers to a formulation of an antibody that specifically binds to a hOX40L antigen, said formulation containing less than 0.0005%, less than 0.0003%, or less than 0.0001% of inorganic salts.

The term “surfactant” as used herein refers to organic substances having amphipathic structures; namely, they are composed of groups of opposing solubility tendencies, typically an oil-soluble hydrocarbon chain and a water-soluble ionic group. Surfactants can be classified, depending on the charge of the surface-active moiety, into anionic, cationic, and nonionic surfactants. Surfactants are often used as wetting, emulsifying, solubilizing, and dispersing agents for various pharmaceutical compositions and preparations of biological materials.

As used herein, the term “tag” refers to any type of moiety that is attached to, e.g., a polypeptide and/or a polynucleotide that encodes a hOX40L or hOX40L antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof. For example, a polynucleotide that encodes a hOX40L, hOX40L antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof can contain one or more additional tag-encoding nucleotide sequences that encode a, e.g., a detectable moiety or a moiety that aids in affinity purification. When translated, the tag and the antibody can be in the form of a fusion protein. The term “detectable” or “detection” with reference to a tag refers to any tag that is capable of being visualized or wherein the presence of the tag is otherwise able to be determined and/or measured (e.g., by quantitation). A non-limiting example of a detectable tag is a fluorescent tag.

As used herein, the term “therapeutic agent” refers to any agent that can be used in the treatment, management or amelioration of a hOX40L-mediated disease and/or a symptom related thereto. In certain embodiments, the term “therapeutic agent” refers to an antibody of the invention. In certain other embodiments, the term “therapeutic agent” refers to an agent other than an antibody of the invention. Preferably, a therapeutic agent is an agent which is known to be useful for, or has been or is currently being used for the treatment, management or amelioration of a hOX40L-mediated disease or one or more symptoms related thereto. In specific embodiments, the therapeutic agent is a fully human anti-hOX40L antibody, such as a fully human anti-hOX40L monoclonal antibody.

The combination of therapies (e.g., use of prophylactic or therapeutic agents) which is more effective than the additive effects of any two or more single therapies. For example, a synergistic effect of a combination of prophylactic and/or therapeutic agents permits the use of lower dosages of one or more of the agents and/or less frequent administration of said agents to a subject with a hOX40L-mediated disease. The ability to utilize lower dosages of prophylactic or therapeutic therapies and/or to administer said therapies less frequently reduces the toxicity associated with the administration of said therapies to a subject without reducing the efficacy of said therapies in the prevention, management, treatment or amelioration of a hOX40L-mediated disease. In addition, a synergistic effect can result in improved efficacy of therapies in the prevention, or in the management, treatment or amelioration of a hOX40L-mediated disease. Finally, synergistic effect of a combination of therapies (e.g., prophylactic or therapeutic agents) may avoid or reduce adverse or unwanted side effects associated with the use of any single therapy.

In one embodiment, the combination comprises an anti-OX40L antibody of the invention and a further therapeutic agents independently selected from the group consisting of rapamycin (sirolimus), tacrolimus, ciclosporin, corticosteroids (e.g. methylprednisolone), methotrexate, mycophenolate mofetil, anti-CD28 antibodies, anti-IL12/IL-23 antibodies (e.g. ustekinumab), anti-CD20 antibodies (e.g.rituximab), anti-CD30 antibodies (e.g. brentuximab), CTLA4-Fc molecules (e.g. abatacept), CCR5 receptor antagonists (e.g. maraviroc), anti-CD40L antibodies, anti-VLA4 antibodies (e.g. natalizumab), anti-LFA1 antibodies, fludarabine, anti-CD52 antibodies (e.g. alemtuzumab), anti-CD45 antibodies, cyclophosphamide, anti-thymocyte globulins, anti-complement C5 antibodies (e.g. eculizumab), anti-a4b7 integrin antibodies (e.g. vedolizumab), anti-IL6 antibodies (e.g. tocilizumab), anti-IL2R antibodies (e.g. basilixumab), anti-CD25 antibodies (e.g. daclizumab), anti-TNFa/TNFa-Fc molecules (e.g. etanercept, adalimumab, infliximab, golimumab or certolizumab pegol) and Vorinostat. In another embodiment the combination comprises an anti-OX40L antibody of the invention and a further therapeutic agents independently selected from the group consisting of rapamycin (sirolimus), tacrolimus, ciclosporin, corticosteroids (e.g. methylprednisolone), methotrexate, mycophenolate mofetil, anti-CD28 antibodies, CTLA4-Fc molecules (e.g. abatacept), anti-CD40L antibodies, anti-LFA1 antibodies, anti-CD52 antibodies (e.g. alemtuzumab), cyclophosphamide and anti-thymocyte globulins.

In some embodiments the combination comprises an anti-OX40L antibody of the invention and further therapeutic agents independently selected from the group consisting of calcineurin inhibitors (e.g. tacrolimus, ciclosporin), mTOR inhibitors (e.g. rapamycin (sirolimus)), and antiproliferative agents (e.g. mycophenolate mofetil, cyclophosphamide).

In further embodiments the combination comprises an anti-OX40L antibody of the invention and further therapeutic agents independently selected from the group consisting of immunosuppressants that modulate IL-2 signalling (e.g. tacrolimus, ciclosporin, rapamycin (sirolimus), and anti-CD25 antibodies (e.g. basilixumab, daclizumab). In another embodiment, the immunosuppressant is an anti-IL-2 antibody or an anti-IL2R antibody.

Without being bound by theory, it is thought that the mechanism of action of an anti-OX40L antibody of the invention is complementary to further therapeutic agents which modulate immune function. In particular, agents that modulate IL-2 signalling or that inhibit IL-2/IL-2R-mediated T-cell proliferation may synergistically combine with an anti-OX40L antibody resulting in greater immune modulation than would be observed with either agent alone. As shown in Examples 7 and 9 hereinbelow, both tacrolimus and rapamycin display immune modulating activity. Tacrolimus and rapamycin are both agents which are known to modulate IL-2 signalling. In particular, rapamycin is known to act as an mTOR inhibitor, which reduces IL-2 and IL2R transcription, and inhibits cell cycle progression evoked by IL2R activation, but there may be other mechanisms on proliferation of T-cells by which mTOR inhibitors may function (Thomson et al, Nat. Rev. Immunol., 2009, 9(5), 324-337; Scheffert & Raza, J. Thorac. Dis., 2014, 6(8), 1039-1053). FIG. 6 herein shows that the mechanism of an anti-OX40L antibody is different with regards to Tscm population to both these agents, and FIG. 7 shows a synergistic effect on survival of an anti-OX40L antibody of the invention in combination with rapamycin. It is therefore thought that other agents having a similar mechanism of action to rapamycin and/or tacrolimus will also result in a synergistic effect when used in combination with the anti-OX40L antibodies of the invention.

In one embodiment, the combination comprises an anti-OX40L antibody of the invention and rapamycin (sirolimus).

In one embodiment, the combination comprises an anti-OX40L antibody of the invention and tacrolimus. In one embodiment, the combination comprises an anti-OX40L antibody of the invention and a combination of tacrolimus and methotrexate. In another embodiment, the combination comprises an anti-OX40L antibody of the invention and ciclosporin. In another embodiment, the combination comprises an anti-OX40L antibody of the invention and ciclosporin and methotrexate. In another embodiment, the combination comprises an anti-OX40L antibody of the invention and cyclophosphamide. In another embodiment, the combination comprises an anti-OX40L antibody of the invention and mycophenolate mofetil.

As used herein, the term “therapy” refers to any protocol, method and/or agent that can be used in the prevention, management, treatment and/or amelioration of a hOX40L-mediated disease (e.g., IBD or GVHD). In certain embodiments, the terms “therapies” and “therapy” refer to a biological therapy, supportive therapy, and/or other therapies useful in the prevention, management, treatment and/or amelioration of a hOX40L-mediated disease known to one of skill in the art such as medical personnel.

As used herein, the terms “treat,” “treatment” and “treating” refer to the reduction or amelioration of the progression, severity, and/or duration of a hOX40L-mediated disease (e.g., IBD or GVHD) resulting from the administration of one or more therapies (including, but not limited to, the administration of one or more prophylactic or therapeutic agents, such as an antibody of the invention). In specific embodiments, such terms refer to the reduction or inhibition of the binding of hOX40L to OX40, the reduction or inhibition of the production or secretion of CCL20 from a cell expressing hOX40 or hOX40L, the reduction or inhibition of the production or secretion of IL-8 from a cell expressing hOX40 or hOX40L, the reduction or inhibition of the production or secretion of RANTES from a cell expressing hOX40 or hOX40L, and/or the inhibition or reduction of one or more symptoms associated with a hOX40L-mediated disease, such as an IBD or GVHD. In specific embodiments, such terms refer to the reduction or inhibition of the binding of hOX40L to OX40, the reduction or inhibition of the production or secretion of INF-γ from a cell expressing hOX40 or hOX40L, the reduction or inhibition of the production or secretion of TNF-α from a cell expressing hOX40 or hOX40L, the reduction or inhibition of the production or secretion of IL-2 from a cell expressing hOX40 or hOX40L, and/or the inhibition or reduction of one or more symptoms associated with a hOX40L-mediated disease, such as an IBD or GVHD (in particular GvHD). In an example, the cell is a human cell. In specific embodiments, a prophylactic agent is a fully human anti-hOX40L antibody, such as a fully human anti-hOX40L monoclonal antibody.

The term “variable region” or “variable domain” refers to a portion of the OX40L and heavy chains, typically about the amino-terminal 120 to 130 amino acids in the heavy chain and about 100 to 110 amino acids in the light chain, which differ extensively in sequence among antibodies and are used in the binding and specificity of each particular antibody for its particular antigen. The variability in sequence is concentrated in those regions called complimentarily determining regions (CDRs) while the more highly conserved regions in the variable domain are called framework regions (FR). The CDRs of the OX40L and heavy chains are primarily responsible for the interaction of the antibody with antigen. Numbering of amino acid positions used herein is according to the EU Index, as in Kabat et al. (1991) Sequences of proteins of immunological interest. (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, D.C.) 5th ed. (“Kabat et al.”). In preferred embodiments, the variable region is a human variable region.

Antibodies

Antibodies of the invention include, but are not limited to, synthetic antibodies, monoclonal antibodies, recombinantly produced antibodies, multispecific antibodies (including bi-specific antibodies), human antibodies, humanized antibodies, chimeric antibodies, intrabodies, single-chain Fvs (scFv) (e.g., including monospecific, bispecific, etc.), camelized antibodies, Fab fragments, F(ab′) fragments, disulfide-linked Fvs (sdFv), anti-idiotypic (anti-Id) antibodies, and epitope-binding fragments of any of the above.

In particular, antibodies provided herein include immunoglobulin molecules and immunologically active portions of immunoglobulin molecules, i.e., molecules that contain an antigen binding site that specifically binds to a hOX40L antigen. The immunoglobulin molecules provided herein can be of any type (e.g., IgG, IgE, IgM, IgD, IgA and IgY), class (e.g., IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgA1 and IgA2) or subclass of immunoglobulin molecule. In a specific embodiment, an antibody provided herein is an IgG antibody, preferably an IgG1 or IgG4. In certain embodiments, the antibodies of the invention comprise a human gamma 4 constant region. In another embodiment, the heavy chain constant region does not bind Fc-y receptors, and e.g. comprises a Leu235Glu mutation. In another embodiment, the heavy chain constant region comprises a Ser228Pro mutation to increase stability. In another embodiment, the heavy chain constant region is IgG4-PE.

Variants and derivatives of antibodies include antibody fragments that retain the ability to specifically bind to an epitope. Preferred fragments include Fab fragments; Fab′ (an antibody fragment containing a single anti-binding domain comprising an Fab and an additional portion of the heavy chain through the hinge region); F(ab′)2 (two Fab′ molecules joined by interchain disulfide bonds in the hinge regions of the heavy chains; the Fab′ molecules may be directed toward the same or different epitopes); a bispecific Fab (a Fab molecule having two antigen binding domains, each of which may be directed to a different epitope); a single chain Fab chain comprising a variable region, also known as, a sFv; a disulfide-linked Fv, or dsFv; a camelized VH (the variable, antigen-binding determinative region of a single heavy chain of an antibody in which some amino acids at the VH interface are those found in the heavy chain of naturally occurring camel antibodies); a bispecific sFv (a sFv or a dsFv molecule having two antigen-binding domains, each of which may be directed to a different epitope); a diabody (a dimerized sFv formed when the VH domain of a first sFv assembles with the VL domain of a second sFv and the VL domain of the first sFv assembles with the VH domain of the second sFv; the two antigen-binding regions of the diabody may be directed towards the same or different epitopes); and a triabody (a trimerized sFv, formed in a manner similar to a diabody, but in which three antigen-binding domains are created in a single complex; the three antigen binding domains may be directed towards the same or different epitopes). Derivatives of antibodies also include one or more CDR sequences of an antibody combining site. The CDR sequences may be linked together on a scaffold when two or more CDR sequences are present. In certain embodiments, the antibody to be used with the invention comprises a single-chain Fv (“scFv”). scFvs are antibody fragments comprising the VH and VL domains of an antibody, wherein these domains are present in a single polypeptide chain. Generally, the scFv polypeptide further comprises a polypeptide linker between the VH and VL domains which enables the scFv to form the desired structure for antigen binding. For a review of scFvs see Pluckthun in The Pharmacology of Monoclonal Antibodies, vol. 113, Rosenburg and Moore eds. Springer-Verlag, New York, pp. 269-315 (1994).

The antibodies of the invention may be from any animal origin including birds and mammals (e.g., human, murine, donkey, sheep, rabbit, goat, guinea pig, camel, horse, or chicken). In certain embodiments, the antibodies of the invention are human or humanized monoclonal antibodies. As used herein, “human” antibodies include antibodies having the amino acid sequence of a human immunoglobulin and include antibodies isolated from human immunoglobulin libraries or from mice that express antibodies from human genes.

In preferred embodiments, the antibodies of the invention are fully human antibodies, such as fully human antibodies that specifically bind a hOX40L polypeptide, a hOX40L polypeptide fragment, or a hOX40L epitope. Such fully human antibodies would be advantageous over fully mouse (or other full or partial non-human species antibodies), humanized antibodies, or chimeric antibodies to minimize the development of unwanted or unneeded side effects, such as immune responses directed toward non-fully human antibodies (e.g., anti-hOX40L antibodies derived from other species) when administered to the subject.

The antibodies of the present invention may be monospecific, bispecific, trispecific or of greater multispecificity. Multispecific antibodies may be specific for different epitopes of a hOX40L polypeptide or may be specific for both a hOX40L polypeptide as well as for a heterologous epitope, such as a heterologous polypeptide or solid support material. In preferred embodiments, the antibodies provided herein are monospecific for a given epitope of a hOX40L polypeptide and do not specifically bind to other epitopes.

Also provided herein is a B-cell (e.g., an immortalised B-cell) or a hybridoma that produces an anti-hOX40L antibody or fragment described herein.

In certain embodiments, an isolated antibody is provided herein that specifically binds to a hOX40L epitope wherein the binding to the hOX40L epitope by the antibody is competitively blocked (e.g., in a dose-dependent manner) by an antibody or fragment of the invention. The antibody may or may not be a fully human antibody. In preferred embodiments, the antibody is a fully human monoclonal anti-hOX40L antibody, and even more preferably a fully human, monoclonal, antagonist anti-hOX40L antibody. Exemplary competitive blocking tests that can be used are provided in the Examples herein.

In some embodiments, the antibody or fragment of the invention competes (e.g., in a dose-dependent manner) with OX40 Receptor (or a fusion protein thereof) for binding to cell surface-expressed hOX40L. In other embodiments, the antibody or fragment of the invention competes (e.g., in a dose-dependent manner) with OX40 Receptor (or a fusion protein thereof) for binding to soluble hOX40L. Exemplary competitive binding assays that can be used are provided in the Examples herein. In one embodiment, the antibody or fragment partially or completely inhibits binding of hOX40 to cell surface-expressed OX40L, such as hOX40L. In another embodiment, the antibody partially or completely inhibits binding of hOX40 to soluble hOX40L. In some embodiments, the antibody or fragment partially or completely inhibits the secretion of CCL20, IL-8, and/or RANTES, or INF-γ, TNF-α or IL-2, in particular INF-γ from a cell having cell surface-expressed OX40. In certain embodiments, the cell expressing the OX40 is a colonic epithelial cell.

Preferably, the antibodies of the invention are fully human, monoclonal antibodies, such as fully human, monoclonal antagonist antibodies, that specifically bind to hOX40L.

In some embodiments, the antibody or fragment provided herein binds to a hOX40L epitope that is a three-dimensional surface feature of a hOX40L polypeptide (e.g., in a trimeric form of a hOX40L polypeptide). A region of a hOX40L polypeptide contributing to an epitope may be contiguous amino acids of the polypeptide or the epitope may come together from two or more non-contiguous regions of the polypeptide A hOX40L epitope may be present in (a) the trimeric form (“a trimeric hOX40L epitope”) of hOX40L, (b) the monomeric form (“a monomeric hOX40L epitope”) of hOX40L, (c) both the trimeric and monomeric form of hOX40L, (d) the trimeric form, but not the monomeric form of hOX40L, or (e) the monomeric form, but not the trimeric form of hOX40L.

For example, in some embodiments, the epitope is only present or available for binding in the trimeric (native) form, but is not present or available for binding in the monomeric (denatured) form by an anti-hOX40L antibody. In other embodiments, the hOX40L epitope is linear feature of the hOX40L polypeptide (e.g., in a trimeric form or monomeric form of the hOX40L polypeptide). Antibodies provided herein may specifically bind to (a) an epitope of the monomeric form of hOX40L, (b) an epitope of the trimeric form of hOX40L, (c) an epitope of the monomeric but not the trimeric form of hOX40L, (d) an epitope of the trimeric but not the monomeric form of hOX40L, or (e) both the monomeric form and the trimeric form of hOX40L. In preferred embodiments, the antibodies provided herein specifically bind to an epitope of the trimeric form of hOX40L but do not specifically bind to an epitope the monomeric form of hOX40L.

The present invention also provides antibodies that specifically bind to a hOX40L epitope, the antibodies comprising derivatives of the VH domains, VH CDRs, VL domains, and VL CDRs described herein that specifically bind to a hOX40L antigen. The present invention also provides antibodies comprising derivatives of antibodies disclosed in the Examples, wherein said antibodies specifically bind to a hOX40L epitope. Standard techniques known to those of skill in the art can be used to introduce mutations in the nucleotide sequence encoding a molecule of the invention, including, for example, site-directed mutagenesis and PCR-mediated mutagenesis which results in amino acid substitutions. Preferably, the derivatives include less than 25 amino acid substitutions, less than 20 amino acid substitutions, less than 15 amino acid substitutions, less than 10 amino acid substitutions, less than 5 amino acid substitutions, less than 4 amino acid substitutions, less than 3 amino acid substitutions, or less than 2 amino acid substitutions relative to the original molecule. In another embodiment, the derivatives have conservative amino acid substitutions. In a preferred embodiment, the derivatives have conservative amino acid substitutions are made at one or more predicted non-essential amino acid residues. Alternatively, mutations can be introduced randomly along all or part of the coding sequence, such as by saturation mutagenesis, and the resultant mutants can be screened for biological activity to identify mutants that retain activity. Following mutagenesis, the encoded protein can be expressed and the activity of the protein can be determined.

In another embodiment, an antibody that specifically binds to a hOX40L epitope comprises a variable domain amino acid sequence that is at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 99% identical to a variable domain amino acid sequence of the

SEQUENCE LISTING

In specific embodiments, the antibody is a fully human anti-human antibody, such as a fully human monoclonal antibody. Fully human antibodies may be produced by any method known in the art. Exemplary methods include immunization with a hOX40L antigen (any hOX40L polypeptide capable of eliciting an immune response, and optionally conjugated to a carrier) of transgenic animals (e.g., mice) that are capable of producing a repertoire of human antibodies in the absence of endogenous immunoglobulin production; see, e.g., Jakobovits et a., (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 90:2551; Jakobovits et al., (1993) Nature, 362:255 258 (1993); Bruggermann et al., (1993) Year in Immunol., 7:33. Other methods of producing fully human anti-hOX40L antibodies can be found in the Examples provided herein.

Alternatively, fully human antibodies may be generated through the in vitro screening of phage display antibody libraries; see e.g., Hoogenboom et al, J. Mol. Biol., 227:381 (1991); Marks et al, J. Mol. Biol., 222:581 (1991), incorporated herein by reference. Various antibody-containing phage display libraries have been described and may be readily prepared by one skilled in the art. Libraries may contain a diversity of human antibody sequences, such as human Fab, Fv, and scFv fragments, that may be screened against an appropriate target.

The antibodies and fragments of the invention include antibodies and fragments that are chemically modified, i.e., by the covalent attachment of any type of molecule to the antibody. For example, but not by way of limitation, the antibody derivatives include antibodies that have been chemically modified, e.g., by glycosylation, acetylation, pegylation, phosphorylation, amidation, derivatization by known protecting/blocking groups, proteolytic cleavage, linkage to a cellular ligand or other protein, etc. Any of numerous chemical modifications may be carried out by known techniques, including, but not limited to specific chemical cleavage, acetylation, formulation, metabolic synthesis of tunicamycin, etc. Additionally, the antibody may contain one or more non-classical amino acids.

The present invention also provides antibodies that specifically bind to a hOX40L antigen which comprise a framework region known to those of skill in the art (e.g., a human or non-human fragment). The framework region may, for example, be naturally occurring or consensus framework regions. Most preferably, the framework region of an antibody of the invention is human (see, e.g., Chothia et al., 1998, J. Mol. Biol. 278:457-479 for a listing of human framework regions, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety). See also Kabat et al. (1991) Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, D.C.) 5th ed.

In a specific embodiment, the present invention provides for antibodies that specifically bind to a hOX40L antigen, said antibodies comprising the amino acid sequence of one or more of the CDRs in the sequence listing (i.e. Seq ID No:4, Seq ID No:10, Seq ID No:36, Seq ID No:42, Seq ID No:68, Seq ID No:74, Seq ID No:96 or Seq ID No:102, in particular, Seq ID No:36 or Seq ID No:42 for HCDR1; Seq ID No:6, Seq ID No:12, Seq ID No:38, Seq ID No:44, Seq ID No:70, Seq ID No:76, Seq ID No:98 or Seq ID No:104, in particular Seq ID No:38 or Seq ID No:44 for HCDR2; Seq ID No:8, Seq ID No:14, Seq ID No:40, Seq ID No:46, Seq ID No:72, Seq ID No:78, Seq ID No:100 or Seq ID No:106, in particular Seq ID No:40 or Seq ID No:46 for HCDR3; Seq ID No:18, Seq ID No:24, Seq ID No:50, Seq ID No:56, Seq ID No:82, Seq ID No:88, Seq ID No:110 or Seq ID No:116, in particular Seq ID No:50 or Seq ID No:56 for LCDR1; Seq ID No:20, Seq ID No:26, Seq ID No:52, Seq ID No:58, Seq ID No:84, Seq ID No:90, Seq ID No:112 or Seq ID No:118, in particular Seq ID No:52 or Seq ID No:58 for LCDR2; and Seq ID No:22, Seq ID No:28, Seq ID No:54, Seq ID No:60, Seq ID No:86, Seq ID No:92, Seq ID No:114 or Seq ID No:120, in particular Seq ID No:54 or Seq ID No:60 for LCDR3) and human framework regions with one or more amino acid substitutions at one, two, three or more of the following residues: (a) rare framework residues that differ between the murine antibody framework (i.e., donor antibody framework) and the human antibody framework (i.e., acceptor antibody framework); (b) Vernier zone residues when differing between donor antibody framework and acceptor antibody framework; (c) interchain packing residues at the VH/VL interface that differ between the donor antibody framework and the acceptor antibody framework; (d) canonical residues which differ between the donor antibody framework and the acceptor antibody framework sequences, particularly the framework regions crucial for the definition of the canonical class of the murine antibody CDR loops; (e) residues that are adjacent to a CDR; (g) residues capable of interacting with the antigen; (h) residues capable of interacting with the CDR; and (i) contact residues between the VH domain and the VL domain. In certain embodiments, antibodies that specifically bind to a hOX40L antigen comprising the human framework regions with one or more amino acid substitutions at one, two, three or more of the above-identified residues are antagonistic hOX40L antibodies.

The present invention encompasses antibodies that specifically bind to a hOX40L antigen, said antibodies comprising the amino acid sequence of the VH domain and/or VL domain in the sequence listing (i.e. Seq ID No:2, Seq ID No:34, Seq ID No:66 or Seq ID No:94, in particular Seq ID No:34 for VH domains; Seq ID No: 16, Seq ID No:48, Seq ID No:80, or Seq ID No: 108, in particular Seq ID No:48 for VL domains) but having mutations (e.g., one or more amino acid substitutions) in the framework regions. In certain embodiments, antibodies that specifically bind to a hOX40L antigen comprise the amino acid sequence of the VH domain and/or VL domain or an antigen-binding fragment thereof of an antibody disclosed in the Examples with one or more amino acid residue substitutions in the framework regions of the VH and/or VL domains.

In some embodiments, antibodies provided herein decrease or inhibit binding of hOX40L hOX40, and/or decrease or inhibit a hOX40L biological activity, such as secretion of CCL20, IL8 and/or RANTES, or INF-γ, TNF-α or IL-2, in particular INF-γ, in subject (e.g., a human subject). In certain embodiments, antibodies provided herein, such as a human monoclonal anti-hOX40L antibody, decreases or inhibits binding of a soluble or cell-surface expressed hOX40L to hOX40, and/or decreases or inhibits secretion of CCL20 and/or RANTES, or INF-γ, TNF-α or IL-2, in particular INF-γ after contact with a soluble or cell-surface expressed hOX40L, in a subject. Blocking activity of an antibody provided herein of hOX40L binding to hOX40 can be detected using an assay as described in the Examples. Inhibition of biological activity of cells expressing OX40 by a hOX40L antibody provided herein can be detected using an assay as described in the Examples.

The present invention also provides for fusion proteins comprising an antibody provided herein that specifically binds to a hOX40L antigen and a heterologous polypeptide. In some embodiments, the heterologous polypeptide to which the antibody is fused is useful for targeting the antibody to cells having cell surface-expressed hOX40L.

Antibody Conjugates and Fusion Proteins

The following discussion on conjugates and fusion proteins also applies to fragments so that disclosure mentioning antibodies can also apply mutatis mutandis to fragments of the invention.

In some embodiments, antibodies of the invention are conjugated or recombinantly fused to a diagnostic, detectable or therapeutic agent or any other molecule. The conjugated or recombinantly fused antibodies can be useful, e.g., for monitoring or prognosing the onset, development, progression and/or severity of a hOX40L-mediated disease as part of a clinical testing procedure, such as determining the efficacy of a particular therapy.

Such diagnosis and detection can be accomplished, for example, by coupling the antibody to detectable substances including, but not limited to, various enzymes, such as, but not limited to, horseradish peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, beta-galactosidase, or acetylcholinesterase; prosthetic groups, such as, but not limited to, streptavidin/biotin and avidin/biotin; fluorescent materials, such as, but not limited to, umbelliferone, fluorescein, fluorescein isothiocynate, rhodamine, dichlorotriazinylamine fluorescein, dansyl chloride or phycoerythrin; luminescent materials, such as, but not limited to, luminol; bioluminescent materials, such as but not limited to, luciferase, luciferin, and aequorin; radioactive materials, such as, but not limited to, iodine (¹³¹I, ¹²⁵I, ¹²³I, and ¹²¹I), carbon (¹⁴C), sulfur (³⁵S), tritium (³H), indium (¹¹⁵In, ¹¹³In, ¹¹²In, and ¹¹¹In), technetium (⁹⁹Tc), thallium (²⁰¹Ti), gallium (⁶⁸Ga, ⁶⁷Ga), palladium (¹⁰³Pd), molybdenum (⁹⁹Mo), xenon (¹³³Xe), fluorine (¹⁸F), ⁵³Sm, ¹⁷⁷Lu, ⁵⁹Gd, ¹⁴⁹Pm, ¹⁴⁰La, ¹⁷⁵Yb, ¹⁶⁶Ho, ⁹⁰Y, ⁴⁷Sc, ¹⁸⁶Re, ¹⁸⁸Re, ¹⁴²Pr ¹⁰⁵Rh, ⁹⁷Ru, ⁶⁸Ge, ⁵⁷Co, ⁶⁵Zn, ⁸⁵Sr, ³²p, ⁵³Gd, ¹⁶⁹Yb, ⁵¹Cr, ⁵⁴Mn, ⁷⁵Se, ¹¹³Sn, and ¹¹⁷Sn; and positron emitting metals using various positron emission tomographies, and non-radioactive paramagnetic metal ions.

The present invention further encompasses uses of the antibodies of the invention conjugated or recombinantly fused to a therapeutic moiety (or one or more therapeutic moieties). The antibody may be conjugated or recombinantly fused to a therapeutic moiety, such as a cytotoxin, e.g., a cytostatic or cytocidal agent, a therapeutic agent or a radioactive metal ion, e.g., alpha-emitters. A cytotoxin or cytotoxic agent includes any agent that is detrimental to cells. Therapeutic moieties include, but are not limited to, antimetabolites (e.g., methotrexate, 6-mercaptopurine, 6-thioguanine, cytarabine, 5-fluorouracil decarbazine); alkylating agents (e.g., mechlorethamine, thioepa chlorambucil, melphalan, carmustine (BCNU) and lomustine (CCNU), cyclothosphamide, busulfan, dibromomannitol, streptozotocin, mitomycin C, and cisdichlorodiamine platinum (II) (DDP), and cisplatin); anthracyclines (e.g., daunorubicin (formerly daunomycin) and doxorubicin); antibiotics (e.g., d actinomycin (formerly actinomycin), bleomycin, mithramycin, and anthramycin (AMC)); Auristatin molecules (e.g., auristatin PHE, bryostatin 1, and solastatin 10; see Woyke et al., Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 46:3802-8 (2002), Woyke et al., Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 45:3580-4 (2001), Mohammad et al., Anticancer Drugs 12:735-40 (2001), Wall et al, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun 266:76-80 (1999), Mohammad et al., Int. J. Oncol. 15:367-72 (1999), all of which are incorporated herein by reference); hormones (e.g., glucocorticoids, progestins, androgens, and estrogens), DNA-repair enzyme inhibitors (e.g., etoposide or topotecan), kinase inhibitors (e.g., compound ST1571, imatinib mesylate (Kantarjian et al., Clin Cancer Res. 8(7):2167-76 (2002)); cytotoxic agents (e.g., paclitaxel, cytochalasin B, gramicidin D, ethidium bromide, emetine, mitomycin, etoposide, tenoposide, vincristine, vinblastine, colchicin, doxorubicin, daunorubicin, dihydroxy anthracin dione, mitoxantrone, mithramycin, actinomycin D, 1-dehydrotestosterone, glucorticoids, procaine, tetracaine, lidocaine, propranolol, and puromycin and analogues or homologs thereof and those compounds disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,245,759, 6,399,633, 6,383,790, 6,335,156, 6,271,242, 6,242,196, 6,218,410, 6,218,372, 6,057,300, 6,034,053, 5,985,877, 5,958,769, 5,925,376, 5,922,844, 5,911,995, 5,872,223, 5,863,904, 5,840,745, 5,728,868, 5,648,239, 5,587,459); farnesyl transferase inhibitors (e.g., R115777, BMS-214662, and those disclosed by, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,458,935, 6,451,812, 6,440,974, 6,436,960, 6,432,959, 6,420,387, 6,414,145, 6,410,541, 6,410,539, 6,403,581, 6,399,615, 6,387,905, 6,372,747, 6,369,034, 6,362,188, 6,342,765, 6,342,487, 6,300,501, 6,268,363, 6,265,422, 6,248,756, 6,239,140, 6,232,338, 6,228,865, 6,228,856, 6,225,322, 6,218,406, 6,211,193, 6,187,786, 6,169,096, 6,159,984, 6,143,766, 6,133,303, 6,127,366, 6,124,465, 6,124,295, 6,103,723, 6,093,737, 6,090,948, 6,080,870, 6,077,853, 6,071,935, 6,066,738, 6,063,930, 6,054,466, 6,051,582, 6,051,574, and 6,040,305); topoisomerase inhibitors (e.g., camptothecin; irinotecan; SN-38; topotecan; 9-aminocamptothecin; GG-211 (GI 147211); DX-8951f; IST-622; rubitecan; pyrazoloacridine; XR-5000; saintopin; UCE6; UCE1022; TAN-1518A; TAN 1518B; KT6006; KT6528; ED-110; NB-506; ED-110; NB-506; and rebeccamycin); bulgarein; DNA minor groove binders such as Hoescht dye 33342 and Hoechst dye 33258; nitidine; fagaronine; epiberberine; coralyne; beta-lapachone; BC-4-1; bisphosphonates (e.g., alendronate, cimadronte, clodronate, tiludronate, etidronate, ibandronate, neridronate, olpandronate, risedronate, piridronate, pamidronate, zolendronate) HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, (e.g., lovastatin, simvastatin, atorvastatin, pravastatin, fluvastatin, statin, cerivastatin, lescol, lupitor, rosuvastatin and atorvastatin); antisense oligonucleotides (e.g., those disclosed in the U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,277,832, 5,998,596, 5,885,834, 5,734,033, and 5,618,709); adenosine deaminase inhibitors (e.g., Fludarabine phosphate and 2-Chlorodeoxyadenosine); ibritumomab tiuxetan (Zevalin®); tositumomab (Bexxar®)) and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, clathrates, and prodrugs thereof.

Further, an antibody of the invention may be conjugated or recombinantly fused to a therapeutic moiety or drug moiety that modifies a given biological response. Therapeutic moieties or drug moieties are not to be construed as limited to classical chemical therapeutic agents. For example, the drug moiety may be a protein, peptide, or polypeptide possessing a desired biological activity. Such proteins may include, for example, a toxin such as abrin, ricin A, pseudomonas exotoxin, cholera toxin, or diphtheria toxin; a protein such as tumor necrosis factor, y-interferon, a-interferon, nerve growth factor, platelet derived growth factor, tissue plasminogen activator, an apoptotic agent, e.g., TNF-γ, AIM I (see, International Publication No. WO 97/33899), AIM II (see, International Publication No. WO 97/34911), Fas Ligand (Takahashi et al., 1994, J. Immunol., 6:1567-1574), and VEGF (see, International Publication No. WO 99/23105), an anti-angiogenic agent, e.g., angiostatin, endostatin or a component of the coagulation pathway (e.g., tissue factor); or, a biological response modifier such as, for example, a lymphokine (e.g., interferon gamma, interleukin-1 (“IL-1”), interleukin-2 (“IL-2”), interleukin-5 (“IL-5”), interleukin-6 (“IL-6′”, interleukin-7 (“IL-7”), interleukin 9 (“IL-9”), interleukin-10 (“IL-10”), interleukin-12 (“IL-12”), interleukin-15 (“IL-15”), interleukin-23 (“IL-23”), granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (“GM-CSF”, and granulocyte colony stimulating factor (“G-CSF”)), or a growth factor (e.g., growth hormone (“GH”)), or a coagulation agent (e.g., calcium, vitamin K, tissue factors, such as but not limited to, Hageman factor (factor XII), high-molecular-weight kininogen (HMWK), prekallikrein (PK), coagulation proteins-factors II (prothrombin), factor V, XIIa, VIII, XIIIa, XI, XIa, IX, IXa, X, phospholipid, and fibrin monomer).

The present invention encompasses antibodies of the invention recombinantly fused or chemically conjugated (covalent or non-covalent conjugations) to a heterologous protein or polypeptide (or fragment thereof, preferably to a polypeptide of about 10, about 20, about 30, about 40, about 50, about 60, about 70, about 80, about 90 or about 100 amino acids) to generate fusion proteins. In particular, the invention provides fusion proteins comprising an antigen-binding fragment of an antibody of the invention (e.g., a Fab fragment, Fd fragment, Fv fragment, F(ab)2 fragment, a VH domain, a VH CDR, a VL domain or a VL CDR) and a heterologous protein, polypeptide, or peptide. In one embodiment, the heterologous protein, polypeptide, or peptide that the antibody is fused to is useful for targeting the antibody to a particular cell type, such as a cell that expresses hOX40L or an hOX40L receptor. For example, an antibody that specifically binds to a cell surface receptor expressed by a particular cell type (e.g., an immune cell) may be fused or conjugated to a modified antibody of the invention.

A conjugated or fusion protein of the invention comprises any antibody of the invention described herein and a heterologous polypeptide. In one embodiment, a conjugated or fusion protein of the invention comprises the variable domains of an antibody disclosed in the Examples and a heterologous polypeptide.

In addition, an antibody of the invention can be conjugated to therapeutic moieties such as a radioactive metal ion, such as alpha-emitters such as ²¹³Bi or macrocyclic chelators useful for conjugating radiometal ions, including but not limited to, ¹³¹In, ¹³¹Lu, ¹³¹Y, ¹³¹Ho, ³¹Sm, to polypeptides. In certain embodiments, the macrocyclic chelator is 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-N,N′,N″,N′″-tetraacetic acid (DOTA) which can be attached to the antibody via a linker molecule. Such linker molecules are commonly known in the art and described in Denardo et al, 1998, Clin Cancer Res. 4(10):2483-90; Peterson et al., 1999, Bioconjug. Chem. 10(4):553-7; and Zimmerman et al., 1999, Nucl. Med. Biol., 26(8):943-50, each incorporated by reference in their entireties.

Moreover, antibodies of the invention can be fused to marker sequences, such as a peptide to facilitate purification. In preferred embodiments, the marker amino acid sequence is a hexa-histidine peptide, such as the tag provided in a pQE vector (QIAGEN, Inc.), among others, many of which are commercially available. As described in Gentz et al., 1989, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:821-824, for instance, hexa-histidine provides for convenient purification of the fusion protein. Other peptide tags useful for purification include, but are not limited to, the hemagglutinin (“HA”) tag, which corresponds to an epitope derived from the influenza hemagglutinin protein (Wilson et al, 1984, Cell 37:767), and the “FLAG” tag.

Methods for fusing or conjugating therapeutic moieties (including polypeptides) to antibodies are well known, see, e.g., Arnon et al., “Monoclonal Antibodies For Immunotargeting Of Drugs In Cancer Therapy”, in Monoclonal Antibodies And Cancer Therapy, Reisfeld et al. (eds.), pp. 243-56 (Alan R. Liss, Inc. 1985); Hellstrom et al., “Antibodies For Drug Delivery”, in Controlled Drug Delivery (2nd Ed.), Robinson et al (eds.), pp. 623-53 (Marcel Dekker, Inc. 1987); Thorpe, “Antibody Carriers Of Cytotoxic Agents In Cancer Therapy: A Review”, in Monoclonal Antibodies 84: Biological And Clinical Applications, Pinchera et al. (eds.), pp. 475-506 (1985); “Analysis, Results, And Future Prospective Of The Therapeutic Use Of Radiolabeled Antibody In Cancer Therapy”, in Monoclonal Antibodies For Cancer Detection And Therapy, Baldwin et al. (eds.), pp. 303-16 (Academic Press 1985), Thorpe et al., 1982, Immunol. Rev. 62:119-58; U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,336,603, 5,622,929, 5,359,046, 5,349,053, 5,447,851, 5,723,125, 5,783,181, 5,908,626, 5,844,095, and 5,112,946; EP 307,434; EP 367,166; EP 394,827; PCT publications WO 91/06570, WO 96/04388, WO 96/22024, WO 97/34631, and WO 99/04813; Ashkenazi et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 88: 10535-10539, 1991; Traunecker et al., Nature, 331:84-86, 1988; Zheng et al, J. Immunol., 154:5590-5600, 1995; Vil et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 89:11337-11341, 1992, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

Fusion proteins may be generated, for example, through the techniques of gene-shuffling, motif-shuffling, exon-shuffling, and/or codon-shuffling (collectively referred to as “DNA shuffling”). DNA shuffling may be employed to alter the activities of antibodies of the invention (e.g., antibodies with higher affinities and lower dissociation rates). See, generally, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,605,793, 5,811,238, 5,830,721, 5,834,252, and 5,837,458; Patten et al., 1997, Curr. Opinion Biotechnol. 8:724-33; Harayama, 1998, Trends Biotechnol. 16(2):76-82; Hansson et al, 1999, J. Mol. Biol. 287:265-76; and Lorenzo and Blasco, 1998, Biotechniques 24(2):308-313 (each of these patents and publications are hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety). Antibodies, or the encoded antibodies, may be altered by being subjected to random mutagenesis by error-prone PCR, random nucleotide insertion or other methods prior to recombination. A polynucleotide encoding an antibody of the invention may be recombined with one or more components, motifs, sections, parts, domains, fragments, etc. of one or more heterologous molecules.

An antibody of the invention can also be conjugated to a second antibody to form an antibody heteroconjugate as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,676,980, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

The therapeutic moiety or drug conjugated or recombinantly fused to an antibody of the invention that specifically binds to a hOX40L antigen should be chosen to achieve the desired prophylactic or therapeutic effect(s). In certain embodiments, the antibody is a modified antibody. A clinician or other medical personnel should consider the following when deciding on which therapeutic moiety or drug to conjugate or recombinantly fuse to an antibody of the invention: the nature of the disease, the severity of the disease, and the condition of the subject.

Antibodies of the invention may also be attached to solid supports, which are particularly useful for immunoassays or purification of the target antigen. Such solid supports include, but are not limited to, glass, cellulose, polyacrylamide, nylon, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride or polypropylene.

Pharmaceutical Compositions

The following discussion on compositions also applies to fragments so that disclosure mentioning antibodies can also apply mutatis mutandis to fragments of the invention.

Therapeutic formulations containing one or more antibodies of the invention provided herein can be prepared for storage by mixing the antibody having the desired degree of purity with optional physiologically acceptable carriers, excipients or stabilizers (Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences (1990) Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa.), in the form of lyophilized formulations or aqueous solutions. Acceptable carriers, excipients, or stabilizers are nontoxic to recipients at the dosages and concentrations employed, and include buffers such as phosphate, citrate, and other organic acids; antioxidants including ascorbic acid and methionine; preservatives (such as octadecyldimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride; hexamethonium chloride; benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride; phenol, butyl or benzyl alcohol; alkyl parabens such as methyl or propyl paraben; catechol; resorcinol; cyclohexanol; 3-pentanol; and m-cresol); low molecular weight (less than about 10 residues) polypeptides; proteins, such as serum albumin, gelatin, or immunoglobulins; hydrophilic polymers such as polyvinylpyrrolidone; amino acids such as glycine, glutamine, asparagine, histidine, arginine, or lysine; monosaccharides, disaccharides, and other carbohydrates including glucose, mannose, or dextrins; chelating agents such as EDTA; sugars such as sucrose, mannitol, trehalose or sorbitol; salt-forming counter-ions such as sodium; metal complexes (e.g., Zn-protein complexes); and/or non-ionic surfactants such as TWEEN™, PLURONICS™ or polyethylene glycol (PEG).

The antibodies of the invention provided herein can also, for example, be formulated in liposomes. Liposomes containing the molecule of interest are prepared by methods known in the art, such as described in Epstein et al. (1985) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82:3688; Hwang et al. (1980) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77:4030; and U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,485,045 and 4,544,545. Liposomes with enhanced circulation time are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,013,556.

Particularly useful immunoliposomes can be generated by the reverse phase evaporation method with a lipid composition containing phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol and PEG-derivatized phosphatidylethanolamine (PEG-PE). Liposomes are extruded through filters of defined pore size to yield liposomes with the desired diameter. Fab′ fragments of an antibody provided herein can be conjugated to the liposomes as described in Martin et al. (1982) J. Biol. Chem. 257:286-288 via a disulfide interchange reaction. A chemotherapeutic agent (such as Doxorubicin) is optionally contained within the liposome; See Gabizon et al., (1989) J. National Cancer Inst. 81(19):1484.

Formulations, such as those described herein, can also contain more than one active compound as necessary for the particular indication being treated. In certain embodiments, formulations comprise an antibody of the invention and one or more active compounds with complementary activities that do not adversely affect each other. Such molecules are suitably present in combination in amounts that are effective for the purpose intended. For example, an antibody of the invention can be combined with one or more other therapeutic agents. Such combined therapy can be administered to the patient serially or simultaneously or in sequence.

In one embodiment, the combination comprises an anti-OX40L antibody of the invention and a further therapeutic agents independently selected from the group consisting of rapamycin (sirolimus), tacrolimus, ciclosporin, corticosteroids (e.g. methylprednisolone), methotrexate, mycophenolate mofetil, anti-CD28 antibodies, anti-IL12/IL-23 antibodies (e.g. ustekinumab), anti-CD20 antibodies (e.g.rituximab), anti-CD30 antibodies (e.g. brentuximab), CTLA4-Fc molecules (e.g. abatacept), CCR5 receptor antagonists (e.g. maraviroc), anti-CD40L antibodies, anti-VLA4 antibodies (e.g. natalizumab), anti-LFA1 antibodies, fludarabine, anti-CD52 antibodies (e.g. alemtuzumab), anti-CD45 antibodies, cyclophosphamide, anti-thymocyte globulins, anti-complement C5 antibodies (e.g. eculizumab), anti-a4b7 integrin antibodies (e.g. vedolizumab), anti-IL6 antibodies (e.g. tocilizumab), anti-IL2R antibodies (e.g. basilixumab), anti-CD25 antibodies (e.g. daclizumab), anti-TNFa/TNFa-Fc molecules (e.g. etanercept, adalimumab, infliximab, golimumab or certolizumab pegol) and Vorinostat. In another embodiment the combination comprises an anti-OX40L antibody of the invention and a further therapeutic agents independently selected from the group consisting of rapamycin (sirolimus), tacrolimus, ciclosporin, corticosteroids (e.g. methylprednisolone), methotrexate, mycophenolate mofetil, anti-CD28 antibodies, CTLA4-Fc molecules (e.g. abatacept), anti-CD40L antibodies, anti-LFA1 antibodies, anti-CD52 antibodies (e.g. alemtuzumab), cyclophosphamide and anti-thymocyte globulins.

In some embodiments, the combination comprises an anti-OX40L antibody of the invention and further therapeutic agents independently selected from the group consisting of calcineurin inhibitors (e.g. tacrolimus, ciclosporin), mTOR inhibitors (e.g. rapamycin (sirolimus)), and antiproliferative agents (e.g. mycophenolate mofetil, cyclophosphamide).

In further embodiments, the combination comprises an anti-OX40L antibody of the invention and further therapeutic agents independently selected from the group consisting of immunosuppressants that modulate IL-2 signalling (e.g. tacrolimus, ciclosporin, rapamycin (sirolimus), and anti-CD25 antibodies (e.g. basilixumab, daclizumab).

In one embodiment, the combination comprises an anti-OX40L antibody of the invention and rapamycin (sirolimus). In one embodiment, the combination comprises an anti-OX40L antibody of the invention and tacrolimus. In one embodiment, the combination comprises an anti-OX40L antibody of the invention and a combination of tacrolimus and methotrexate. In another embodiment, the combination comprises an anti-OX40L antibody of the invention and ciclosporin. In another embodiment, the combination comprises an anti-OX40L antibody of the invention and ciclosporin and methotrexate. In another embodiment, the combination comprises an anti-OX40L antibody of the invention and cyclophosphamide. In another embodiment, the combination comprises an anti-OX40L antibody of the invention and mycophenolate mofetil.

An antibody of the invention can also be entrapped in microcapsule prepared, for example, by coacervation techniques or by interfacial polymerization, for example, hydroxymethylcellulose or gelatin-microcapsule and poly-(methylmethacylate) microcapsule, respectively, in colloidal drug delivery systems (for example, liposomes, albumin microspheres, microemulsions, nano-particles and nanocapsules) or in macroemulsions. Such techniques are disclosed in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences (1990) Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa.

The formulations to be used for in vivo administration can be sterile. This is readily accomplished by filtration through, e.g., sterile filtration membranes.

Sustained-release preparations can also be prepared. Suitable examples of sustained-release preparations include semipermeable matrices of solid hydrophobic polymers containing the antagonist, which matrices are in the form of shaped articles, e.g., films, or microcapsule. Examples of sustained-release matrices include polyesters, hydrogels (for example, poly(2-hydroxyethyl-methacrylate), or poly(vinylalcohol)), polylactides (U.S. Pat. No. 3,773,919), copolymers of L-glutamic acid and ethyl-L-glutamate, non-degradable ethylene-vinyl acetate, degradable lactic acid-glycolic acid copolymers such as the LUPRON DEPOT™ (injectable microspheres composed of lactic acid-glycolic acid copolymer and leuprolide acetate), and poly-D-(−)-3-hydroxybutyric acid. While polymers such as ethylene-vinyl acetate and lactic acid-glycolic acid enable release of molecules for over 100 days, certain hydrogels release proteins for shorter time periods. When encapsulated antibodies remain in the body for a long time, they may denature or aggregate as a result of exposure to moisture at 37° C., resulting in a loss of biological activity and possible changes in immunogenicity. Rational strategies can be devised for stabilization depending on the mechanism involved. For example, if the aggregation mechanism is discovered to be intermolecular S-S bond formation through thio-disulfide interchange, stabilization may be achieved by modifying sulfhydryl residues, lyophilizing from acidic solutions, controlling moisture content, using appropriate additives, and developing specific polymer matrix compositions.

The pharmaceutical compositions provided herein contain therapeutically effective amounts of one or more of the antibodies of the invention provided herein, and optionally one or more additional prophylactic of therapeutic agents, in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Such pharmaceutical compositions are useful in the prevention, treatment, management or amelioration of a hOX40L-mediated disease, such as an inflammatory bowl disease, transplant rejection, GvHD or one or more of the symptoms thereof.

Pharmaceutical carriers suitable for administration of the compounds provided herein include any such carriers known to those skilled in the art to be suitable for the particular mode of administration.

In addition, the antibodies of the invention may be formulated as the sole pharmaceutically active ingredient in the composition or may be combined with other active ingredients (such as one or more other prophylactic or therapeutic agents).

The compositions can contain one or more antibodies of the invention. In one embodiment, the antibodies are formulated into suitable pharmaceutical preparations, such as solutions, suspensions, tablets, dispersible tablets, pills, capsules, powders, sustained release formulations or elixirs, for oral administration or in sterile solutions or suspensions for parenteral administration, as well as transdermal patch preparation and dry powder inhalers. In one embodiment, the antibodies described above are formulated into pharmaceutical compositions using techniques and procedures well known in the art (see, e.g., Ansel (1985) Introduction to Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, 4th Ed., p. 126).

In the compositions, effective concentrations of one or more antibodies or derivatives thereof is (are) mixed with a suitable pharmaceutical carrier. The concentrations of the compounds in the compositions are effective for delivery of an amount, upon administration, that treats, prevents, or ameliorates a hOX40L-mediated disease or symptom thereof.

In one embodiment, the compositions are formulated for single dosage administration. To formulate a composition, the weight fraction of compound is dissolved, suspended, dispersed or otherwise mixed in a selected carrier at an effective concentration such that the treated condition is relieved, prevented, or one or more symptoms are ameliorated.

An antibody of the invention is included in the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier in an effective amount sufficient to exert a therapeutically useful effect in the absence of undesirable side effects on the patient treated. The therapeutically effective concentration can be determined empirically by testing the compounds in in vitro and in vivo systems using routine methods and then extrapolated therefrom for dosages for humans.

The concentration of antibody in the pharmaceutical composition will depend on, e.g., the physicochemical characteristics of the antibody, the dosage schedule, and amount administered as well as other factors known to those of skill in the art.

In one embodiment, a therapeutically effective dosage produces a serum concentration of antibody of from about 0.1 ng/ml to about 50-100 μg/ml. The pharmaceutical compositions, in another embodiment, provide a dosage of from about 0.001 mg to about 2000 mg of antibody per kilogram of body weight per day. Pharmaceutical dosage unit forms can be prepared to provide from about 0.01 mg, 0.1 mg or 1 mg to about 500 mg, 1000 mg or 2000 mg, and in one embodiment from about 10 mg to about 500 mg of the antibody and/or a combination of other optional essential ingredients per dosage unit form.

The antibody can be administered at once, or may be divided into a number of smaller doses to be administered at intervals of time. It is understood that the precise dosage and duration of treatment is a function of the disease being treated and can be determined empirically using known testing protocols or by extrapolation from in vivo or in vitro test data. It is to be noted that concentrations and dosage values can also vary with the severity of the condition to be alleviated. It is to be further understood that for any particular subject, specific dosage regimens can be adjusted over time according to the individual need and the professional judgment of the person administering or supervising the administration of the compositions, and that the concentration ranges set forth herein are exemplary only and are not intended to limit the scope or practice of the claimed compositions.

Upon mixing or addition of the antibody, the resulting mixture can be a solution, suspension, emulsion or the like. The form of the resulting mixture depends upon a number of factors, including the intended mode of administration and the solubility of the compound in the selected carrier or vehicle. The effective concentration is sufficient for ameliorating the symptoms of the disease, disorder or condition treated and may be empirically determined.

The pharmaceutical compositions are provided for administration to humans and animals in unit dosage forms, such as tablets, capsules, pills, powders, granules, sterile parenteral solutions or suspensions, and oral solutions or suspensions, and oil-water emulsions containing suitable quantities of the compounds or pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives thereof. The antibody is, in one embodiment, formulated and administered in unit-dosage forms or multiple-dosage forms. Unit-dose forms as used herein refers to physically discrete units suitable for human and animal subjects and packaged individually as is known in the art. Each unit-dose contains a predetermined quantity of the antibody sufficient to produce the desired therapeutic effect, in association with the required pharmaceutical carrier, vehicle or diluent. Examples of unit-dose forms include ampoules and syringes and individually packaged tablets or capsules. Unit-dose forms can be administered in fractions or multiples thereof. A multiple-dose form is a plurality of identical unit-dosage forms packaged in a single container to be administered in segregated unit-dose form. Examples of multiple-dose forms include vials, bottles of tablets or capsules or bottles of pints or gallons. Hence, multiple dose form is a multiple of unit-doses which are not segregated in packaging.

In preferred embodiments, one or more anti-hOX40L antibodies of the invention are in a liquid pharmaceutical formulation. Liquid pharmaceutically administrable compositions can, for example, be prepared by dissolving, dispersing, or otherwise mixing an active compound as defined above and optional pharmaceutical adjuvants in a carrier, such as, for example, water, saline, aqueous dextrose, glycerol, glycols, ethanol, and the like, to thereby form a solution or suspension. If desired, the pharmaceutical composition to be administered can also contain minor amounts of nontoxic auxiliary substances such as wetting agents, emulsifying agents, solubilizing agents, pH buffering agents and the like, for example, acetate, sodium citrate, cyclodextrine derivatives, sorbitan monolaurate, triethanolamine sodium acetate, triethanolamine oleate, and other such agents.

Actual methods of preparing such dosage forms are known, or will be apparent, to those skilled in this art; for example, see Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences (1990) Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa.

Dosage forms or compositions containing antibody in the range of 0.005% to 100% with the balance made up from non-toxic carrier can be prepared. Methods for preparation of these compositions are known to those skilled in the art.

Oral pharmaceutical dosage forms are either solid, gel or liquid. The solid dosage forms are tablets, capsules, granules, and bulk powders. Types of oral tablets include compressed, chewable lozenges and tablets which may be enteric-coated, sugar-coated or film-coated. Capsules can be hard or soft gelatin capsules, while granules and powders can be provided in non-effervescent or effervescent form with the combination of other ingredients known to those skilled in the art.

In certain embodiments, the formulations are solid dosage forms. In certain embodiments, the formulations are capsules or tablets. The tablets, pills, capsules, troches and the like can contain one or more of the following ingredients, or compounds of a similar nature: a binder; a lubricant; a diluent; a glidant; a disintegrating agent; a colouring agent; a sweetening agent; a flavouring agent; a wetting agent; an emetic coating; and a film coating. Examples of binders include microcrystalline cellulose, gum tragacanth, glucose solution, acacia mucilage, gelatin solution, molasses, polyinylpyrrolidine, povidone, crospovidones, sucrose and starch paste. Lubricants include talc, starch, magnesium or calcium stearate, lycopodium and stearic acid. Diluents include, for example, lactose, sucrose, starch, kaolin, salt, mannitol and dicalcium phosphate. Glidants include, but are not limited to, colloidal silicon dioxide. Disintegrating agents include crosscarmellose sodium, sodium starch glycolate, alginic acid, corn starch, potato starch, bentonite, methylcellulose, agar and carboxymethylcellulose. Colouring agents include, for example, any of the approved certified water soluble FD and C dyes, mixtures thereof; and water insoluble FD and C dyes suspended on alumina hydrate. Sweetening agents include sucrose, lactose, mannitol and artificial sweetening agents such as saccharin, and any number of spray dried flavours. Flavouring agents include natural flavours extracted from plants such as fruits and synthetic blends of compounds which produce a pleasant sensation, such as, but not limited to peppermint and methyl salicylate. Wetting agents include propylene glycol monostearate, sorbitan monooleate, diethylene glycol monolaurate and polyoxyethylene laural ether. Emetic-coatings include fatty acids, fats, waxes, shellac, ammoniated shellac and cellulose acetate phthalates. Film coatings include hydroxyethylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, polyethylene glycol 4000 and cellulose acetate phthalate.

The antibodies of the invention can be provided in a composition that protects it/them from the acidic environment of the stomach. For example, the composition can be formulated in an enteric coating that maintains its integrity in the stomach and releases the active compound in the intestine. The composition can also be formulated in combination with an antacid or other such ingredient.

When the dosage unit form is a capsule, it can contain, in addition to material of the above type, a liquid carrier such as a fatty oil. In addition, dosage unit forms can contain various other materials which modify the physical form of the dosage unit, for example, coatings of sugar and other enteric agents. The compounds can also be administered as a component of an elixir, suspension, syrup, wafer, sprinkle, chewing gum or the like. A syrup may contain, in addition to the active compounds, sucrose as a sweetening agent and certain preservatives, dyes and colourings and flavours.

The antibody can also be mixed with other active materials which do not impair the desired action, or with materials that supplement the desired action, such as antacids, H2 blockers, and diuretics. The active ingredient is an antibody or pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof as described herein. Higher concentrations, up to about 98% by weight of the active ingredient may be included.

In all embodiments, tablets and capsules formulations can be coated as known by those of skill in the art in order to modify or sustain dissolution of the active ingredient. Thus, for example, they may be coated with a conventional enterically digestible coating, such as phenylsalicylate, waxes and cellulose acetate phthalate.

In preferred embodiments, the formulations are liquid dosage forms. Liquid oral dosage forms include aqueous solutions, emulsions, suspensions, solutions and/or suspensions reconstituted from non-effervescent granules and effervescent preparations reconstituted from effervescent granules. Aqueous solutions include, for example, elixirs and syrups. Emulsions are either oil-in-water or water-in-oil.

Elixirs are clear, sweetened, hydroalcoholic preparations. Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers used in elixirs include solvents. Syrups are concentrated aqueous solutions of a sugar, for example, sucrose, and may contain a preservative. An emulsion is a two-phase system in which one liquid is dispersed in the form of small globules throughout another liquid. Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers used in emulsions are non-aqueous liquids, emulsifying agents and preservatives. Suspensions use pharmaceutically acceptable suspending agents and preservatives.

Pharmaceutically acceptable substances used in non-effervescent granules, to be reconstituted into a liquid oral dosage form, include diluents, sweeteners and wetting agents. Pharmaceutically acceptable substances used in effervescent granules, to be reconstituted into a liquid oral dosage form, include organic acids and a source of carbon dioxide. Colouring and flavouring agents are used in all of the above dosage forms.

Solvents include glycerin, sorbitol, ethyl alcohol and syrup. Examples of preservatives include glycerin, methyl and propylparaben, benzoic acid, sodium benzoate and alcohol. Examples of non-aqueous liquids utilized in emulsions include mineral oil and cottonseed oil. Examples of emulsifying agents include gelatin, acacia, tragacanth, bentonite, and surfactants such as polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate. Suspending agents include sodium carboxymethylcellulose, pectin, tragacanth, Veegum and acacia. Sweetening agents include sucrose, syrups, glycerin and artificial sweetening agents such as saccharin. Wetting agents include propylene glycol monostearate, sorbitan monooleate, diethylene glycol monolaurate and polyoxyethylene lauryl ether. Organic acids include citric and tartaric acid. Sources of carbon dioxide include sodium bicarbonate and sodium carbonate. Colouring agents include any of the approved certified water soluble FD and C dyes, and mixtures thereof. Flavouring agents include natural flavours extracted from plants such fruits, and synthetic blends of compounds which produce a pleasant taste sensation.

For a solid dosage form, the solution or suspension, in for example propylene carbonate, vegetable oils or triglycerides, is, in one embodiment, encapsulated in a gelatin capsule. Such solutions, and the preparation and encapsulation thereof, are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,328,245; 4,409,239; and 4,410,545. For a liquid dosage form, the solution, e.g., for example, in a polyethylene glycol, can be diluted with a sufficient quantity of a pharmaceutically acceptable liquid carrier, e.g., water, to be easily measured for administration.

Alternatively, liquid or semi-solid oral formulations can be prepared by dissolving or dispersing the active compound or salt in vegetable oils, glycols, triglycerides, propylene glycol esters (e.g., propylene carbonate) and other such carriers, and encapsulating these solutions or suspensions in hard or soft gelatin capsule shells. Other useful formulations include those set forth in U.S. Pat. Nos. RE28,819 and 4,358,603. Briefly, such formulations include, but are not limited to, those containing a compound provided herein, a dialkylated mono- or poly-alkylene glycol, including, but not limited to, 1,2-dimethoxymethane, diglyme, triglyme, tetraglyme, polyethylene glycol-350-dimethyl ether, polyethylene glycol-550-dimethyl ether, polyethylene glycol-750-dimethyl ether wherein 350, 550 and 750 refer to the approximate average molecular weight of the polyethylene glycol, and one or more antioxidants, such as butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), propyl gallate, vitamin E, hydroquinone, hydroxycoumarins, ethanolamine, lecithin, cephalin, ascorbic acid, malic acid, sorbitol, phosphoric acid, thiodipropionic acid and its esters, and dithiocarbamates.

Other formulations include, but are not limited to, aqueous alcoholic solutions including a pharmaceutically acceptable acetal. Alcohols used in these formulations are any pharmaceutically acceptable water-miscible solvents having one or more hydroxyl groups, including, but not limited to, propylene glycol and ethanol. Acetals include, but are not limited to, di(lower alkyl) acetals of lower alkyl aldehydes such as acetaldehyde diethyl acetal.

Parenteral administration, in one embodiment, is characterized by injection, either subcutaneously, intramuscularly or intravenously is also contemplated herein. Injectables can be prepared in conventional forms, either as liquid solutions or suspensions, solid forms suitable for solution or suspension in liquid prior to injection, or as emulsions. The injectables, solutions and emulsions also contain one or more excipients. Suitable excipients are, for example, water, saline, dextrose, glycerol or ethanol. In addition, if desired, the pharmaceutical compositions to be administered can also contain minor amounts of non-toxic auxiliary substances such as wetting or emulsifying agents, pH buffering agents, stabilizers, solubility enhancers, and other such agents, such as for example, sodium acetate, sorbitan monolaurate, triethanolamine oleate and cyclodextrins.

Implantation of a slow-release or sustained-release system, such that a constant level of dosage is maintained (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 3,710,795) is also contemplated herein. Briefly, a compound provided herein is dispersed in a solid inner matrix, e.g., polymethylmethacrylate, polybutylmethacrylate, plasticized or unplasticized polyvinylchloride, plasticized nylon, plasticized polyethyleneterephthalate, natural rubber, polyisoprene, polyisobutylene, polybutadiene, polyethylene, ethylene-vinylacetate copolymers, silicone rubbers, polydimethylsiloxanes, silicone carbonate copolymers, hydrophilic polymers such as hydrogels of esters of acrylic and methacrylic acid, collagen, cross-linked polyvinylalcohol and cross-linked partially hydrolyzed polyvinyl acetate, that is surrounded by an outer polymeric membrane, e.g., polyethylene, polypropylene, ethylene/propylene copolymers, ethylene/ethyl acrylate copolymers, ethylene/vinylacetate copolymers, silicone rubbers, polydimethyl siloxanes, neoprene rubber, chlorinated polyethylene, polyvinylchloride, vinylchloride copolymers with vinyl acetate, vinylidene chloride, ethylene and propylene, ionomer polyethylene terephthalate, butyl rubber epichlorohydrin rubbers, ethylene/vinyl alcohol copolymer, ethylene/vinyl acetate/vinyl alcohol terpolymer, and ethylene/vinyloxyethanol copolymer, that is insoluble in body fluids. The antibody diffuses through the outer polymeric membrane in a release rate controlling step. The amount of antibody contained in such parenteral compositions is highly dependent on the specific nature thereof, as well as the activity of the compound and the needs of the subject.

Preparations for parenteral administration include sterile solutions ready for injection, sterile dry soluble products, such as lyophilized powders, ready to be combined with a solvent just prior to use, including hypodermic tablets, sterile suspensions ready for injection, sterile dry insoluble products ready to be combined with a vehicle just prior to use and sterile emulsions. The solutions may be either aqueous or nonaqueous.

If administered intravenously, suitable carriers include physiological saline or phosphate buffered saline (PBS), and solutions containing thickening and solubilizing agents, such as glucose, polyethylene glycol, and polypropylene glycol and mixtures thereof.

Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers used in parenteral preparations include aqueous vehicles, nonaqueous vehicles, antimicrobial agents, isotonic agents, buffers, antioxidants, local anaesthetics, suspending and dispersing agents, emulsifying agents, sequestering or chelating agents and other pharmaceutically acceptable substances.

Examples of aqueous vehicles include Sodium Chloride Injection, Ringers Injection, Isotonic Dextrose Injection, Sterile Water Injection, Dextrose and Lactated Ringers Injection. Nonaqueous parenteral vehicles include fixed oils of vegetable origin, cottonseed oil, corn oil, sesame oil and peanut oil. Antimicrobial agents in bacteriostatic or fungistatic concentrations can be added to parenteral preparations packaged in multiple-dose containers which include phenols or cresols, mercurials, benzyl alcohol, chlorobutanol, methyl and propyl p-hydroxybenzoic acid esters, thimerosal, benzalkonium chloride and benzethonium chloride. Isotonic agents include sodium chloride and dextrose. Buffers include phosphate and citrate. Antioxidants include sodium bisulfate. Local anesthetics include procaine hydrochloride. Suspending and dispersing agents include sodium carboxymethylcelluose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and polyvinylpyrrolidone. Emulsifying agents include Polysorbate 80 (TWEEN® 80). A sequestering or chelating agent of metal ions includes EDTA. Pharmaceutical carriers also include ethyl alcohol, polyethylene glycol and propylene glycol for water miscible vehicles; and sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid, citric acid or lactic acid for pH adjustment.

The concentration of the pharmaceutically active compound is adjusted so that an injection provides an effective amount to produce the desired pharmacological effect. The exact dose depends on the age, weight and condition of the patient or animal as is known in the art.

The unit-dose parenteral preparations can be packaged in an ampoule, a vial or a syringe with a needle. All preparations for parenteral administration can be sterile, as is known and practiced in the art.

Illustratively, intravenous or intraarterial infusion of a sterile aqueous solution containing an active compound is an effective mode of administration. Another embodiment is a sterile aqueous or oily solution or suspension containing an active material injected as necessary to produce the desired pharmacological effect.

Injectables are designed for local and systemic administration. In one embodiment, a therapeutically effective dosage is formulated to contain a concentration of at least about 0.1% w/w up to about 90% w/w or more, in certain embodiments more than 1% w/w of the active compound to the treated tissue(s).

The antibody can be suspended in micronized or other suitable form. The form of the resulting mixture depends upon a number of factors, including the intended mode of administration and the solubility of the compound in the selected carrier or vehicle. The effective concentration is sufficient for ameliorating the symptoms of the condition and may be empirically determined.

In other embodiments, the pharmaceutical formulations are lyophilized powders, which can be reconstituted for administration as solutions, emulsions and other mixtures. They may also be reconstituted and formulated as solids or gels.

The lyophilized powder is prepared by dissolving an antibody provided herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, in a suitable solvent. In some embodiments, the lyophilized powder is sterile. The solvent may contain an excipient which improves the stability or other pharmacological component of the powder or reconstituted solution, prepared from the powder. Excipients that may be used include, but are not limited to, dextrose, sorbital, fructose, corn syrup, xylitol, glycerin, glucose, sucrose or other suitable agent. The solvent may also contain a buffer, such as citrate, sodium or potassium phosphate or other such buffer known to those of skill in the art at, in one embodiment, about neutral pH. Subsequent sterile filtration of the solution followed by lyophilization under standard conditions known to those of skill in the art provides the desired formulation. In one embodiment, the resulting solution will be apportioned into vials for lyophilization. Each vial will contain a single dosage or multiple dosages of the compound. The lyophilized powder can be stored under appropriate conditions, such as at about 4° C. to room temperature.

Reconstitution of this lyophilized powder with water for injection provides a formulation for use in parenteral administration. For reconstitution, the lyophilized powder is added to sterile water or other suitable carrier. The precise amount depends upon the selected compound. Such amount can be empirically determined.

Topical mixtures are prepared as described for the local and systemic administration. The resulting mixture can be a solution, suspension, emulsions or the like and can be formulated as creams, gels, ointments, emulsions, solutions, elixirs, lotions, suspensions, tinctures, pastes, foams, aerosols, irrigations, sprays, suppositories, bandages, dermal patches or any other formulations suitable for topical administration.

The antibodies of the invention can be formulated as aerosols for topical application, such as by inhalation (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,044,126, 4,414,209, and 4,364,923, which describe aerosols for delivery of a steroid useful for treatment of inflammatory diseases, particularly asthma). These formulations for administration to the respiratory tract can be in the form of an aerosol or solution for a nebulizer, or as a microfine powder for insufflations, alone or in combination with an inert carrier such as lactose. In such a case, the particles of the formulation will, in one embodiment, have diameters of less than 50 microns, in one embodiment less than 10 microns.

The compounds can be formulated for local or topical application, such as for topical application to the skin and mucous membranes, such as in the eye, in the form of gels, creams, and lotions and for application to the eye or for intracisternal or intraspinal application. Topical administration is contemplated for transdermal delivery and also for administration to the eyes or mucosa, or for inhalation therapies. Nasal solutions of the active compound alone or in combination with other pharmaceutically acceptable excipients can also be administered.

These solutions, particularly those intended for ophthalmic use, may be formulated as 0.01%-10% isotonic solutions, pH about 5-7, with appropriate salts.

Other routes of administration, such as transdermal patches, including iontophoretic and electrophoretic devices, and rectal administration, are also contemplated herein.

Transdermal patches, including iotophoretic and electrophoretic devices, are well known to those of skill in the art. For example, such patches are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,267,983, 6,261,595, 6,256,533, 6,167,301, 6,024,975, 6,010715, 5,985,317, 5,983,134, 5,948,433, and 5,860,957.

For example, pharmaceutical dosage forms for rectal administration are rectal suppositories, capsules and tablets for systemic effect. Rectal suppositories are used herein mean solid bodies for insertion into the rectum which melt or soften at body temperature releasing one or more pharmacologically or therapeutically active ingredients. Pharmaceutically acceptable substances utilized in rectal suppositories are bases or vehicles and agents to raise the melting point. Examples of bases include cocoa butter (theobroma oil), glycerin-gelatin, carbowax (polyoxyethylene glycol) and appropriate mixtures of mono-, di- and triglycerides of fatty acids. Combinations of the various bases may be used. Agents to raise the melting point of suppositories include spermaceti and wax. Rectal suppositories may be prepared either by the compressed method or by moulding. The weight of a rectal suppository, in one embodiment, is about 2 to 3 gm.

Tablets and capsules for rectal administration can be manufactured using the same pharmaceutically acceptable substance and by the same methods as for formulations for oral administration.

The antibodies and other compositions provided herein may also be formulated to be targeted to a particular tissue, receptor, or other area of the body of the subject to be treated. Many such targeting methods are well known to those of skill in the art. All such targeting methods are contemplated herein for use in the instant compositions. For non-limiting examples of targeting methods, see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,316,652, 6,274,552, 6,271,359, 6,253,872, 6,139,865, 6,131,570, 6,120,751, 6,071,495, 6,060,082, 6,048,736, 6,039,975, 6,004,534, 5,985,307, 5,972,366, 5,900,252, 5,840,674, 5,759,542 and 5,709,874. In some embodiments, the anti-hOX40L antibodies of the invention are targeted (or otherwise administered) to the colon, such as in a patient having or at risk of having an IBD. In some embodiments, the anti-hOX40L antibodies of the invention are targeted (or otherwise administered) to the eye, such as in a patient having or at risk of having uveitis.

In one embodiment, liposomal suspensions, including tissue-targeted liposomes, such as tumour-targeted liposomes, may also be suitable as pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. These can be prepared according to methods known to those skilled in the art. For example, liposome formulations can be prepared as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,522,811. Briefly, liposomes such as multilamellar vesicles (MLV's) may be formed by drying down egg phosphatidyl choline and brain phosphatidyl serine (7:3 molar ratio) on the inside of a flask. A solution of a compound provided herein in phosphate buffered saline lacking divalent cations (PBS) is added and the flask shaken until the lipid film is dispersed. The resulting vesicles are washed to remove unencapsulated compound, pelleted by centrifugation, and then resuspended in PBS.

Methods of Administration and Dosing

The present invention further provides for compositions comprising one or more antibodies or fragments of the invention for use in the prevention, management, treatment and/or amelioration of a hOX40L-mediated disease (or symptom thereof). Discussion in respect of antibodies also applies mutatis mutandis to fragments of the invention. In an alternative, the present invention further provides for compositions comprising one or more antibodies or fragments of the invention for use in the prevention, management, treatment and/or amelioration of an OX40L-mediated disease (or symptom thereof) in a subject, wherein the OX40L is non-human (e.g., canine, feline, equine, bovine, ovine or porcine) and the subject is respectively a dog, cat, horse, cow, sheep or pig.

In certain embodiments, provided herein are compositions comprising one or more antibodies of the invention for use in the prevention, management, treatment and/or amelioration of a hOX40L-mediated disease, such as IBD (e.g., ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease), or a symptom thereof. IBD symptoms may range from mild to severe and generally depend upon the part of the intestinal tract involved. Exemplary symptoms of IBD include abdominal cramps and pain, bloody diarrhea, severe urgency to have a bowel movement, fever, loss of appetite, weight loss, anemia, fatigue, and/or sores on lower legs, ankles, calves, thighs, and arms. Exemplary intestinal complications of IBD include profuse bleeding from the ulcers, perforation or rupture of the bowel, strictures and obstruction, fistulae (abnormal passage) and perianal disease, toxic megacolon (e.g., acute nonobstructive dilation of the colon), and/or malignancy (e.g., cancer of the colon or small intestine). Exemplary extraintestinal complications of IBD include arthritis, skin conditions, inflammation of the eye, liver and kidney disorders, and/or bone loss. Any combination of these symptoms may be prevented, managed, treated, and/or ameliorated using the compositions and methods provided herein.

In certain embodiments, provided herein are compositions comprising one or more antibodies of the invention for use in the prevention, management, treatment and/or amelioration of an hOX40L-mediated disease, such as GVHD, or a symptom thereof. GVHD generally occurs following allogeneic or matched unrelated bone marrow transplants (BMT).

In some embodiments, the GVHD is acute GVHD. The symptoms of acute GVHD can happen quickly and can be mild or severe. In certain instances, acute GVHD develops within about three months after transplant, such as when blood counts recover after transplant. It certain instances, the acute GVHD affects the skin, gastrointestinal (GI) tract and/or liver. For example, in some patients, acute skin GVHD begins with a rash, for example, on the palms of the patient's hands, soles of the feet, or shoulders. However, the rash can become widespread, and may be itchy and painful and/or might blister and peel. Acute liver GVHD may affect normal functions of the liver, such as liver enzymes, and may in turn, cause jaundice. Acute liver GVHD may also cause the patient's abdomen to become swollen and painful if the liver becomes enlarged. Finally, symptoms of acute gut GVHD (or GVHD of the digestive system) can include diarrhea, mucus or blood in the stool, cramping or abdominal pain, indigestion, nausea and/or loss of appetite. Other general symptoms of acute GVHD can include anemia, low grade fever, and/or being more prone to infections. Any combination of these symptoms of acute GVHD may be prevented, managed, treated, and/or ameliorated using the compositions and methods provided herein.

In other embodiments, the GVHD is chronic GVHD. Chronic GVHD can occur from about three months to about a year or longer after transplant. Chronic GVHD can be mild or severe, and generally includes symptoms similar to those of acute GVHD. Chronic GVHD can affect the skin and digestive system, including the liver but can also involve other organs and the immune system (e.g., making the patient more prone to infections) and/or connective tissues. Symptoms of chronic skin GVHD include a rash, dry skin, tight skin, itchy skin, darkening of the colour of the skin, thickening of the skin, and/or may affect hair (e.g., hair loss, turning grey) or nails (e.g., hard or brittle nails). Chronic gut GVHD can affect the digestive system, mouth, oesophagus, lining of the stomach, and/or lining of the bowel, and symptoms can include diarrhea, dry or sore mouth, painful swallowing, low nutrient absorption by the stomach, bloating, stomach cramps. Chronic liver GVHD can cause damage and scarring of the liver (cirrhosis). Chronic GVHD of the eyes can affect the glands that make tears, causing eyes to become dry, burning and painful or difficult to tolerate bright light. Chronic lung GVHD can cause shortness of breath, wheezing, persistent cough, and/or being more prone to chest infections. Chronic GVHD affects tendons (e.g., inflammation) that connect muscle to bone causing difficulty straightening or bending your arms and legs. Any combination of these symptoms of chronic GVHD may be prevented, managed, treated, and/or ameliorated using the compositions and methods provided herein.

In certain embodiments provided herein are compositions comprising one or more antibodies of the invention for use in the prevention, management, treatment and/or amelioration of a hOX40L-mediated disease, such as uveitis, or a symptom thereof.

In certain embodiments provided herein are compositions comprising one or more antibodies of the invention for use in the prevention, management, treatment and/or amelioration of a hOX40L-mediated disease, such as pyoderma gangrenosum, giant cell arteritis, Schnitzler syndrome or non-infectious scleritis.

In certain embodiments provided herein are compositions comprising one or more antibodies of the invention for use in the prevention, management, treatment and/or amelioration of a hOX40L mediated disease or condition selected from an autoimmune disease or condition, a systemic inflammatory disease or condition, or transplant rejection; for example inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), Crohn's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, transplant rejection, allogeneic transplant rejection, graft-versus-host disease (GvHD), ulcerative colitis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), diabetes, uveitis, ankylosing spondylitis, contact hypersensitivity, multiple sclerosis and atherosclerosis, in particular GvHD.

In a specific embodiment, a composition for use in the prevention, management, treatment and/or amelioration of a hOX40L-mediated disease comprises the OX40L binding sites of an antibody of the invention, e.g., an antibody disclosed in the Examples.

In another embodiment, a composition for use in the prevention, management, treatment and/or amelioration of a hOX40L-mediated disease comprises one or more antibodies comprising one or more VH domains having an amino acid sequence of any one of the VH domains in the sequence listing (i.e. Seq ID No:2, Seq ID No:34, Seq ID No:66 or Seq ID No:94, in particular Seq ID No:34). In another embodiment, a composition for use in the prevention, management, treatment and/or amelioration of a hOX40L-mediated disease comprises one or more antibodies comprising one or more VH CDR1s having an amino acid sequence of any one of the VH CDR1s in the sequence listing (i.e. Seq ID No:4, Seq ID No:10, Seq ID No:36, Seq ID No:42, Seq ID No:68, Seq ID No:74, Seq ID No:96 or Seq ID No: 102, in particular, Seq ID No:36 or Seq ID No:42). In another embodiment, a composition for use in the prevention, management, treatment and/or amelioration of a hOX40L-mediated disease comprises one or more antibodies comprising one or more VH CDR2s having an amino acid sequence of any one of the VH CDR2s in the sequence listing (i.e. Seq ID No:6, Seq ID No: 12, Seq ID No:38, Seq ID No:44, Seq ID No:70, Seq ID No:76, Seq ID No:98 or Seq ID No:104, in particular Seq ID No:38 or Seq ID No:44). In a preferred embodiment, a composition for use in the prevention, management, treatment and/or amelioration of a hOX40L-mediated disease comprises one or more antibodies comprising one or more VH CDR3s having an amino acid sequence of any one of the VH CDR3s in the sequence listing (i.e. Seq ID No:8, Seq ID No:14, Seq ID No:40, Seq ID No:46, Seq ID No:72, Seq ID No:78, Seq ID No:100 or Seq ID No:106, in particular Seq ID No:40 or Seq ID No:46).

In another embodiment, a composition for use in the prevention, management, treatment and/or amelioration of a hOX40L-mediated disease comprises one or more antibodies comprising one or more VL domains having an amino acid sequence of any one of the VL domains in the sequence listing (i.e. Seq ID No:16, Seq ID No:48, Seq ID No:80, or Seq ID No: 108, in particular Seq ID No:48) (optionally comprising also the cognate VH domain as set out in the sequence listing (i.e. Seq ID No:2/16, Seq ID No:34/48, Seq ID No:66/80 or Seq ID No:94/108, in particular Seq ID No:34/48). In another embodiment, a composition for use in the prevention, management, treatment and/or amelioration of a hOX40L-mediated disease comprises one or more antibodies comprising one or more VL CDR1s having an amino acid sequence of any one of the VL CDR1s in the sequence listing (i.e. Seq ID No:18, Seq ID No:24, Seq ID No:50, Seq ID No:56, Seq ID No:82, Seq ID No:88, Seq ID No:110 or Seq ID No:116, in particular Seq ID No:50 or Seq ID No:56). In another embodiment, a composition for use in the prevention, management, treatment and/or amelioration of a hOX40L-mediated disease comprises one or more antibodies comprising one or more VL CDR2s having an amino acid sequence of any one of the VL CDR2s in the sequence listing (i.e. Seq ID No:20, Seq ID No:26, Seq ID No:52, Seq ID No:58, Seq ID No:84, Seq ID No:90, Seq ID No:112 or Seq ID No:118, in particular Seq ID No:52 or Seq ID No:58). In a preferred embodiment, a composition for use in the prevention, management, treatment and/or amelioration of a hOX40L-mediated disease comprises one or more antibodies comprising one or more VL CDR3s having an amino acid sequence of any one of the VL CDR3s in the sequence listing (i.e. Seq ID No:22, Seq ID No:28, Seq ID No:54, Seq ID No:60, Seq ID No:86, Seq ID No:92, Seq ID No:114 or Seq ID No:120, in particular Seq ID No:54 or Seq ID No:60).

In another embodiment, a composition for use in the prevention, management, treatment and/or amelioration of a hOX40L-mediated disease comprises one or more antibodies comprising one or more VH domains having an amino acid sequence of any one of the VH domains in the sequence listing (i.e. Seq ID No:2, Seq ID No:34, Seq ID No:66 or Seq ID No:94, in particular Seq ID No:34), and one or more VL domains having an amino acid sequence of any one of the VL domains in the sequence listing (i.e. Seq ID No:16, Seq ID No:48, Seq ID No:80, or Seq ID No:108, in particular Seq ID No:48).

In another embodiment, a composition for use in the prevention, management, treatment and/or amelioration of a hOX40L-mediated disease comprises one or more antibodies comprising one or more VH CDR1s having an amino acid sequence of any one of the VH CDR1s in the sequence listing (i.e. Seq ID No:4, Seq ID No:10, Seq ID No:36, Seq ID No:42, Seq ID No:68, Seq ID No:74, Seq ID No:96 or Seq ID No:102, in particular, Seq ID No:36 or Seq ID No:42), and one or more VL CDR1s having an amino acid sequence of any one of the VL CDR1s in the sequence listing (i.e. Seq ID No: 18, Seq ID No:24, Seq ID No:50, Seq ID No:56, Seq ID No:82, Seq ID No:88, Seq ID No:110 or Seq ID No:116, in particular Seq ID No:50 or Seq ID No:56). In another embodiment, a composition for use in the prevention, management, treatment and/or amelioration of a hOX40L-mediated disease comprises one or more antibodies comprising one or more VH CDR1s having an amino acid sequence of any one of the VH CDR1s in the sequence listing (i.e. Seq ID No:4, Seq ID No: 10, Seq ID No:36, Seq ID No:42, Seq ID No:68, Seq ID No:74, Seq ID No:96 or Seq ID No:102, in particular, Seq ID No:36 or Seq ID No:42), and one or more VL CDR2s having an amino acid sequence of any one of the VL CDR2s in the sequence listing (i.e. Seq ID No:20, Seq ID No:26, Seq ID No:52, Seq ID No:58, Seq ID No:84, Seq ID No:90, Seq ID No:112 or Seq ID No:118, in particular Seq ID No:52 or Seq ID No:58). In another embodiment, a composition for use in the prevention, management, treatment and/or amelioration of a hOX40L-mediated disease comprises one or more antibodies comprising one or more VH CDR1s having an amino acid sequence of any one of the VH CDR1s in the sequence listing (i.e. Seq ID No:4, Seq ID No:10, Seq ID No:36, Seq ID No:42, Seq ID No:68, Seq ID No:74, Seq ID No:96 or Seq ID No:102, in particular, Seq ID No:36 or Seq ID No:42), and one or more VL CDR3s having an amino acid sequence of any one of the VL CDR3s having an amino acid sequence of any one of the VL CDR3s in the sequence listing (i.e. Seq ID No:22, Seq ID No:28, Seq ID No:54, Seq ID No:60, Seq ID No:86, Seq ID No:92, Seq ID No:114 or Seq ID No:120, in particular Seq ID No:54 or Seq ID No:60).

As discussed in more detail elsewhere herein, a composition of the invention may be used either alone or in combination with other compounds or compositions. Moreover, the antibodies may further be recombinantly fused to a heterologous polypeptide at the N- or C-terminus or chemically conjugated (including covalently and non-covalently conjugations) to polypeptides or other compositions. For example, antibodies of the present invention may be recombinantly fused or conjugated to molecules useful as labels in detection assays and effector molecules such as heterologous polypeptides, drugs, radionucleotides, or toxins. See, e.g., PCT publications WO 92/08495; WO 91/14438; WO 89/12624; U.S. Pat. No. 5,314,995; and EP 396,387.

In some embodiments, provided herein are methods for decreasing or inhibiting binding of hOX40L to an OX40L receptor or cognate ligand (e.g., OX40) in a subject (e.g., a human subject), comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of an antibody that specifically binds to a hOX40L polypeptide (e.g., a cell surface-expressed or soluble hOX40L). In some embodiments, a hOX40L biological activity, such as secretion of CCL20, IL8 and/or RANTES, or INF-γ, TNF-α or IL-2, in particular INF-γ or another cytokine disclosed herein, is also decreased in the subject, for example decreased by at least 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 or 60%, or 70%, or 80%, or 90% or 95% or >95%.

In certain embodiments, provided herein are methods for decreasing or inhibiting a hOX40L biological activity, such as secretion of interferon gamma, IL-2, CCL20, IL8 and/or RANTES or other cytokine, or INF-γ, TNF-α or IL-2, in particular INF-γ in a subject (e.g., a human subject), comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of an antibody that specifically binds to a hOX40L polypeptide (e.g., a cell surface-expressed hOX40L), wherein hOX40L biological activity is decreased by the antibody.

In other embodiments, provided herein are methods for decreasing or inhibiting binding of hOX40L to an OX40L receptor or cognate ligand (e.g., OX40) in a cell having cell surface-expressed hOX40L, contacting the cell with an effective amount of an antibody that specifically binds to a hOX40L polypeptide (e.g., a cell surface-expressed or soluble hOX40L), such as a hOX40L polypeptide, a hOX40L polypeptide fragment, or a hOX40L epitope. In some embodiments, a hOX40L biological activity, such as secretion of interferon gamma, IL-2, CCL20, IL8 and/or RANTES, or INF-γ, TNF-α or IL-2, in particular INF-γ or other cytokine disclosed herein, is also decreased in the cell.

In certain embodiments, provided herein are methods for decreasing or inhibiting a hOX40L biological activity, such as secretion of interferon gamma, IL-2, CCL20, IL8 and/or RANTES or other cytokine disclosed herein, in a cell having a cell surface-expressed hOX40L receptor (such as OX40), contacting the cell with an effective amount of an antibody that specifically binds to a hOX40L polypeptide (e.g., a cell surface-expressed or soluble hOX40L) wherein hOX40L biological activity is decreased by the antibody.

Antibodies of the present invention may be used, for example, to purify, detect, and target hOX40L antigens, in both in vitro and in vivo diagnostic and therapeutic methods. For example, the modified antibodies have use in immunoassays for qualitatively and quantitatively measuring levels of hOX40L in biological samples. See, e.g., Harlow et al., Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual, (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 2nd ed. 1988) (incorporated by reference herein in its entirety).

The invention also provides methods of preventing, managing, treating and/or ameliorating a hOX40L-mediated disease by administrating to a subject of an effective amount of an antibody, or pharmaceutical composition comprising an antibody of the invention. In one aspect, an antibody is substantially purified (i.e., substantially free from substances that limit its effect or produce undesired side-effects). In preferred embodiments, the antibody is a fully human monoclonal antibody, such as a fully human monoclonal antagonist antibody. The subject administered a therapy is preferably a mammal such as non-primate (e.g., cows, pigs, horses, cats, dogs, rodents, mice or rats) or a primate (e.g., a monkey, such as a rhesus or cynomolgous monkey, or a human). In a preferred embodiment, the subject is a human. In another preferred embodiment, the subject is a human infant or a human infant born prematurely. In another embodiment, the subject is a human with a hOX40L-mediated disease.

Various delivery systems are known and can be used to administer a prophylactic or therapeutic agent (e.g., an antibody of the invention), including, but not limited to, encapsulation in liposomes, microparticles, microcapsules, recombinant cells capable of expressing the antibody, receptor-mediated endocytosis (see, e.g., Wu and Wu, J. Biol. Chem. 262:4429-4432 (1987)), construction of a nucleic acid as part of a retroviral or other vector, etc. Methods of administering a prophylactic or therapeutic agent (e.g., an antibody of the invention), or pharmaceutical composition include, but are not limited to, parenteral administration (e.g., intradermal, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intravenous and subcutaneous), epidural, and mucosal (e.g., intranasal and oral routes). In a specific embodiment, a prophylactic or therapeutic agent (e.g., an antibody of the present invention), or a pharmaceutical composition is administered intranasally, intramuscularly, intravenously, or subcutaneously. The prophylactic or therapeutic agents or compositions may be administered by any convenient route, for example by infusion or bolus injection, by absorption through epithelial or mucocutaneous linings (e.g., oral mucosa, intranasal mucosa, rectal and intestinal mucosa, etc.) and may be administered together with other biologically active agents. Administration can be systemic or local. In addition, pulmonary administration can also be employed, e.g., by use of an inhaler or nebulizer, and formulation with an aerosolizing agent. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,019,968, 5,985,320, 5,985,309, 5,934,272, 5,874,064, 5,855,913, 5,290,540, and 4,880,078; and PCT Publication Nos. WO 92/19244, WO 97/32572, WO 97/44013, WO 98/31346, and WO 99/66903, each of which is incorporated herein by reference their entirety.

In a specific embodiment, it may be desirable to administer a prophylactic or therapeutic agent, or a pharmaceutical composition of the invention locally to the area in need of treatment. This may be achieved by, for example, and not by way of limitation, local infusion, by topical administration (e.g., by intranasal spray), by injection, or by means of an implant, said implant being of a porous, non-porous, or gelatinous material, including membranes, such as sialastic membranes, or fibers. Preferably, when administering an antibody of the invention, care must be taken to use materials to which the antibody does not absorb.

In another embodiment, a prophylactic or therapeutic agent, or a composition of the invention can be delivered in a vesicle, in particular a liposome (see Langer, 1990, Science 249:1527-1533; Treat et al., in Liposomes in the Therapy of Infectious Disease and Cancer, Lopez-Berestein and Fidler (eds.), Liss, New York, pp. 353-365 (1989); Lopez-Berestein, ibid., pp. 317-327; see generally ibid.).

In another embodiment, a prophylactic or therapeutic agent, or a composition of the invention can be delivered in a controlled release or sustained release system. In one embodiment, a pump may be used to achieve controlled or sustained release (see Langer, supra; Sefton, 1987, CRC Crit. Ref. Biomed. Eng. 14:20; Buchwald et al., 1980, Surgery 88:507; Saudek et al., 1989, N. Engl. J. Med. 321:574). In another embodiment, polymeric materials can be used to achieve controlled or sustained release of a prophylactic or therapeutic agent (e.g., an antibodies of the invention) or a composition of the invention (see e.g., Medical Applications of Controlled Release, Langer and Wise (eds.), CRC Pres., Boca Raton, Fla. (1974); Controlled Drug Bioavailability, Drug Product Design and Performance, Smolen and Ball (eds.), Wiley, New York (1984); Ranger and Peppas, 1983, J., Macromol. Sci. Rev. Macromol. Chem. 23:61; see also Levy et al., 1985, Science 228:190; During et al., 1989, Ann. Neurol. 25:351; Howard et al., 1989, J. Neurosurg. 7 1:105); U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,679,377; 5,916,597; 5,912,015; 5,989,463; 5,128,326; PCT Publication No. WO 99/15154; and PCT Publication No. WO 99/20253. Examples of polymers used in sustained release formulations include, but are not limited to, poly(2-hydroxy ethyl methacrylate), poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(acrylic acid), poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate), poly(methacrylic acid), polyglycolides (PLG), polyanhydrides, poly(N-vinyl pyrrolidone), poly(vinyl alcohol), polyacrylamide, poly(ethylene glycol), polylactides (PLA), poly(lactide-co-glycolides) (PLGA), and polyorthoesters. In a preferred embodiment, the polymer used in a sustained release formulation is inert, free of leachable impurities, stable on storage, sterile, and biodegradable. In yet another embodiment, a controlled or sustained release system can be placed in proximity of the therapeutic target, i.e., the nasal passages or lungs, thus requiring only a fraction of the systemic dose (see, e.g., Goodson, in Medical Applications of Controlled Release, supra, vol. 2, pp. 115-138 (1984)). Controlled release systems are discussed in the review by Langer (1990, Science 249:1527-1533). Any technique known to one of skill in the art can be used to produce sustained release formulations comprising one or more antibodies of the invention. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,526,938, PCT publication WO 91/05548, PCT publication WO 96/20698, Ning et al, 1996, “Intratumoral Radioimmunotherapy of a Human Colon Cancer Xenograft Using a Sustained-Release Gel,” Radiotherapy & Oncology 39:179-189, Song et al., 1995, “Antibody Mediated Lung Targeting of Long-Circulating Emulsions,” PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology 50:372-397, Cleek et al., 1997, “Biodegradable Polymeric Carriers for a bFGF Antibody for Cardiovascular Application,” Pro. Int'l. Symp. Control. Rel. Bioact. Mater. 24:853-854, and Lam eta/., 1997, “Microencapsulation of Recombinant Humanized Monoclonal Antibody for Local Delivery,” Proc. Int'l. Symp. Control Rel. Bioact. Mater. 24:759-760, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

In a specific embodiment, where the composition of the invention is a nucleic acid encoding a prophylactic or therapeutic agent (e.g., an antibody of the invention), the nucleic acid can be administered in vivo to promote expression of its encoded prophylactic or therapeutic agent, by constructing it as part of an appropriate nucleic acid expression vector and administering it so that it becomes intracellular, e.g., by use of a retroviral vector (see U.S. Pat. No. 4,980,286), or by direct injection, or by use of microparticle bombardment (e.g., a gene gun; Biolistic, Dupont), or coating with lipids or cell surface receptors or transfecting agents, or by administering it in linkage to a homeobox-like peptide which is known to enter the nucleus (see, e.g., Joliot et al., 1991, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:1864-1868), etc. Alternatively, a nucleic acid can be introduced intracellularly and incorporated within host cell DNA for expression by homologous recombination.

In a specific embodiment, a composition of the invention comprises one, two or more antibodies or fragments of the invention. In another embodiment, a composition of the invention comprises one, two or more antibodies or fragments of the invention and a prophylactic or therapeutic agent other than an antibody of the invention. Preferably, the agents are known to be useful for or have been or are currently used for the prevention, management, treatment and/or amelioration of a hOX40L-mediated disease. In addition to prophylactic or therapeutic agents, the compositions of the invention may also comprise a carrier.

The compositions of the invention include bulk drug compositions useful in the manufacture of pharmaceutical compositions (e.g., compositions that are suitable for administration to a subject or patient) that can be used in the preparation of unit dosage forms. In a preferred embodiment, a composition of the invention is a pharmaceutical composition. Such compositions comprise a prophylactically or therapeutically effective amount of one or more prophylactic or therapeutic agents (e.g., an antibody of the invention or other prophylactic or therapeutic agent), and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Preferably, the pharmaceutical compositions are formulated to be suitable for the route of administration to a subject.

In a specific embodiment, the term “carrier” refers to a diluent, adjuvant (e.g., Freund's adjuvant (complete and incomplete)), excipient, or vehicle with which the therapeutic is administered. Such pharmaceutical carriers can be sterile liquids, such as water and oils, including those of petroleum, animal, vegetable or synthetic origin, such as peanut oil, soybean oil, mineral oil, sesame oil and the like. Water is a preferred carrier when the pharmaceutical composition is administered intravenously. Saline solutions and aqueous dextrose and glycerol solutions can also be employed as liquid carriers, particularly for injectable solutions. Suitable pharmaceutical excipients include starch, glucose, lactose, sucrose, gelatin, malt, rice, flour, chalk, silica gel, sodium stearate, glycerol monostearate, talc, sodium chloride, dried skim milk, glycerol, propylene, glycol, water, ethanol and the like. The composition, if desired, can also contain minor amounts of wetting or emulsifying agents, or pH buffering agents. These compositions can take the form of solutions, suspensions, emulsion, tablets, pills, capsules, powders, sustained-release formulations and the like. Oral formulation can include standard carriers such as pharmaceutical grades of mannitol, lactose, starch, magnesium stearate, sodium saccharine, cellulose, magnesium carbonate, etc. Examples of suitable pharmaceutical carriers are described in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences (1990) Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa. Such compositions will contain a prophylactically or therapeutically effective amount of the antibody, preferably in purified form, together with a suitable amount of carrier so as to provide the form for proper administration to the patient. The formulation should suit the mode of administration.

In a preferred embodiment, the composition is formulated in accordance with routine procedures as a pharmaceutical composition adapted for intravenous administration to human beings. Typically, compositions for intravenous administration are solutions in sterile isotonic aqueous buffer. Where necessary, the composition may also include a solubilizing agent and a local anaesthetic such as lignocamne to ease pain at the site of the injection. Such compositions, however, may be administered by a route other than intravenous.

Generally, the ingredients of compositions of the invention are supplied either separately or mixed together in unit dosage form, for example, as a dry lyophilized powder or water free concentrate in a hermetically sealed container such as an ampoule or sachette indicating the quantity of active agent. Where the composition is to be administered by infusion, it can be dispensed with an infusion bottle containing sterile pharmaceutical grade water or saline. Where the composition is administered by injection, an ampoule of sterile water for injection or saline can be provided so that the ingredients may be mixed prior to administration.

The invention also provides that an antibody of the invention is packaged in a hermetically sealed container such as an ampoule or sachette indicating the quantity of antibody. In one embodiment, the antibody is supplied as a dry sterilized lyophilized powder or water free concentrate in a hermetically sealed container and can be reconstituted, e.g., with water or saline to the appropriate concentration for administration to a subject. Preferably, the antibody is supplied as a dry sterile lyophilized powder in a hermetically sealed container at a unit dosage of at least 0.1 mg, at least 0.5 mg, at least 1 mg, at least 2 mg, or at least 3 mg, and more preferably at least 5 mg, at least 10 mg, at least 15 mg, at least 25 mg, at least 30 mg, at least 35 mg, at least 45 mg, at least 50 mg, at least 60 mg, at least 75 mg, at least 80 mg, at least 85 mg, at least 90 mg, at least 95 mg, or at least 100 mg. The lyophilized antibody can be stored at between 2 and 8° C. in its original container and the antibody can be administered within 12 hours, preferably within 6 hours, within 5 hours, within 3 hours, or within 1 hour after being reconstituted. In an alternative embodiment, an antibody is supplied in liquid form in a hermetically sealed container indicating the quantity and concentration of the antibody. Preferably, the liquid form of the antibody is supplied in a hermetically sealed container at least 0.1 mg/ml, at least 0.5 mg/ml, or at least 1 mg/ml, and more preferably at least 5 mg/ml, at least 10 mg/ml, at least 15 mg/ml, at least 25 mg/ml, at least 30 mg/ml, at least 40 mg/ml, at least 50 mg/ml, at least 60 mg/ml, at least 70 mg/ml, at least 80 mg/ml, at least 90 mg/ml, or at least 100 mg/ml.

The compositions of the invention can be formulated as neutral or salt forms. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts include those formed with anions such as those derived from hydrochloric, phosphoric, acetic, oxalic, tartaric acids, etc., and those formed with cations such as those derived from sodium, potassium, ammonium, calcium, ferric hydroxides, isopropylamine, triethylamine, 2-ethylamino ethanol, histidine, procaine, etc.

The amount of a prophylactic or therapeutic agent (e.g., an antibody of the invention), or a composition of the invention that will be effective in the prevention, management, treatment and/or amelioration of a hOX40L-mediated disease can be determined by standard clinical techniques.

Accordingly, a dosage of an antibody or a composition that results in a serum titer of from about 0.1 μg/ml to about 450 μg/ml, and in some embodiments at least 0.1 μg/ml, at least 0.2 μg/ml, at least 0.4 μg/ml, at least 0.5 μg/ml, at least 0.6 μg/ml, at least 0.8 μg/ml, at least 1 μg/ml, at least 1.5 μg/ml, and preferably at least 2 μg/ml, at least 5 μg/ml, at least 10 μg/ml, at least 15 μg/ml, at least 20 μg/ml, at least 25 μg/ml, at least 30 μg/ml, at least 35 μg/ml, at least 40 μg/ml, at least 50 μg/ml, at least 75 μg/ml, at least 100 μg/ml, at least 125 μg/ml, at least 150 μg/ml, at least 200 μg/ml, at least 250 μg/ml, at least 300 μg/ml, at least 350 μg/ml, at least 400 μg/ml, or at least 450 μg/ml can be administered to a human for the prevention, management, treatment and/or amelioration of a hOX40L-mediated disease. In addition, in vitro assays may optionally be employed to help identify optimal dosage ranges. The precise dose to be employed in the formulation will also depend on the route of administration, and the seriousness of a hOX40L-mediated disease, and should be decided according to the judgment of the practitioner and each patient's circumstances.

Effective doses may be extrapolated from dose-response curves derived from in vitro or animal model test systems.

For the antibodies of the invention, the dosage administered to a patient is typically 0.1 mg/kg to 100 mg/kg of the patient's body weight. In some embodiments, the dosage administered to the patient is about 1 mg/kg to about 75 mg/kg of the patient's body weight. Preferably, the dosage administered to a patient is between 1 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg of the patient's body weight, more preferably 1 mg/kg to 5 mg/kg of the patient's body weight. Generally, human antibodies have a longer half-life within the human body than antibodies from other species due to the immune response to the foreign polypeptides. Thus, lower dosages of human antibodies and less frequent administration is often possible. Further, the dosage and frequency of administration of the antibodies of the invention may be reduced by enhancing uptake and tissue penetration of the antibodies by modifications such as, for example, lipidation.

In one embodiment, approximately 100 mg/kg or less, approximately 75 mg/kg or less, approximately 50 mg/kg or less, approximately 25 mg/kg or less, approximately 10 mg/kg or less, approximately 5 mg/kg or less, approximately 1 mg/kg or less, approximately 0.5 mg/kg or less, or approximately 0.1 mg/kg or less of an antibody or fragment the invention is administered 5 times, 4 times, 3 times, 2 times or, preferably, 1 time to manage a hOX40L-mediated disease. In some embodiments, an antibody of the invention is administered about 1-12 times, wherein the doses may be administered as necessary, e.g., weekly, biweekly, monthly, bimonthly, trimonthly, etc., as determined by a physician. In some embodiments, a lower dose (e.g., 1-15 mg/kg) can be administered more frequently (e.g., 3-6 times). In other embodiments, a higher dose (e.g., 25-100 mg/kg) can be administered less frequently (e.g., 1-3 times). However, as will be apparent to those in the art, other dosing amounts and schedules are easily determinable and within the scope of the invention.

In a specific embodiment, approximately 100 mg/kg, approximately 75 mg/kg or less, approximately 50 mg/kg or less, approximately 25 mg/kg or less, approximately 10 mg/kg or less, approximately 5 mg/kg or less, approximately 1 mg/kg or less, approximately 0.5 mg/kg or less, approximately 0.1 mg/kg or less of an antibody or fragment the invention in a sustained release formulation is administered to a subject, preferably a human, to prevent, manage, treat and/or ameliorate a hOX40L-mediated disease. In another specific embodiment, an approximately 100 mg/kg, approximately 75 mg/kg or less, approximately 50 mg/kg or less, approximately 25 mg/kg or less, approximately 10 mg/kg or less, approximately 5 mg/kg or less, approximately 1 mg/kg or less, approximately 0.5 mg/kg or less, or approximately 0.1 mg/kg or less bolus of an antibody the invention not in a sustained release formulation is administered to a subject, preferably a human, to prevent, manage, treat and/or ameliorate a hOX40L-mediated disease, and after a certain period of time, approximately 100 mg/kg, approximately 75 mg/kg or less, approximately 50 mg/kg or less, approximately 25 mg/kg or less, approximately 10 mg/kg or less, approximately 5 mg/kg or less, approximately 1 mg/kg or less, approximately 0.5 mg/kg or less, or approximately 5 mg/kg or less of an antibody of the invention in a sustained release is administered to said subject (e.g., intranasally or intramuscularly) two, three or four times (preferably one time). In accordance with this embodiment, a certain period of time can be 1 to 5 days, a week, two weeks, or a month.

In some embodiments, a single dose of an antibody or fragment of the invention is administered to a patient to prevent, manage, treat and/or ameliorate a hOX40L-mediated disease two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve times, thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, nineteen, twenty, twenty-one, twenty-two, twenty-three, twenty-four, twenty five, or twenty six at bi-weekly (e.g., about 14 day) intervals over the course of a year, wherein the dose is selected from the group consisting of about 0.1 mg/kg, about 0.5 mg/kg, about 1 mg/kg, about 5 mg/kg, about 10 mg/kg, about 15 mg/kg, about 20 mg/kg, about 25 mg/kg, about 30 mg/kg, about 35 mg/kg, about 40 mg/kg, about 45 mg/kg, about 50 mg/kg, about 55 mg/kg, about 60 mg/kg, about 65 mg/kg, about 70 mg/kg, about 75 mg/kg, about 80 mg/kg, about 85 mg/kg, about 90 mg/kg, about 95 mg/kg, about 100 mg/kg, or a combination thereof (i.e., each dose monthly dose may or may not be identical).

In another embodiment, a single dose of an antibody of the invention is administered to patient to prevent, manage, treat and/or ameliorate a hOX40L-mediated disease two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, or twelve times at about monthly (e.g., about 30 day) intervals over the course of a year, wherein the dose is selected from the group consisting of about 0.1 mg/kg, about 0.5 mg/kg, about 1 mg/kg, about 5 mg/kg, about 10 mg/kg, about 15 mg/kg, about 20 mg/kg, about 25 mg/kg, about 30 mg/kg, about 35 mg/kg, about 40 mg/kg, about 45 mg/kg, about 50 mg/kg, about 55 mg/kg, about 60 mg/kg, about 65 mg/kg, about 70 mg/kg, about 75 mg/kg, about 80 mg/kg, about 85 mg/kg, about 90 mg/kg, about 95 mg/kg, about 100 mg/kg, or a combination thereof (i.e., each dose monthly dose may or may not be identical).

In one embodiment, a single dose of an antibody or fragment of the invention is administered to a patient to prevent, manage, treat and/or ameliorate a hOX40L-mediated disease two, three, four, five, or six times at about bi-monthly (e.g., about 60 day) intervals over the course of a year, wherein the dose is selected from the group consisting of about 0.1 mg/kg, about 0.5 mg/kg, about 1 mg/kg, about 5 mg/kg, about 10 mg/kg, about 15 mg/kg, about 20 mg/kg, about 25 mg/kg, about 30 mg/kg, about 35 mg/kg, about 40 mg/kg, about 45 mg/kg, about 50 mg/kg, about 55 mg/kg, about 60 mg/kg, about 65 mg/kg, about 70 mg/kg, about 75 mg/kg, about 80 mg/kg, about 85 mg/kg, about 90 mg/kg, about 95 mg/kg, about 100 mg/kg, or a combination thereof (i.e., each bi-monthly dose may or may not be identical).

In some embodiments, a single dose of an antibody or fragment of the invention is administered to a patient to prevent, manage, treat and/or ameliorate a hOX40L-mediated disease two, three, or four times at about tri-monthly (e.g., about 120 day) intervals over the course of a year, wherein the dose is selected from the group consisting of about 0.1 mg/kg, about 0.5 mg/kg, about 1 mg/kg, about 5 mg/kg, about 10 mg/kg, about 15 mg/kg, about 20 mg/kg, about 25 mg/kg, about 30 mg/kg, about 35 mg/kg, about 40 mg/kg, about 45 mg/kg, about 50 mg/kg, about 55 mg/kg, about 60 mg/kg, about 65 mg/kg, about 70 mg/kg, about 75 mg/kg, about 80 mg/kg, about 85 mg/kg, about 90 mg/kg, about 95 mg/kg, about 100 mg/kg, or a combination thereof (i.e., each tri-monthly dose may or may not be identical).

In certain embodiments, the route of administration for a dose of an antibody or fragment of the invention to a patient is intranasal, intramuscular, intravenous, or a combination thereof, but other routes described herein are also acceptable. In certain embodiments, the route of administration is intraocular. Each dose may or may not be administered by an identical route of administration. In some embodiments, an antibody or fragment of the invention may be administered via multiple routes of administration simultaneously or subsequently to other doses of the same or a different antibody or fragment of the invention.

In certain embodiments, antibodies or fragments of the invention are administered prophylactically or therapeutically to a subject. Antibodies or fragments of the invention can be prophylactically or therapeutically administered to a subject so as to prevent, lessen or ameliorate a hOX40L-mediated disease or symptom thereof.

Gene Therapy

In a specific embodiment, nucleic acids or nucleotide sequences of the invention are administered to prevent, manage, treat and/or ameliorate a hOX40L-mediated disease by way of gene therapy. Gene therapy refers to therapy performed by the administration to a subject of an expressed or expressible nucleic acid. In an embodiment of the invention, the nucleic acids produce their encoded antibody, and the antibody mediates a prophylactic or therapeutic effect.

Any of the methods for gene therapy available in the art can be used according to the present invention.

Diagnostic Use of Antibodies

Although antibodies are mentioned in respect of diagnostic uses, this disclosure is to be read as also applying mutatis mutandis to the fragments of the invention.

Labelled antibodies or of the invention and derivatives and analogues thereof, which specifically bind to a hOX40L antigen can be used for diagnostic purposes to detect, diagnose, or monitor a hOX40L-mediated disease. The invention provides methods for the detection of a hOX40L-mediated disease comprising: (a) assaying the expression of a hOX40L antigen in cells or a tissue sample of a subject using one or more antibodies of the invention that specifically bind to the hOX40L antigen; and (b) comparing the level of the hOX40L antigen with a control level, e.g., levels in normal tissue samples (e.g., from a patient not having a hOX40L-mediated disease, or from the same patient before disease onset), whereby an increase in the assayed level of hOX40L antigen compared to the control level of the hOX40L antigen is indicative of a hOX40L-mediated disease.

The invention provides a diagnostic assay for diagnosing a hOX40L-mediated disease comprising: (a) assaying for the level of a hOX40L antigen in cells or a tissue sample of an individual using one or more antibodies of the invention that specifically bind to a hOX40L antigen; and (b) comparing the level of the hOX40L antigen with a control level, e.g., levels in normal tissue samples, whereby an increase in the assayed hOX40L antigen level compared to the control level of the hOX40L antigen is indicative of a hOX40L-mediated disease. A more definitive diagnosis of a hOX40L-mediated disease may allow health professionals to employ preventative measures or aggressive treatment earlier thereby preventing the development or further progression of the hOX40L-mediated disease.

Antibodies of the invention can be used to assay hOX40L antigen levels in a biological sample using classical immunohistological methods as described herein or as known to those of skill in the art (e.g., see Jalkanen et al., 1985, J. Cell. Biol. 101:976-985; and Jalkanen et al., 1987, J. Cell. Biol. 105:3087-3096). Other antibody-based methods useful for detecting protein gene expression include immunoassays, such as the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the radioimmunoassay (RIA). Suitable antibody assay labels are known in the art and include enzyme labels, such as, glucose oxidase; radioisotopes, such as iodine (¹²⁵1, ¹²¹1) carbon (¹⁴C), sulfur (³⁵S), tritium (³H), indium (¹²¹In), and technetium (⁹⁹Tc); luminescent labels, such as luminol; and fluorescent labels, such as fluorescein and rhodamine, and biotin.

One aspect of the invention is the detection and diagnosis of a hOX40L-mediated disease in a human. In one embodiment, diagnosis comprises: a) administering (for example, parenterally, subcutaneously, or intraperitoneally) to a subject an effective amount of a labelled antibody that specifically binds to a hOX40L antigen; b) waiting for a time interval following the administering for permitting the labelled antibody to preferentially concentrate at sites in the subject where the hOX40L antigen is expressed (and for unbound labelled molecule to be cleared to background level); c) determining background level; and d) detecting the labelled antibody in the subject, such that detection of labelled antibody above the background level indicates that the subject has a hOX40L-mediated disease. Background level can be determined by various methods including, comparing the amount of labelled molecule detected to a standard value previously determined for a particular system.

It will be understood in the art that the size of the subject and the imaging system used will determine the quantity of imaging moiety needed to produce diagnostic images. In the case of a radioisotope moiety, for a human subject, the quantity of radioactivity injected will normally range from about 5 to 20 millicuries of ⁹⁹Tc. The labelled antibody will then preferentially accumulate at the location of cells which contain the specific protein. In vivo tumour imaging is described in S. W. Burchiel et al., “Immunopharmacokinetics of Radiolabeled Antibodies and Their Fragments.” (Chapter 13 in Tumor Imaging: The Radiochemical Detection of Cancer, S. W. Burchiel and B. A. Rhodes, eds., Masson Publishing Inc. (1982).

Depending on several variables, including the type of label used and the mode of administration, the time interval following the administration for permitting the labelled antibody to preferentially concentrate at sites in the subject and for unbound labelled antibody to be cleared to background level is 6 to 48 hours or 6 to 24 hours or 6 to 12 hours. In another embodiment the time interval following administration is 5 to 20 days or 5 to 10 days.

In one embodiment, monitoring of a hOX40L-mediated disease is carried out by repeating the method for diagnosing the a hOX40L-mediated disease, for example, one month after initial diagnosis, six months after initial diagnosis, one year after initial diagnosis, etc.

Presence of the labelled molecule can be detected in the subject using methods known in the art for in vivo scanning. These methods depend upon the type of label used. Skilled artisans will be able to determine the appropriate method for detecting a particular label. Methods and devices that may be used in the diagnostic methods of the invention include, but are not limited to, computed tomography (CT), whole body scan such as position emission tomography (PET), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and sonography.

In a specific embodiment, the molecule is labelled with a radioisotope and is detected in the patient using a radiation responsive surgical instrument (Thurston et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,441,050). In another embodiment, the molecule is labelled with a fluorescent compound and is detected in the patient using a fluorescence responsive scanning instrument. In another embodiment, the molecule is labelled with a positron emitting metal and is detected in the patient using positron emission-tomography. In yet another embodiment, the molecule is labelled with a paramagnetic label and is detected in a patient using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Methods of Producing Antibodies

Antibodies and fragments of the invention that specifically bind to an antigen (OX40L) can be produced by any method known in the art for the synthesis of antibodies, in particular, by chemical synthesis or preferably, by recombinant expression techniques. The practice of the invention employs, unless otherwise indicated, conventional techniques in molecular biology, microbiology, genetic analysis, recombinant DNA, organic chemistry, biochemistry, PCR, oligonucleotide synthesis and modification, nucleic acid hybridization, and related fields within the skill of the art. These techniques are described in the references cited herein and are fully explained in the literature. See, e.g., Maniatis et al. (1982) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press; Sambrook et al. (1989), Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Second Edition, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press; Sambrook et al. (2001) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.; Ausubel et al, Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley & Sons (1987 and annual updates); Current Protocols in Immunology, John Wiley & Sons (1987 and annual updates) Gait (ed.) (1984) Oligonucleotide Synthesis: A Practical Approach, IRL Press; Eckstein (ed.) (1991) Oligonucleotides and Analogues: A Practical Approach, IRL Press; Birren et al. (eds.) (1999) Genome Analysis: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.

Polyclonal antibodies that specifically bind to an antigen can be produced by various procedures well-known in the art. For example, a human antigen can be administered to various host animals including, but not limited to, rabbits, mice, rats, etc. to induce the production of sera containing polyclonal antibodies specific for the human antigen. Various adjuvants may be used to increase the immunological response, depending on the host species, and include but are not limited to, Freund's (complete and incomplete), mineral gels such as aluminium hydroxide, surface active substances such as lysolecithin, pluronic polyols, polyanions, peptides, oil emulsions, keyhole limpet hemocyanins, dinitrophenol, and potentially useful human adjuvants such as BCG (bacille Calmette-Guerin) and Corynebacterium parvum. Such adjuvants are also well known in the art.

Monoclonal antibodies can be prepared using a wide variety of techniques known in the art including the use of hybridoma, recombinant, and phage display technologies, or a combination thereof. For example, monoclonal antibodies can be produced using hybridoma techniques including those known in the art and taught, for example, in Harlow et al., Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual, (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 2nd ed. 1988); Hammerling et al., in: Monoclonal Antibodies and T-Cell Hybridomas 563 681 (Elsevier, N.Y., 1981) (said references incorporated by reference in their entireties). The term “monoclonal antibody” as used herein is not limited to antibodies produced through hybridoma technology. Other exemplary methods of producing monoclonal antibodies are discussed elsewhere herein, such as e.g., use of the KM Mouse™. Additional exemplary methods of producing monoclonal antibodies are provided in the Examples herein.

Methods for producing and screening for specific antibodies using hybridoma technology are routine and well known in the art. Briefly, mice can be immunized with a hOX40L antigen and once an immune response is detected, e.g., antibodies specific for hOX40L antigen are detected in the mouse serum, the mouse spleen is harvested and splenocytes isolated. The splenocytes are then fused by well known techniques to any suitable myeloma cells, for example cells from cell line SP20 available from the ATCC. Hybridomas are selected and cloned by limited dilution.

Additionally, a RIMMS (repetitive immunization multiple sites) technique can be used to immunize an animal (Kilptrack et al., 1997 Hybridoma 16:381-9, incorporated by reference in its entirety). The hybridoma clones are then assayed by methods known in the art for cells that secrete antibodies capable of binding a polypeptide of the invention. Ascites fluid, which generally contains high levels of antibodies, can be generated by immunizing mice with positive hybridoma clones.

Accordingly, the present invention provides methods of generating antibodies by culturing a hybridoma cell secreting a modified antibody of the invention wherein, preferably, the hybridoma is generated by fusing splenocytes isolated from a mouse immunized with a hOX40L antigen with myeloma cells and then screening the hybridomas resulting from the fusion for hybridoma clones that secrete an antibody able to bind to a hOX40L antigen.

Antibody fragments which recognize specific hOX40L antigens may be generated by any technique known to those of skill in the art. For example, Fab and F(ab′)2 fragments of the invention may be produced by proteolytic cleavage of immunoglobulin molecules, using enzymes such as papain (to produce Fab fragments) or pepsin (to produce F(ab′)2 fragments). F(ab′)2 fragments contain the variable region, the Light chain constant region and the CH1 domain of the heavy chain. Further, the antibodies of the present invention can also be generated using various phage display methods known in the art.

For example, antibodies can also be generated using various phage display methods. In phage display methods, functional antibody domains are displayed on the surface of phage particles which carry the polynucleotide sequences encoding them. In particular, DNA sequences encoding VH and VL domains are amplified from animal cDNA libraries (e.g., human or murine cDNA libraries of affected tissues). The DNA encoding the VH and VL domains are recombined together with an scFv linker by PCR and cloned into a phagemid vector. The vector is electroporated in E. coli and the E. coli is infected with helper phage. Phage used in these methods are typically filamentous phage including fd and M13 and the VH and VL domains are usually recombinantly fused to either the phage gene III or gene VIII. Phage expressing an antigen binding domain that binds to a particular antigen can be selected or identified with antigen, e.g., using labelled antigen or antigen bound or captured to a solid surface or bead. Examples of phage display methods that can be used to make the antibodies of the present invention include those disclosed in Brinkman et al., 1995, J. Immunol. Methods 182:41-50; Ames et al., 1995, J. Immunol. Methods 184:177-186; Kettleborough et al., 1994, Eur. J. Immunol. 24:952-958; Persic et al, 1997, Gene 187:9-18; Burton et al, 1994, Advances in Immunology 57:191-280; PCT Application No. PCT/GB91/01134; International Publication Nos. WO 90/02809, WO 91/10737, WO 92/01047, WO 92/18619, WO 93/1 1236, WO 95/15982, WO 95/20401, and WO97/13844; and U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,698,426, 5,223,409, 5,403,484, 5,580,717, 5,427,908, 5,750,753, 5,821,047, 5,571,698, 5,427,908, 5,516,637, 5,780,225, 5,658,727, 5,733,743 and 5,969,108; each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

As described in the above references, after phage selection, the antibody coding regions from the phage can be isolated and used to generate whole antibodies, including human antibodies, or any other desired antigen binding fragment, and expressed in any desired host, including mammalian cells, insect cells, plant cells, yeast, and bacteria, e.g., as described below. Techniques to recombinantly produce Fab, Fab′ and F(ab′)2 fragments can also be employed using methods known in the art such as those disclosed in PCT publication No. WO 92/22324; Mullinax et al., 1992, BioTechniques 12(6):864-869; Sawai et al., 1995, AJRI 34:26-34; and Better et al., 1988, Science 240:1041-1043 (said references incorporated by reference in their entireties).

To generate whole antibodies, PCR primers including VH or VL nucleotide sequences, a restriction site, and a flanking sequence to protect the restriction site can be used to amplify the VH or VL sequences in scFv clones. Utilizing cloning techniques known to those of skill in the art, the PCR amplified VH domains can be cloned into vectors expressing a VH constant region, e.g., the human gamma 4 constant region, and the PCR amplified VL domains can be cloned into vectors expressing a VL constant region, e.g., human kappa or lambda constant regions. The VH and VL domains may also cloned into one vector expressing the necessary constant regions. The heavy chain conversion vectors and light chain conversion vectors are then co-transfected into cell lines to generate stable or transient cell lines that express full-length antibodies, e.g., IgG, using techniques known to those of skill in the art.

For some uses, including in vivo use of antibodies in humans and in vitro detection assays, it may be preferable to use human or chimeric antibodies. Completely human antibodies are particularly desirable for therapeutic treatment of human subjects. Human antibodies can be made by a variety of methods known in the art including phage display methods described above using antibody libraries derived from human immunoglobulin sequences. See also U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,444,887 and 4,716,111; and International Publication Nos. WO 98/46645, WO 98/50433, WO 98/24893, WO 98/16654, WO 96/34096, WO 96/33735, and WO 91/10741; each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

In preferred embodiments, human antibodies are produced. Human antibodies and/or fully human antibodies can be produced using any method known in the art, including the Examples provided herein. For example, transgenic mice which are incapable of expressing functional endogenous immunoglobulins, but which can express human immunoglobulin genes. For example, the human heavy and light chain immunoglobulin gene complexes may be introduced randomly or by homologous recombination into mouse embryonic stem cells. Alternatively, the human variable region, constant region, and diversity region may be introduced into mouse embryonic stem cells in addition to the human heavy and light chain genes. The mouse heavy and light chain immunoglobulin genes may be rendered non-functional separately or simultaneously with the introduction of human immunoglobulin loci by homologous recombination. In particular, homozygous deletion of the JH region prevents endogenous antibody production. The modified embryonic stem cells are expanded and microinjected into blastocysts to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to produce homozygous offspring which express human antibodies. The transgenic mice are immunized in the normal fashion with a selected antigen, e.g., all or a portion of a polypeptide of the invention. Monoclonal antibodies directed against the antigen can be obtained from the immunized, transgenic mice using conventional hybridoma technology. The human immunoglobulin transgenes harbored by the transgenic mice rearrange during B-cell differentiation, and subsequently undergo class switching and somatic mutation. Thus, using such a technique, it is possible to produce therapeutically useful IgG, IgA, IgM and IgE antibodies. For an overview of this technology for producing human antibodies, see Lonberg and Huszar (1995, Int. Rev. Immunol. 13:65-93). For a detailed discussion of this technology for producing human antibodies and human monoclonal antibodies and protocols for producing such antibodies, see, e.g., PCT publication Nos. WO 98/24893, WO 96/34096, and WO 96/33735; and U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,413,923, 5,625,126, 5,633,425, 5,569,825, 5,661,016, 5,545,806, 5,814,318, and 5,939,598, which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety. Other methods are detailed in the Examples herein. In addition, companies such as Abgenix, Inc/Amgen. (Thousand Oaks, Calif.) OMT (Paolo Alto, Calif.), Argen-x (Breda, Netherlands), Ablexis (San Francisco, Calif.) or Harbour Antibodies (Cambridge, Mass.) can be engaged to provide human antibodies directed against a selected antigen using technology similar to that described above.

A chimeric antibody is a molecule in which different portions of the antibody are derived from different immunoglobulin molecules. Methods for producing chimeric antibodies are known in the art. See, e.g., Morrison, 1985, Science 229:1202; Oi et al., 1986, BioTechniques 4:214; Gillies et al, 1989, J. Immunol. Methods 125:191-202; and U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,807,715, 4,816,567, 4,816,397, and 6,331,415, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

A humanized antibody is an antibody or its variant or fragment thereof which is capable of binding to a predetermined antigen and which comprises a framework region having substantially the amino acid sequence of a human immunoglobulin and a CDR having substantially the amino acid sequence of a non-human immunoglobulin. A humanized antibody comprises substantially all of at least one, and typically two, variable domains (Fab, Fab′, F(ab′)2, Fabc, Fv) in which all or substantially all of the CDR regions correspond to those of a non-human immunoglobulin (i.e., donor antibody) and all or substantially all of the framework regions are those of a human immunoglobulin consensus sequence. Preferably, a humanized antibody also comprises at least a portion of an immunoglobulin constant region (Fc), typically that of a human immunoglobulin. Ordinarily, the antibody will contain both the light chain as well as at least the variable domain of a heavy chain. The antibody also may include the CH1, hinge, CH2, CH3, and CH4 regions of the heavy chain. The humanized antibody can be selected from any class of immunoglobulins, including IgM, IgG, IgD, IgA and IgE, and any isotype, including IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4. Usually the constant domain is a complement fixing constant domain where it is desired that the humanized antibody exhibit cytotoxic activity, and the class is typically IgG1. Where such cytotoxic activity is not desirable, the constant domain may be of the IgG2 class. In certain embodiments, the antibodies of the invention comprise a human gamma 4 constant region. In another embodiment, the heavy chain constant region does not bind Fc-y receptors, and e.g. comprises a Leu235Glu mutation. In another embodiment, the heavy chain constant region comprises a Ser228Pro mutation to increase stability. In another embodiment, the heavy chain constant region is IgG4-PE. Examples of VL and VH constant domains that can be used in certain embodiments of the invention include, but are not limited to, C-kappa and C-gamma-1 (nG1m) described in Johnson et al (1997) J. Infect. Dis. 176, 1215-1224 and those described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,824,307. The humanized antibody may comprise sequences from more than one class or isotype, and selecting particular constant domains to optimize desired effector functions is within the ordinary skill in the art. The framework and CDR regions of a humanized antibody need not correspond precisely to the parental sequences, e.g., the donor CDR or the consensus framework may be mutagenized by substitution, insertion or deletion of at least one residue so that the CDR or framework residue at that site does not correspond to either the consensus or the import antibody. Such mutations, however, will not be extensive. Usually, at least 75% of the humanized antibody residues will correspond to those of the parental FR and CDR sequences, more often 90%, and most preferably greater than 95%. Humanized antibodies can be produced using variety of techniques known in the art, including but not limited to, CDR-grafting (European Patent No. EP 239,400; International publication No. WO 91/09967; and U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,225,539, 5,530,101, and 5,585,089), veneering or resurfacing (European Patent Nos. EP 592,106 and EP 519,596; Padlan, 1991, Molecular Immunology 28(4/5):489-498; Studnicka et al., 1994, Protein Engineering 7(6):805-814; and Roguska et al, 1994, PNAS 91:969-973), chain shuffling (U.S. Pat. No. 5,565,332), and techniques disclosed in, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,407,213, 5,766,886, WO 9317105, Tan et al., J. Immunol. 169:1119 25 (2002), Caldas et al, Protein Eng. 13(5):353-60 (2000), Morea et al., Methods 20(3):267 79 (2000), Baca et al., J. Biol. Chem. 272(16):10678-84 (1997), Roguska et al, Protein Eng. 9(10):895 904 (1996), Couto et al., Cancer Res. 55 (23 Supp):5973s-5977s (1995), Couto et al., Cancer Res. 55(8):1717-22 (1995), Sandhu J S, Gene 150(2):409-10 (1994), and Pedersen et al., J. Mol. Biol. 235(3):959-73 (1994). See also U.S. Patent Pub. No. US 2005/0042664 A1 (Feb. 24, 2005), which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. Often, framework residues in the framework regions will be substituted with the corresponding residue from the CDR donor antibody to alter, preferably improve, antigen binding. These framework substitutions are identified by methods well known in the art, e.g., by modelling of the interactions of the CDR and framework residues to identify framework residues important for antigen binding and sequence comparison to identify unusual framework residues at particular positions. (See, e.g., Queen et al, U.S. Pat. No. 5,585,089; and Reichmann et al., 1988, Nature 332:323, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.)

Single domain antibodies, for example, antibodies lacking the light chains, can be produced by methods well-known in the art. See Riechmann et al, 1999, J. Immunol. 231:25-38; Nuttall et al., 2000, Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol. 1(3):253-263; Muylderman, 2001, J. Biotechnol. 74(4):277302; U.S. Pat. No. 6,005,079; and International Publication Nos. WO 94/04678, WO 94/25591, and WO 01/44301, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Further, the antibodies that specifically bind to a hOX40L antigen can, in turn, be utilized to generate anti-idiotype antibodies that “mimic” an antigen using techniques well known to those skilled in the art. (See, e.g., Greenspan & Bona, 1989, FASEB J. 7(5):437-444; and Nissinoff, 1991, J. Immunol., 147(8):2429-2438).

Kits

The invention also provides a pharmaceutical or diagnostic pack or kit comprising one or more containers filled with one or more of the ingredients of the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention, such as one or more antibodies or fragments provided herein. Optionally associated with such container(s) can be a notice in the form prescribed by a governmental agency regulating the manufacture, use or sale of pharmaceuticals or biological products, which notice reflects approval by the agency of manufacture, use or sale for human administration, e.g., an authorisation number.

The present invention provides kits that can be used in the above methods. In one embodiment, a kit comprises an antibody of the invention, preferably a purified antibody, in one or more containers. In a specific embodiment, the kits of the present invention contain a substantially isolated hOX40L antigen as a control. Preferably, the kits of the present invention further comprise a control antibody which does not react with the hOX40L antigen. In another specific embodiment, the kits of the present invention contain a means for detecting the binding of a modified antibody to a hOX40L antigen (e.g., the antibody may be conjugated to a detectable substrate such as a fluorescent compound, an enzymatic substrate, a radioactive compound or a luminescent compound, or a second antibody which recognizes the first antibody may be conjugated to a detectable substrate). In specific embodiments, the kit may include a recombinantly produced or chemically synthesized hOX40L antigen. The hOX40L antigen provided in the kit may also be attached to a solid support. In a more specific embodiment the detecting means of the above described kit includes a solid support to which hOX40L antigen is attached. Such a kit may also include a non-attached reporter-labelled anti-human antibody. In this embodiment, binding of the antibody to the hOX40L antigen can be detected by binding of the said reporter-labelled antibody.

“Conservative amino acid substitutions” result from replacing one amino acid with another having similar structural and/or chemical properties, such as the replacement of a leucine with an isoleucine or valine, an aspartate with a glutamate, or a threonine with a serine. Thus, a “conservative substitution” of a particular amino acid sequence refers to substitution of those amino acids that are not critical for polypeptide activity or substitution of amino acids with other amino acids having similar properties (e.g., acidic, basic, positively or negatively charged, polar or non-polar, etc.) such that the substitution of even critical amino acids does not reduce the activity of the peptide, (i.e. the ability of the peptide to penetrate the blood brain barrier (BBB)). Conservative substitution tables providing functionally similar amino acids are well known in the art. For example, the following six groups each contain amino acids that are conservative substitutions for one another: 1) Alanine (A), Serine (S), Threonine (T); 2) Aspartic acid (D), Glutamic acid (E); 3) Asparagine (N), Glutamine (Q); 4) Arginine (R), Lysine (K); 5) Isoleucine (I), Leucine (L), Methionine (M), Valine (V); and 6) Phenylalanine (F), Tyrosine (Y), Tryptophan (W). (See also Creighton, Proteins, W. H. Freeman and Company (1984), incorporated by reference in its entirety.) In some embodiments, individual substitutions, deletions or additions that alter, add or delete a single amino acid or a small percentage of amino acids can also be considered “conservative substitutions” if the change does not reduce the activity of the peptide. Insertions or deletions are typically in the range of about 1 to 5 amino acids. The choice of conservative amino acids may be selected based on the location of the amino acid to be substituted in the peptide, for example if the amino acid is on the exterior of the peptide and expose to solvents, or on the interior and not exposed to solvents.

In alternative embodiments, one can select the amino acid which will substitute an existing amino acid based on the location of the existing amino acid, i.e. its exposure to solvents (i.e. if the amino acid is exposed to solvents or is present on the outer surface of the peptide or polypeptide as compared to internally localized amino acids not exposed to solvents). Selection of such conservative amino acid substitutions are well known in the art, for example as disclosed in Dordo et al, J. Mol Biol, 1999, 217, 721-739 and Taylor et al., J. Theor. Biol. 119(1986); 205-218 and S. French and B. Robson, J. Mol. Evol., 19(1983)171. Accordingly, one can select conservative amino acid substitutions suitable for amino acids on the exterior of a protein or peptide (i.e. amino acids exposed to a solvent), for example, but not limited to, the following substitutions can be used: substitution of Y with F, T with S or K, P with A, E with D or Q, N with D or G, R with K, G with N or A, T with S or K, D with N or E, I with L or V, F with Y, S with T or A, R with K, G with N or A, K with R, A with S, K or P.

In alternative embodiments, one can also select conservative amino acid substitutions encompassed suitable for amino acids on the interior of a protein or peptide, for example one can use suitable conservative substitutions for amino acids is on the interior of a protein or peptide (i.e. the amino acids are not exposed to a solvent), for example but not limited to, one can use the following conservative substitutions: where Y is substituted with F, T with A or S, I with L or V, W with Y, M with L, N with D, G with A, T with A or S, D with N, I with L or V, F with Y or L, S with A or T and A with S, G, T or V. In some embodiments, non-conservative amino acid substitutions are also encompassed within the term of variants.

As used herein an “antibody” refers to IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD or IgE molecules or antigen-specific antibody fragments thereof (including, but not limited to, a Fab, F(ab′)2, Fv, disulphide linked Fv, scFv, single domain antibody, closed conformation multispecific antibody, disulphide-linked scfv, diabody), whether derived from any species that naturally produces an antibody, or created by recombinant DNA technology; whether isolated from serum, B-cells, hybridomas, transfectomas, yeast or bacteria. Antibodies can be humanized using routine technology.

As described herein, an “antigen” is a molecule that is bound by a binding site on an antibody agent. Typically, antigens are bound by antibody ligands and are capable of raising an antibody response in vivo. An antigen can be a polypeptide, protein, nucleic acid or other molecule or portion thereof. The term “antigenic determinant” refers to an epitope on the antigen recognized by an antigen-binding molecule, and more particularly, by the antigen-binding site of said molecule.

As used herein, the term “antibody fragment” refers to a polypeptide that includes at least one immunoglobulin variable domain or immunoglobulin variable domain sequence and which specifically binds a given antigen. An antibody fragment can comprise an antibody or a polypeptide comprising an antigen-binding domain of an antibody. In some embodiments, an antibody fragment can comprise a monoclonal antibody or a polypeptide comprising an antigen-binding domain of a monoclonal antibody. For example, an antibody can include a heavy (H) chain variable region (abbreviated herein as VH), and an OX40L (L) chain variable region (abbreviated herein as VL). In another example, an antibody includes two heavy (H) chain variable regions and two OX40L (L) chain variable regions. The term “antibody fragment” encompasses antigen-binding fragments of antibodies (e.g., single chain antibodies, Fab and sFab fragments, F(ab′)2, Fd fragments, Fv fragments, scFv, and domain antibodies (dAb) fragments (see, e.g. de Wildt et al., Eur J. Immunol., 1996; 26(3):629-39; which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety)) as well as complete antibodies. An antibody can have the structural features of IgA, IgG, IgE, IgD, IgM (as well as subtypes and combinations thereof). Antibodies can be from any source, including mouse, rabbit, pig, rat, and primate (human and non-human primate) and primatized antibodies. Antibodies also include midibodies, humanized antibodies, chimeric antibodies, and the like.

As used herein, “antibody variable domain” refers to the portions of the OX40L and heavy chains of antibody molecules that include amino acid sequences of Complementarity Determining Regions (CDRs; i.e., CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3), and Framework Regions (FRs). VH refers to the variable domain of the heavy chain. VL refers to the variable domain of the Light chain. According to the methods used in this invention, the amino acid positions assigned to CDRs and FRs may be defined according to Kabat (Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md., 1987 and 1991)) or according to IMGT nomenclature.

As used herein, the term “antibody binding site” refers to a polypeptide or domain that comprises one or more CDRs of an antibody and is capable of binding an antigen. For example, the polypeptide comprises a CDR3 (e.g., HCDR3). For example the polypeptide comprises CDRs 1 and 2 (e.g., HCDR1 and 2) or CDRs 1-3 of a variable domain of an antibody (e.g., HCDRs1-3). In an example, the antibody binding site is provided by a single variable domain (e.g., a VH or VL domain). In another example, the binding site comprises a VH/VL pair or two or more of such pairs.

As used herein, “genotyping” refers to a process of determining the specific allelic composition of a cell and/or subject at one or more position within the genome, e.g. by determining the nucleic acid sequence at that position. Genotyping refers to a nucleic acid analysis and/or analysis at the nucleic acid level. As used herein, “phenotyping” refers a process of determining the identity and/or composition of an expression product of a cell and/or subject, e.g. by determining the polypeptide sequence of an expression product. Phenotyping refers to a protein analysis and/or analysis at the protein level.

As used herein, the terms “treat,” “treatment,” “treating,” or “amelioration” refer to therapeutic treatments, wherein the object is to reverse, alleviate, ameliorate, inhibit, slow down or stop the progression or severity of a condition associated with a disease or disorder. The term “treating” includes reducing or alleviating at least one adverse effect or symptom of a condition, disease or disorder. Treatment is generally “effective” if one or more symptoms or clinical markers are reduced. Alternatively, treatment is “effective” if the progression of a disease is reduced or halted. That is, “treatment” includes not just the improvement of symptoms or markers, but also a cessation of, or at least slowing of, progress or worsening of symptoms compared to what would be expected in the absence of treatment. Beneficial or desired clinical results include, but are not limited to, alleviation of one or more symptom(s), diminishment of extent of disease, stabilized (i.e., not worsening) state of disease, delay or slowing of disease progression, amelioration or palliation of the disease state, remission (whether partial or total), and/or decreased mortality, whether detectable or undetectable. The term “treatment” of a disease also includes providing relief from the symptoms or side-effects of the disease (including palliative treatment). For treatment to be effective a complete cure is not contemplated. The method can in certain aspects include cure as well.

As used herein, the term “pharmaceutical composition” refers to the active agent in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier e.g. a carrier commonly used in the pharmaceutical industry. The phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable” is employed herein to refer to those compounds, materials, compositions, and/or dosage forms which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of human beings and animals without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or other problem or complication, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.

As used herein, the term “administering,” refers to the placement of a compound as disclosed herein into a subject by a method or route which results in at least partial delivery of the agent at a desired site. Pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compounds disclosed herein can be administered by any appropriate route which results in an effective treatment in the subject.

Multiple compositions can be administered separately or simultaneously. Separate administration refers to the two compositions being administered at different times, e.g. at least 10, 20, 30, or 10-60 minutes apart, or 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12 hours apart. One can also administer compositions at 24 hours apart, or even longer apart. Alternatively, two or more compositions can be administered simultaneously, e.g. less than 10 or less than 5 minutes apart. Compositions administered simultaneously can, in some aspects, be administered as a mixture, with or without similar or different time release mechanism for each of the components.

As used herein, “authorization number” or “marketing authorization number” refers to a number issued by a regulatory agency upon that agency determining that a particular medical product and/or composition may be marketed and/or offered for sale in the area under the agency's jurisdiction. As used herein “regulatory agency” refers to one of the agencies responsible for evaluating, e.g., the safety and efficacy of a medical product and/or composition and controlling the sales/marketing of such products and/or compositions in a given area. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the US and the European Medicines Agency (EPA) in Europe are but two examples of such regulatory agencies. Other non-limiting examples can include SDA, MPA, MHPRA, IMA, ANMAT, Hong Kong Department of Health-Drug Office, CDSCO, Medsafe, and KFDA.

As used herein, “injection device” refers to a device that is designed for carrying out injections, an injection including the steps of temporarily fluidically coupling the injection device to a person's tissue, typically the subcutaneous tissue. An injection further includes administering an amount of liquid drug into the tissue and decoupling or removing the injection device from the tissue. In some embodiments, an injection device can be an intravenous device or IV device, which is a type of injection device used when the target tissue is the blood within the circulatory system, e.g., the blood in a vein. A common, but non-limiting example of an injection device is a needle and syringe.

As used herein, a “buffer” refers to a chemical agent that is able to absorb a certain quantity of acid or base without undergoing a strong variation in pH.

As used herein, “packaging” refers to how the components are organized and/or restrained into a unit fit for distribution and/or use. Packaging can include, e.g., boxes, bags, syringes, ampoules, vials, tubes, clamshell packaging, barriers and/or containers to maintain sterility, labeling, etc.

As used herein, “instructions” refers to a display of written, printed or graphic matter on the immediate container of an article, for example the written material displayed on a vial containing a pharmaceutically active agent, or details on the composition and use of a product of interest included in a kit containing a composition of interest. Instructions set forth the method of the treatment as contemplated to be administered or performed.

As used herein the term “comprising” or “comprises” is used in reference to antibodies, fragments, uses, compositions, methods, and respective component(s) thereof, that are essential to the method or composition, yet open to the inclusion of unspecified elements, whether essential or not.

The term “consisting of” refers to antibodies, fragments, uses, compositions, methods, and respective components thereof as described herein, which are exclusive of any element not recited in that description of the embodiment.

As used herein the term “consisting essentially of” refers to those elements required for a given embodiment. The term permits the presence of elements that do not materially affect the basic and novel or functional characteristic(s) of that embodiment.

The singular terms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referents unless context clearly indicates otherwise. Similarly, the word “or” is intended to include “and” unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. Although methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of this disclosure, suitable methods and materials are described below. The abbreviation, “e.g.” is derived from the Latin exempli gratia, and is used herein to indicate a non-limiting example. Thus, the abbreviation “e.g.” is synonymous with the term “for example.”

Definitions of common terms in cell biology and molecular biology can be found in “The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy”, 19th Edition, published by Merck Research Laboratories, 2006 (ISBN 0-911910-19-0); Robert S. Porter et al. (eds.), The Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, published by Blackwell Science Ltd., 1994 (ISBN 0-632-02182-9); Benjamin Lewin, Genes X, published by Jones & Bartlett Publishing, 2009 (ISBN-10: 0763766321); Kendrew et al (eds.), Molecular Biology and Biotechnology: a Comprehensive Desk Reference, published by VCH Publishers, Inc., 1995 (ISBN 1-56081-569-8) and Current Protocols in Protein Sciences 2009, Wiley Intersciences, Coligan et al., eds.

Unless otherwise stated, the present invention was performed using standard procedures, as described, for example in Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (4 ed.), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., USA (2012); Davis et al., Basic Methods in Molecular Biology, Elsevier Science Publishing, Inc., New York, USA (1995); or Methods in Enzymology: Guide to Molecular Cloning Techniques Vol. 152, S. L. Berger and A. R. Kimmel Eds., Academic Press Inc., San Diego, USA (1987); Current Protocols in Protein Science (CPPS) (John E. Coligan, et al., ed., John Wiley and Sons, Inc.), Current Protocols in Cell Biology (CPCB) (Juan S. Bonifacino et a. ed., John Wiley and Sons, Inc.), and Culture of Animal Cells: A Manual of Basic Technique by R. Ian Freshney, Publisher: Wiley-Liss; 5th edition (2005), Animal Cell Culture Methods (Methods in Cell Biology, Vol. 57, Jennie P. Mather and David Barnes editors, Academic Press, 1st edition, 1998) which are all incorporated by reference herein in their entireties.

Other terms are defined herein within the description of the various aspects of the invention.

All patents and other publications; including literature references, issued patents, published patent applications, and co-pending patent applications; cited throughout this application are expressly incorporated herein by reference for the purpose of describing and disclosing, for example, the methodologies described in such publications that might be used in connection with the technology described herein. These publications are provided solely for their disclosure prior to the filing date of the present application. Nothing in this regard should be construed as an admission that the inventors are not entitled to antedate such disclosure by virtue of prior invention or for any other reason. All statements as to the date or representation as to the contents of these documents is based on the information available to the applicants and does not constitute any admission as to the correctness of the dates or contents of these documents.

The description of embodiments of the disclosure is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the disclosure to the precise form disclosed. While specific embodiments of, and examples for, the disclosure are described herein for illustrative purposes, various equivalent modifications are possible within the scope of the disclosure, as those skilled in the relevant art will recognize. For example, while method steps or functions are presented in a given order, alternative embodiments may perform functions in a different order, or functions may be performed substantially concurrently. The teachings of the disclosure provided herein can be applied to other procedures or methods as appropriate. The various embodiments described herein can be combined to provide further embodiments. Aspects of the disclosure can be modified, if necessary, to employ the compositions, functions and concepts of the above references and application to provide yet further embodiments of the disclosure. Moreover, due to biological functional equivalency considerations, some changes can be made in protein structure without affecting the biological or chemical action in kind or amount. These and other changes can be made to the disclosure in OX40L of the detailed description. All such modifications are intended to be included within the scope of the appended claims.

Specific elements of any of the foregoing embodiments can be combined or substituted for elements in other embodiments. Furthermore, while advantages associated with certain embodiments of the disclosure have been described in the context of these embodiments, other embodiments may also exhibit such advantages, and not all embodiments need necessarily exhibit such advantages to fall within the scope of the disclosure.

It will be understood that particular configurations, concepts, aspects, examples, clauses and embodiments described herein are shown by way of illustration and not as limitations of the invention. The principal features of this invention can be employed in various embodiments without departing from the scope of the invention. Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to ascertain using no more than routine study, numerous equivalents to the specific procedures described herein. Such equivalents are considered to be within the scope of this invention and are covered by the claims. All publications and patent applications mentioned in the specification are indicative of the level of skill of those skilled in the art to which this invention pertains. All publications and patent applications are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference. The use of the word “a” or “an” when used in conjunction with the term “comprising” in the claims and/or the specification may mean “one,” but it is also consistent with the meaning of “one or more,” “at least one,” and “one or more than one.” The use of the term “or” in the claims is used to mean “and/or” unless explicitly indicated to refer to alternatives only or the alternatives are mutually exclusive, although the disclosure supports a definition that refers to only alternatives and “and/or.” Throughout this application, the term “about” is used to indicate that a value includes the inherent variation of error for the device, the method being employed to determine the value, or the variation that exists among the study subjects.

As used in this specification and claim(s), the words “comprising” (and any form of comprising, such as “comprise” and “comprises”), “having” (and any form of having, such as “have” and “has”), “including” (and any form of including, such as “includes” and “include”) or “containing” (and any form of containing, such as “contains” and “contain”) are inclusive or open-ended and do not exclude additional, unrecited elements or method steps.

Any part of this disclosure may be read in combination with any other part of the disclosure, unless otherwise apparent from the context.

All of the compositions and/or methods disclosed and claimed herein can be made and executed without undue experimentation in OX40L of the present disclosure. While the compositions and methods of this invention have been described in terms of preferred embodiments, it will be apparent to those of skill in the art that variations may be applied to the compositions and/or methods and in the steps or in the sequence of steps of the method described herein without departing from the concept, spirit and scope of the invention. All such similar substitutes and modifications apparent to those skilled in the art are deemed to be within the spirit, scope and concept of the invention as defined by the appended claims.

EXAMPLES Example 1

Antigen Preparation, Immunization Procedures, and Hybridoma Generation

The following example provides a detailed description of the generation and identification of a panel of anti-human OX40L monoclonal antibodies using the KyMouse™ system (see, e.g., WO2011/004192). To this end, genetically engineered mice containing a large number of human immunoglobulin genes were immunized with soluble recombinant human OX40L (commercial or in-house produced) or surface expressed human OX40L displayed on mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cells. Various immunization regimes, including conventional intraperitoneal injections as well as a rapid immunisation at multiple sites regime were set up, boosting animals over several weeks. At the end of each regime, secondary lymphoid tissue such as the spleen, and in some cases, the lymph nodes were removed. Tissues were prepared into a single cell suspension and fused with SP2/0 cells to generate a stable hybridoma cell line.

Materials and Methods Cloning Expression and Purification of Recombinant Rhesus and Human OX40L

cDNA encoding the extracellular domain of human OX40L was cloned into a pREP4 expression plasmid (Invitrogen) using standard molecular biology techniques. The constructs also contained a FLAG peptide motif to aid purification and an isoleucine zipper motif to aid trimerisation. Constructs were sequenced to ensure their correct sequence composition.

Rhesus (Macaca mulatta) OX40L was created using the human OX40L plasmid created above as a template and using site directed mutagenesis to introduce the amino acid changes.

Human OX40L well as Rhesus monkey OX40L were expressed transiently to produce recombinant protein using Invitrogen's FreeStyle™ CHO-S suspension adapted cell line. Plasmids were transfected into the cells using PEI (polyethylenimine MW 40000) and left to overgrow for a period of 13 days before harvesting the supernatant for purification. Cells were fed during the overgrow process with ActiCHO™ Feeds A and B from GE Healthcare to help boost productivity and promote longevity of the cells. During the overgrow process samples were taken regularly to monitor cell growth and viability.

FLAG-tagged OX40L proteins were purified in a two-step process; firstly the clarified tissue culture supernatants from the CHO-S expression were purified using M2 anti-FLAG affinity chromatography. The eluted fractions containing the OX40L protein were then subjected to size exclusion chromatography and assessed for purity by SDS-PAGE analysis and quantified by spectrophotometer reading at OD280 nm.

Cloning Expression and Purification of Recombinant Human OX40 Receptor

cDNA encoding the extracellular domain of human OX40 Receptor was cloned into a pREP4 expression plasmid (Invitrogen) using standard restriction enzyme digestion and ligation. The construct contained a human Fc portion to aid purification. Constructs were sequenced to ensure their correct sequence composition.

Human OX40 Receptor was expressed transiently to produce recombinant protein using Invitrogen's FreeStyle™ CHO-S suspension adapted cell line. Plasmids were transfected into the cells using PEI (polyethylenimine MW 40000) and left to overgrow for a period of 13 days before harvesting the supernatant for purification. Cells were fed during the overgrow process with ActiCHO™ Feeds A and B from GE Healthcare to help boost productivity and promote longevity of the cells. During the overgrow process, samples were taken regularly to monitor cell growth and viability.

The Fc tagged OX40 Receptor protein was purified in a two-step process; firstly the clarified tissue culture supernatants from the CHO-S expression were purified using Protein G affinity chromatography. The eluted fractions containing the OX40 Receptor protein were then subjected to size exclusion chromatography and assessed for purity by SDS-PAGE analysis and quantified by spectrophotometer reading at OD280 nm.

Generation of stably transfected MEF and CHO-S cells expressing human OX40L The full human OX40L sequences were codon optimized (Seq ID No:173) for mammalian expression and cloned into an expression vector under the CMV promoter flanked by 3′ and 5′ piggyBac specific terminal repeat sequences facilitating stable integration into the cell genome (see: “A hyperactive piggyBac transposase for mammalian applications”; Yusa K, Zhou L, Li M A, Bradley A, Craig N L. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2011 Jan. 25). Furthermore, the expression vector contained either a puromycin or neomycin selection cassette to facilitate stable cell line generation. The hOX40L expression plasmid was co-transfected with a plasmid encoding piggyBac transposase into an in-house derived mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cell line (embryos used to generate this line were obtained from a 129S5 crossed to C57BL6 female mouse) and CHO-S cells using the FreeStyle Max transfection reagent (Invitrogen) according to manufacturer instructions. 24 hours after transfection, the media was supplemented with G418 or neomycin and grown for at least 2 weeks to select a stable cell line, with media being exchanged every 3-4 days. The expression of hOX40L was assessed by flow cytometry using an anti-human OX40L-PE conjugated antibody (eBioscience). Complete MEF media was made up of Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (Gibco) supplemented with 10% v/v fetal bovine serum (Gibco). Complete CHO-S media was made up of CD-CHO media supplemented with 8 mM glutamax (Gibco).

Generation of HT1080 Expressing OX40R and NF-Kappa Reporter Gene

The full human OX40 receptor sequence was codon optimised (Seq ID No: 175) for mammalian expression and cloned into an expression vector under the CMV promoter flanked by 3′ and 5′ piggyBac specific terminal repeat sequences facilitating stable integration into the cell genome (see: “A hyperactive piggyBac transposase for mammalian applications”; Yusa K, Zhou L, Li M A, Bradley A, Craig N L. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2011 Jan. 25). Furthermore, the expression vector contained either a puromycin selection cassette to facilitate stable cell line generation. The hOX40 receptor expression plasmid was co-transfected with a plasmid encoding piggyBac transposase into HT1080 cells (ATCC® CCL-121) using the FreeStyle Max transfection reagent (Invitrogen) according to manufacturer instructions. 24 hours after transfection, the media was supplemented with puromycin and grown for at least 2 weeks to select a stable cell line with media being exchanged every 3-4 days. The expression of OX40 receptor was assessed by flow cytometry using an anti-human OX40 receptor-PE conjugated antibody (R&D, clone 443318). Following the generation of a stable cell line expressing the OX40 receptor, cells were transfected with the pNiFty-2-SEAP plasmid (invivogen) containing 5 repeated NFkB transcription factor binding sites followed by secreted alkaline phosphatase. Stable cells were selected with the addition to zeocin to the media with fresh media being added every 3-4 days. Complete HT1080 media was made up of MEM supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum.

Preparation of MEF Cells for Mouse Immunizations:

Cell culture medium was removed and cells washed once with 1×PBS. Cells were treated for 5 minutes with trypsin to loosen cells from tissue culture surface. Cells were collected and trypsin neutralized by the addition of complete media containing 10% v/v fetal bovine serum (FCS). Cells were then centrifuged at 300×g for 10 minutes and washed with 25 mL of 1×PBS. Cells were counted and resuspended at the appropriate concentration in 1×PBS.

Immunization Procedure:

Transgenic Kymice were immunized with hOX40L in either soluble recombinant form, expressed by CHO-S cells, or membrane bound form, expressed by stably transfected MEF cells.

When immunizing with cells, the adjuvant was mixed with cells at a 1:1 v/v ratio and gently mixed by pipetting before injecting intraperitoneally. When immunizing with protein, the adjuvant was mixed with protein at a 1:1 v/v ratio and vortexed repeatedly. All mice were bled before being primed and then boosted every three weeks. At least 3 serial bleeds spaced apart at least 2 weeks were collected and analysed for hOX40L specific IgG titre using an ELISA or flow cytometry based assay

Determination of Serum Titers by FACS Using CHO-S Expressed hOX40L

CHO-S cells expressing hOX40L or untransfected CHO-S cells, diluted in FACS buffer (PBS+1% w/v BSA+0.1% w/v NaN₃) were distributed to a 96 well V-bottom plate (Greiner) at a density of 1×10⁵ cells per well. Cells were washed with 150 μL of PBS and centrifuged at 300×g for 3 min. Supernatant was aspirated and 150 μL of PBS added. This wash step was repeated. A titration of mouse serum was prepared, diluting samples in FACS buffer. 50 μL/well of this titration was then added to the cell plate. To determine the change in activity level due to immunization, serum from each animal prior to immunization was diluted to 1 in 100 in FACS buffer and 50 μL/well added to the cells. A suitable reference antibody (anti-OX40L antibody MAB10541, R&D systems) or mouse IgG1 control antibody (Sigma) were diluted in FACS buffer (between 1-9 μg/mL) and 50 μL added to cells. Cells were incubated at 4° C. for 30 minutes. Cells were washed twice with 150 μL of PBS, centrifuging after each wash step and aspirating supernatant (centrifuged at 300×g for 3 minutes). To detect antibody binding, APC goat-anti-mouse IgG (Jackson ImmunoResearch) was diluted 1 in 500 in FACS buffer and 50 μL was added to the cells. Cells were incubated 30 minutes at 4° C. in dark. Cells were washed twice with 150 μL of PBS centrifuging after each wash step and aspirating supernatant (centrifuged at 300×g for 3 minutes). To fix cells 100 μL 2% v/v paraformaldehyde was added and cells incubated for 30 minutes at 4° C., cells were pelleted by centrifugation at 300×g and the plates resuspended in 50 μL of FACS buffer. APC signal intensity (geomean) was measured by flow cytometry using a BD FACS Array instrument.

Determination of Serum Titers by DELFIA Immunoassay Using Recombinant hOX40L

Titers in mouse serum samples were determined using a reverse OX40L ELISA protocol. Anti-mouse IgG capture antibody (Southern Biotech) (4 μg/mL diluted in PBS, 50 μL/well) was adsorbed to 96 well low auto-fluorescent, high protein binding plates (Costar) overnight at 4° C. Excess IgG was removed by washing with PBS-Tween (0.1% v/v) and the wells were blocked with 1% w/v bovine serum albumin (BSA, Sigma) in PBS for 1 hr at RT, after which plates were washed as described previously. A titration of mouse serum was prepared, diluting samples in reagent diluent (0.1% w/v BSA/PBS). 50 μL/well of this titration was then added to ELISA plates. To determine the change in activity level due to immunization, serum from each animal prior to immunization was diluted to 1 in 100 in reagent diluent and 50 μL/well added to the ELISA plate. As a positive control for biotinylated OX40L binding an anti-OX40L antibody (MAB10541, R&D systems) diluted to 1 μg/mL was added to plates at 50 μL. Mouse IgG1 isotype control (Sigma) was included as a negative control and was diluted to 1 μg/mL in reagent diluent and 50 μL/well added to ELISA plate. In some instances serum sample from a mouse immunized with a non-relevant antigen was diluted 1 in 1000 and 50 μL/well was added to the ELISA plate. The plates were incubated at room temperature for at least 1 hour. Following incubation, plates were washed as before to remove unbound proteins. Biotinylated OX40L (100 ng/mL in reagent diluent; 50 μL/well) was then added to the plates and incubated at RT for 1 hour. Unbound biotinylated OX40L was removed by washing with PBS-Tween (0.1% v/v), while the remaining biotinylated OX40L was detected by streptavidin-Europium3⁺conjugate (DELFIA® detection, PerkinElmer) diluted in DELFIA® assay buffer (Perkin Elmer) or streptavidin-HRP diluted in reagent diluent.

In the case of streptavidin-HRP, the plates were washed as described before and 50 μL of TMB (Sigma) was added to the plate. Then the reaction was stopped by adding 50 μL of 1M sulfuric acid (Fluka analytical). The OD at 450 nm was measured on an Envision plate reader (PerkinElmer).

In case of streptavidin-Europium3, the plates were washed with TBS (Tris buffered saline)-Tween (0.1% v/v) and 200 μL/well of DELFIA Enhancement solution (Perkin Elmer) was added to the plate. The time-resolved fluorescence was measured at 615 nm on an Envision plate reader (PerkinElmer). Fluorescence data was plotted as Europium counts.

Murine Tissue Isolation and Preparation:

Spleens were excised from immunised mice and washed in 1×PBS and kept on ice until further processing. Tissues were prepared in buffer containing 1×PBS (Invitrogen) and 3% heat-inactivated FBS (Invitrogen). Splenocytes were dispersed by mashing the tissue through a 45 μm strainer (BD Falcon) and rinsing with 30 mL 3% FBS/PBS buffer before centrifugation at 700 g for 10 minutes at 4° C. To remove red blood cells, the pelleted splenocytes were resuspended in 4 mL of Red Blood Cell Lysis Buffer (Sigma). After 4 minutes of incubation, the lysis reaction was stopped by addition of 3% FBS/1×PBS buffer. Cell clumps were filtered out with a 45 μm strainer. The remaining splenocytes were pelleted for further procedures

Hybridoma Fusion

For the KM055 experiment, pelleted splenocytes were progressed directly to fusion without any selection or overnight CpG stimulation. For the KM040 experiment, B-cells were subjected to a positive selection method using the MACS® Separation system. Cells were resuspended in 80 μL 3% FBS/PBS buffer per 1×10⁷ cells, before adding the anti-mouse IgG1 plus anti-mouse IgG2a+b MicroBeads (Miltenyi Biotec) and incubated for 15 minutes at 4° C. The cells/MicroBeads mixture was then applied to a pre-wetted LS column placed in a magnetic MACS Separator and washed with 3% FBS/PBS buffer. IgG positive cells were collected in the labelled, column-bound fraction in 3% FBS/PBS buffer.

For the KM040 experiment, enriched B-cells were treated with CpG overnight (final concentration 25 μM) and the following day washed once in BSA fusion buffer (0.3M D-Sorbitol, 0.11 mM calcium acetate hydrate, 0.5 mM magnesium acetate tetrahydrate and 0.1% BSA (v/w), adjusted to pH7.2). For the KM055 experiment, pelleted splenocytes from red blood cell lysis were washed once in BSA fusion buffer on the same day as tissue preparation. Fusion proceeded in the same way for both experiments after this point. Washed cells were resuspended in 200 μL of BSA fusion buffer and cell count determined. SP2/0 cells were treated in the same way, but washed twice with BSA fusion buffer. B-cells were fused at a ratio of 3:1 with SP2/0 myeloma cells by electrofusion using a BTX ECM 2001 Electro Cell Manipulator (Harvard Apparatus). Each fusion was left overnight in recovery medium (Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium-high glucose (no phenol red, no L-G) containing OPI (Sigma), L-Glutamax (Gibco), 20% FBS (Gibco, batch-tested for hybridoma) and 2-mercaptoethanol). On the final day, cells were pelleted and resuspended in 1 part recovery medium to 9 parts semi-solid medium (ClonaCell-HY Hybridoma Selection Medium D, Stemcell Technologies) and then seeded onto 10 cm petri dishes. Colonies were picked 12 days later into 96-well plates and cultured for another 2-3 days prior to screening.

Example 2 Hybridoma Supernatant Screening

After generation of hybridoma clones, the hybridoma supernatant was assessed in a sequential primary and secondary screen and appropriate hybridoma clones selected based on criteria of antibody binding to CHO expressed hOX40L and receptor neutralisation activity (see details in materials and methods) (Table 1).

For the primary screen, the inventors devised the following selection criteria: wells containing hybridoma clones were selected if antibodies present in the supernatant could bind to natively displayed hOX40L expressed on the cell surface. This assay was set up by plating CHO-S cells expressing hOX40L on the cell surface, followed by incubation with hybridoma supernatant, followed by a fluorescent detection antibody. The presence of an anti-OX40L antibody in the supernatant was read-out using a plate reader capable of reading the appropriate fluorescence. Furthermore, the inventors assessed hybridoma supernatant for binding to recombinantly expressed human OX40L using an HTRF (Homogeneous Time Resolved Fluorescence) assay. The inventors also determined whether the hybridoma supernatant had the ability to reduce the binding of human recombinant OX40L to human OX40R Fc. Clones meeting certain selection criteria (see further detailed description below), using data from the above mentioned three primary screen assays, were then cherry-picked and moved on to a secondary screen where the ability of each antibody to neutralise hOX40L binding to its receptors, OX40 Receptor (aka CD134), was determined. The inventors decided to assess this using a receptor neutralisation HTRF assay and a flow cytometry-based receptor neutralisation assay. Lastly, the inventors decided to analyse hybridoma supernatant by SPR to evaluate apparent affinity of the antibodies to recombinant trimeric human OX40L as well as cross-reactivity to Rhesus monkey OX40L.

Antibodies were defined as a secondary hit when antibodies in hybridoma supernatant bound to hOX40L, with high apparent affinity as well as cross-reacted with recombinant Rhesus monkey OX40L. Additionally, antibodies in the supernatant had to show the ability to neutralize OX40L binding to its receptor, i.e. OX40 Receptor (aka CD134) in either HTRF or flow cytometry based assay.

Materials and Methods Primary Screen—Binding to Cell Expressed Human OX40L

Supernatants collected from hybridoma cells were tested to assess the ability of secreted antibodies to bind to hOX40L expressed on the surface of CHO-S cells. To determine CHO-S hOX40L binding, cells were plated in clear bottom tissue culture treated 384-well plates (Costar or BRAND) at 2×10⁴ cells/well in F12 media (GIBCO) supplemented with 10% v/v FBS (GIBCO) and cultured overnight. Culture media was removed from 384-well assay plates. At least 40 μL of hybridoma supernatant or positive control anti-human OX40L reference antibody (at a final concentration of 1 μg/mL) or isotype IgG1 control antibody (referred to in some instances as Cm7, Sigma M9269, at a final concentration of 1 μg/mL) diluted in hybridoma maintaining media (HMM) were added to each well. Hybridoma maintaining media was made up of, Advanced DMEM (Gibco) supplemented with 1× Glutamax (Gibco), 20% v/v FBS (Gibco), 0.05 mM P-Mercaptoethanol, 1×HT supplement (Gibco), and 1×penicillin/streptomycin (Gibco). Plates were incubated for 1 hour at 4° C. Culture media was aspirated and 50 μL of goat anti-mouse Alexa Fluor 790 (Jackson ImmunoResearch, 115-655-071) at 1000 ng/mL supplemented with 0.2 μM DRAQ5 (Biostatus) diluted in FACS Buffer (PBS+1% w/v BSA+0.1% v/v NaN₃) were added. Plates were again incubated for 1 hour at 4° C. Supernatant was aspirated and 25 μL of 4% v/v paraformaldehyde added and plates were incubated 15 minutes at room temperature. Plates were washed twice with 100 μL PBS and then the wash buffer was completely removed. Fluorescence intensity was read by scanning plates using an Odyssey Infrared Imaging System (LI-COR®). Anti-mouse binding (800 nm channel) was normalised to cell number (700 nm channel) according to LI-COR® recommended algorithm. Percent effect was calculated as detailed below (Equation 1). Total binding was defined using reference antibody at a final assay concentration of 1 μg/ml. Non specific binding was defined using mouse IgG1 isotype control (Sigma) at a final assay concentration of 1 μg/mL. Wells were defined as hits where percent effect was greater than or equal to 5%.

Equation 1: Calculation of Percentage Effect from Primary Screen (LI-COR) and HTRF (Using 800% Resp values (LI-COR) or 665/620 nm ratio (see Equation 2) (HTRF)

${{Percent}\mspace{14mu} {effect}} = \frac{{{sample}\mspace{14mu} {well}} - {{non}\mspace{14mu} {specific}\mspace{14mu} {binding}}}{{{total}\mspace{14mu} {binding}} - {{non}\mspace{14mu} {specific}\mspace{14mu} {binding}}}$

Non-specific binding=values from wells containing isotype control mouse IgG1 or HMM or buffer

Total Binding (Binding HTRF and LICOR)=values from wells containing reference antibody Total binding (OX40L/OX40RFc assay)=OX40L and OX40RFc

Primary Screen: Binding to Recombinant Human OX40L:

In parallel to screening for binding to CHO-S expressed OX40L, supernatants collected from hybridoma wells were also tested to assess the ability of secreted antibodies to bind to hOX40L expressed as a recombinant protein (produced in-house, see details in Example 1). Binding of secreted antibodies to recombinant hOX40L were identified by HTRF® (Homogeneous Time-Resolved Fluorescence, Cisbio) assay format using biotinylated hOX40L. 5 μL of hybridoma supernatant was transferred to a white 384 well low volume non binding surface polystyrene plate (Greiner). Then 5 μL of biotinylated hOX40L (working concentration 20 nM) diluted in HTRF buffer (PBS (Sigma)+0.53 M KF (Sigma)+0.1% w/v BSA (Sigma) was added. 5 μL of combined detection reagents Streptavidin D2 (Cisbio) diluted 1:100 in HTRF assay buffer for final dilution 1:400 and goat anti-mouse IgG (Southern Biotech) labelled with europium cryptate (Cisbio) diluted 1:100 in HTRF assay buffer for final dilution 1:400 were added. The concentration of goat anti-mouse IgG (Southern Biotech) labelled with europium cryptate was batch dependent and in some cases a dilution of 1:1000 was performed to achieve a final assay concentration of 1:4000. To adjust the total assay volume to 20 μL, 5 μL of HTRF assay buffer was added to all wells. To define non-specific binding, addition of positive control antibody or hybridoma media was replaced with HTRF assay buffer or HMM. The plate was left to incubate in dark for 3 hours prior to reading time resolved fluorescence at 620 nm and 665 nm emission wavelengths using an EnVision plate reader (Perkin Elmer). More details of the HTRF® assay technology can be found in Mathis (1995) Clinical Chemistry 41(9), 1391-1397. Data were analysed by calculating 665/620 ratio and percent effect for each sample according to Equation 2 and Equation 1 respectively.

Equation 2: Calculation of 665/620 Ratio

665/620 ratio=(sample 665/620 nm value)×10000

For clones derived from KM040-1 and KM055-1 a selection criteria of greater than or equal to 20 percent effect was applied by the inventors to define a well as a hit from recombinant hOX40L binding as described in Table 1.

Primary Screen: Human OX40L/Human OX40R Fc Binding Assay:

In order to determine whether supernatants collected from hybridoma wells inhibited the binding of OX40L to OX40RFc, secreted antibodies were tested in an OX40L/OX40RFc binding HTRF assay. 5 μL of hybridoma supernatant was transferred to a white 384 well low volume non-binding surface polystyrene plate (Greiner). Biotinylated OX40L was diluted in HTRF assay buffer to a working concentration of 2.4 nM and 5 μL added. OX40RFc was then diluted to working concentration of 4.8 nM and 5 μL added. Non-specific binding was defined by replacing OX40RFc with assay buffer or HMM. Streptavidin cryptate (CISBIO) and anti-human Fc D2 (CISBIO) were diluted in HTRF assay buffer to working concentration of 1:100 and 5 nM respectively. Plates were covered, protected from light and incubated at room temperature for 3 hrs prior to reading time resolved fluorescence at 620 nm and 665 nm emission wavelengths using an EnVision plate reader (Perkin Elmer). Data were analysed by calculating 665/620 ratio and percent effect for each sample according to Equation 2 and Equation 5 respectively.

For clones derived from KM040-1 and KM055-1, a selection criteria of less than or equal to 90 percent of the assay signal of OX40 receptor Fc binding to OX40L was applied by the inventors to define a well as a hit as described in Table 1.

Secondary Screen: Binding to Cell Expressed and Recombinant Human OX40L

To determine whether wells selected using the primary screen selection criteria had the required characteristics set by the inventors, a number of assays were performed. Hybridoma clones selected as hits from primary screening were cultured for 3 days and the supernatants collected from hybridoma cells were tested to assess whether the secreted antibodies that bind to CHO-S expressed hOX40L, in some case bind to untransfected CHO-S cells and whether they neutralise recombinant OX40R Fc binding to CHO-S hOX40L and ability to neutralise OX40R binding to recombinant biotinylated hOX40L.

Binding to CHO-S Expressed hOX40L and Receptor Neutralisation:

CHO-S cells expressing hOX40L or untransfected CHO-S cells, diluted in FACS buffer (PBS+1% w/v BSA+0.1% w/v NaN₃) were distributed to a 96 well V-bottom plate (Greiner) at a density of 1×10⁵ cells per well. Cells were washed with 150 μL of PBS and centrifuged at 300×g for 3 min. Supernatant was aspirated and 150 IL of PBS added. This wash step was repeated.

25 μL of hybridoma supernatant or purified antibody from hybridoma supernatant diluted in FACS buffer was added to the washed cells and incubated for 10-15 minutes. Reference Antibody or mouse IgG1 control antibody (Sigma) were diluted in FACS buffer to 20 μg/mL and 25 μL added to cells. 25 μL of human OX40R Fc (in-house) diluted to 1000 ng/mL in FACS buffer were then added to wells. Cells were incubated at 4° C. for 30 minutes.

Cells were washed twice with 150 μL of PBS centrifuging after each wash step and aspirating supernatant (centrifuged at 300×g for 3 minutes).

To detect antibody and receptor binding, 50 μL of Goat anti-human IgG-PE (Jackson ImmunoResearch) and APC anti-mouse IgG (Jackson ImmunoResearch) diluted 1 in 500 in FACS buffer was added to the cells. Cells were incubated 30 minutes at 4° C. in the dark.

Cells were washed twice with 150 μL of PBS centrifuging after each wash step and aspirating supernatant (centrifuged at 300×g for 3 minutes).

To fix cells 100 μL 2% v/v paraformaldehyde was added and cells incubated for 30 minutes at 4° C., cells were pelleted by centrifugation 300×g and the plates and resuspended in 50 μL of FACS buffer. PE and APC signal intensity (geomean) was measured by flow cytometry using a BD FACS Array instrument.

% of control binding was calculated using geomean fluorescence as described in equation 1 where total binding was defined as reference antibody at 10 μg/mL and non-specific binding as mouse IgG1 antibody at 10 μg/mL. % receptor binding was calculated using Equation 3.

Equation 3: Percentage of Receptor Binding (FACS)

Based on geomean fluorescence

${\% \mspace{14mu} {of}\mspace{14mu} {Receptor}\mspace{14mu} {binding}} = {\frac{{{sample}\mspace{14mu} {value}} - {{non}\mspace{14mu} {specific}\mspace{14mu} {binding}}}{{{total}\mspace{14mu} {binding}} - {{non}\mspace{14mu} {specific}\mspace{14mu} {binding}}} \times 100}$

Non-specific binding=No antibody, no receptor

Total binding=receptor (OX40R) only binding (no inhibitor)+isotype control at 10 μg/mL

Secondary Screen—HTRF Ligand/Receptor Neutralisation

To determine whether antibodies identified from primary screen neutralise OX40L binding to OX40RFc an human OX40L/human OX40R Fc binding assay was performed as described for primary screen.

Plates were left to incubate in dark for 3 hours prior to reading time resolved fluorescence at 620 nm and 665 nm emission wavelengths using an EnVision plate reader (Perkin Elmer). More details of the HTRF® assay technology can be found in Mathis (1995) Clinical Chemistry 41(9), 1391-1397. Data were analysed by calculating delta F as described in Equation 4 and percentage of receptor for each sample according to Equation 5.

Equation 4: Calculation of % DeltaF

${\% \mspace{14mu} {delta}\mspace{14mu} F} = {\frac{\begin{matrix} {\left( {{sample}\mspace{14mu} {665/620}\mspace{14mu} {nm}\mspace{14mu} {ratio}\mspace{14mu} {value}} \right) -} \\ \left( {{non}\text{-}{specific}\mspace{14mu} {control}\mspace{14mu} {665/620}\mspace{14mu} {nm}\mspace{14mu} {ratio}\mspace{14mu} {value}} \right) \end{matrix}}{\left( {{non}\text{-}{specific}\mspace{14mu} {control}\mspace{14mu} {665/620}\mspace{14mu} {nm}\mspace{14mu} {ratio}} \right)} \times 100}$

Equation 5: Percentage of Receptor Binding (HTRF)

Based on calculation of % deltaF (Equation 4) or 665/620 ratio (Equation 2)

${\% \mspace{14mu} {of}\mspace{14mu} {Receptor}\mspace{14mu} {binding}} = {\frac{{{sample}\mspace{14mu} {value}} - {{non}\mspace{14mu} {specific}\mspace{14mu} {binding}}}{{{total}\mspace{14mu} {binding}} - {{non}\mspace{14mu} {specific}\mspace{14mu} {binding}}} \times 100}$

Non specific binding=HMM or buffer+OX40L (no receptor)

Total binding=receptor (OX40R) and OX40L (no inhibitor)

Hit Criteria Selection from Secondary Screening:

A panel of hits were selected based on binding and neutralisation assays. Hits in CHO-S OX40L binding assay were defined by the inventors as significant binding to CHO-S OX40L cells and no binding to CHO-S cells by FACS. Hits were further defined as having the ability to significantly reduce OX40RFc binding to recombinant OX40L (HTRF) and significantly reduce OX40RFc binding to hOX40L expressed on CHO cells. Data is summarised in Table 1. Apparent affinity measurements by SPR were also considered.

Example 3 Antibody Lead Characterisation

Based on the screening selected wells were expanded and murine/human chimeric antibodies purified using a standard Protein G based affinity chromatography purification (see method below). The antibodies were subjected to various assays to assess their ability to block hOX40L binding to it receptor OX40R, as well as the ability of each antibody to bind to human as well as Rhesus monkey OX40L with high apparent affinity. To decipher which antibodies were the best, selected clones were tested using OX40L/OX40RFc HTRF assay and OX40L induced IL2 release from primary human T-cells.

TABLE 1 mAb Lead Summary HTRF Receptor Primary T-cell Apparent Apparent Neutralisation Assay Affinity Affinity FACS IC₅₀ nM IC₅₀ nM hOX40L RhsOX40L Antibody Binding (+/−SEM) (+/−SEM) (nM) (nM) 10A07 (hybridoma) YES +++ +++ CNROR CNROR 10A07 (human) ND +++ +++ CNROR CNROR  1.2 nM (+/−0.17) 0.83 nM (+/−1.2)  2D10 (hybridoma) YES +++ ND CNROR CNROR 2D10 (human) ND +++ +++ CNROR CNROR 0.75 nM (+/−0.04) 0.81 nM (+/−0.06) 9H04 (hybridoma) YES + ND 5.3 ND 19H01 (hybridoma) YES ++ ND 2.2 ND CNROR = Cannot resolve off-rate

IC₅₀ data represents arithmetic mean+/−standard error of mean (SEM) for three independent experiments or donors.

Materials and Methods:

Purification of Antibodies from Hybridoma Supernatant:

Antibodies were purified using Protein G affinity chromatography. Antibodies were eluted from the Protein G media using IgG Elute reagent (Pierce) and the eluted antibodies were buffer swapped into PBS prior to use. Antibody purity was assessed by SDS-PAGE analysis and quantified by spectrophotometer reading at OD280 nm.

Binding of antibodies purified from hybridoma supernatant was carried out as described herein.

HTRF Ligand/Receptor Neutralisation:

The following methods were carried out with a titration of inhibitor in order to establish the clone potency as measured by IC₅₀ values in the assay. Antibody purified from hybridoma was titrated by diluting in HTRF assay buffer and 5 μL of this titration transferred to a white 384 well low volume non-binding surface polystyrene plate (Greiner). Biotinylated OX40L was diluted in HTRF assay buffer to a working concentration of 2.4 nM and 5 μL added. OX40RFc was then diluted to working concentration of 4.8 nM and 5 μL added. Non-specific binding was defined by replacing OX40RFc with assay buffer or HMM. Streptavidin cryptate (CISBIO) and anti-human Fc D2 (CISBIO) were diluted in HTRF assay buffer to working concentration of 1:100 and 5 nM respectively. Plates were covered, protected from light and incubated at room temperature for 3 hrs prior to reading time resolved fluorescence at 620 nm and 665 nm emission wavelengths using an EnVision plate reader (Perkin Elmer). Data were analysed by calculating delta F as described in Equation 4 and percentage of receptor for each sample according to Equation 5 or in some cases Equation 6. IC₅₀ values were determined using GraphPad Prism software by curve fitting using a four-parameter logistic equation (Equation 7).

Equation 6: Percentage of Receptor Binding (HTRF)

Based on calculation of % DeltaF (Equation 8)

${\% \mspace{14mu} {of}\mspace{14mu} {Receptor}\mspace{14mu} {binding}} = {\frac{{sample}\mspace{14mu} {value}}{{total}\mspace{14mu} {binding}} \times 100}$

Total binding=receptor (OX40R) and OX40L (no inhibitor)

Equation 7: Four Parameter Logistic Calculation

Y=Bottom+(Top−Bottom)/(1+10{circumflex over ( )}((Log IC50−X)*HillSlope))

X=logarithm of concentration.

Y=specific binding (equation 6)

Top and Bottom=Plateus in same units as Y (specific binding)

Log IC₅₀ in same units as X. Y starts at Bottom and goes to Top with a sigmoid shape. Specific binding decreases as X increases.

Profiling of Fully Human Recombinant Anti-OX40L Antibodies in HTRF Ligand/Receptor Neutralisation Assay

In order to determine whether recombinantly expressed fully human purified IgG inhibit human OX40L binding to OX40RFc the following method was carried out. Fully human purified IgG or other inhibitor were tested in order to establish the clone potency as measured by IC₅₀ values in the assay. Antibodies recombinantly expressed and purified were titrated by diluting in HTRF assay buffer and 5 μL of this titration transferred to a white 384 well low volume non-binding surface polystyrene plate (Greiner). Biotinylated OX40L was diluted in HTRF assay buffer to a working concentration of 2.4 nM and 5 μL added. OX40RFc directly labelled with AF647 was then diluted to working concentration of 10 nM and 5 μL added. Non-specific binding was defined by replacing OX40RFc-AF647 with assay buffer or HMM. Streptavidin cryptate (CISBIO) was diluted in HTRF assay buffer to working concentration of 1:100 and 5 μL added to all wells of the plate. Plates were covered, protected from light and incubated at room temperature for 3 hrs prior to reading time resolved fluorescence at 620 nm and 665 nm emission wavelengths using an EnVision plate reader (Perkin Elmer). Data were analysed by calculating delta F as described in Equation 4 and percentage of receptor for each sample according to Equation 5 or in some cases Equation 6. IC₅₀ values were determined using GraphPad Prism software by curve fitting using a four-parameter logistic equation (Equation 7) (FIG. 1).

Determining Effect of Anti-OX40L Antibodies on Recombinant OX40L Induced IL2 Release from Primary Isolated T-Cells

Recombinant human OX40L (in house) was diluted in culture media to a concentration of 400 ng/mL and 50 μL added to a tissue culture treated 96 well plate (Costar). Anti-OX40L antibodies or appropriate species isotype control (Sigma or in house) were titrated in culture media in a 96 well plate (greiner) and then 50 μL of titration transferred to the 96 well plate containing 50 μL OX40L. The antibody titration was incubated for 30 minutes at room temperature with the recombinant OX40L before CD3 positive T-cells were added.

PBMCs were isolated from leukoreduction system chambers (NHSBT) using Ficoll-Paque plus (GE Healthcare) by density gradient centrifugation. CD3 positive cells (T-cells) were isolated from human PBMC by negative selection using magnetic microbeads (Miltenyi Biotech) according to manufacturer's recommendations. The isolated cells were centrifuged at 300×g/5 min, resuspended in culture media (culture media was defined as either RPMI (Gibco)+10% v/v FBS or RPMI+5% v/v human AB serum) and 50 μL of the cell suspension added to the 96 well plate containing the recombinant OX40L and antibody titration to a achieve final concentration of 2×10⁵ cells/well.

Then 50 μL of PHA at 8 μg/mL was added to all wells to achieve a final assay concentration of 2 μg/mL. The cells were incubated at 37° C. for 3 days before supernatant were harvested and analysed for IL-2 concentration. Maximal IL-2 release was defined by OX40L stimulation in the absence of inhibitor. Minimal IL-2 release was defined by culture media only (no OX40L).

IL-2 levels in supernatants were determined using human IL-2 Duoset ELISA kit (R & D) Systems) according to manufacturer's recommendations. IL-2 capture antibody (4 μg/mL diluted in PBS, 50 μL/well) was adsorbed to 96 well low auto-fluorescent, high protein binding plates (Costar) overnight at 4° C. Excess IgG was removed by washing with PBS-Tween and the wells were blocked with 1% bovine serum albumin (BSA) in PBS for 1 hour at room temperature, after which plates were washed as described previously. 50 IL/well of conditioned culture media was then added IL-2 standards (from 2000 μg/mL, 1:2 dilution) were also added to ELISA plates as an ELISA control and the plates were incubated at room temperature for at least 1 hour.

Following incubation, plates were washed as before to remove unbound proteins. Biotinylated IL-2 detection Ab (200 ng/mL in reagent diluent (0.1% BSA/PBS); 50 μL/well) was then added to the plates and incubated at RT for 1 h. Unbound detection antibody was removed by washing with PBS-Tween (0.1% v/v), while the remaining biotinylated antibody was detected by streptavidin-Europium3+conjugate (DELFIA® detection, PerkinElmer). Time-resolved fluorescence was measured at 615 nm on an Envision plate reader (PerkinElmer). Fluorescence data was plotted as Europium counts or concentration of IL-2 release calculated from standard curve by linear regression according to manufacturer's recommendations. IC₅₀ values were determined using GraphPad Prism software by curve fitting using a four-parameter logistic equation (Equation 7).

Surface Plasmon Resonance Analysis:

SPR analysis was carried out using the ProteOn™ XPR36 Array System (BioRad). Anti-mouse IgG (GE Healthcare BR-1008-38) was immobilised on a GLM biosensor surface using amine coupling, the surface was then blocked using 1 M ethanolamine. Test antibodies were captured on this surface and recombinant hOX40L (human and rhesus) were used at a single concentration of 256 nM, binding sensorgrams were double referenced using a buffer injection (i.e. 0 nM) to remove baseline drift and injection artefacts. Apparent affinities for the OX40L-antibody interaction were determined using the 1:1 model inherent to the ProteOn XPR36 analysis software. The assay was run using HBS-EP (Teknova) as running buffer and carried out at 25° C.

Example 4 Sequence Recovery of Lead Antibody Candidates

After the selection and characterisation of lead candidates, their fully human variable domains were recovered using RT-PCR using a mixture of forward and reverse primers. Antibodies were reformatted into a human IgG4 backbone (IgG4-PE) and expressed using a transient expression system in CHO-S cells. A summary of all sequences is displayed in the Sequence Listing.

RNA Isolation from Hybridoma Cells:

Total RNA was extracted from hybridoma cells using TRIzol™ Reagent (Invitrogen). The quantity and quality of the isolated RNA was analysed spectrophotometrically.

Antibody Variable Domain Recovery by RT-PCR:

Selected clones were used for preparing total RNA, which was used in an RT-PCR reaction to recover the heavy chain V-regions. IgG specific reverse primers and Ig leader sequence specific forward primer sets or alternatively IgG specific reverse primers and Ig 5′ untranslated region (UTR) sequence specific forward primer sets were used for the heavy chains. Kappa constant region specific reverse primers and kappa leader sequence specific forward primer sets or alternatively Kappa constant region specific reverse primers and kappa 5′UTR sequence specific forward primer sets were used for the kappa OX40L chains. The RT-PCR products were separated by agarose gel electrophoresis with the DNA of the predicted size being sequenced in the forward and reverse directions. Alternatively, the RT-PCR products were subcloned into a cloning vector and DNA of individual colonies submitted for sequencing.

Cloning of Recombinant Antibodies

DNA encoding the heavy chain variable region of mAb 10A7 was cloned into a pREP4 expression plasmid (Invitrogen) in frame with the Human IgG1 constant region and DNA encoding the light chain variable region of mAb 10A7 was cloned into a pREP4 expression plasmid in frame with the Human Kappa constant region using standard restriction enzyme digestion and ligation.

The heavy chain variable region coding sequences of mAbs 10A7 and 2D10 in frame with the Human IgG4-PE constant region were codon optimised for mammalian expression and cloned into a pXC-18.4 expression plasmid (Lonza) and the light chain coding sequences of mAbs 10A7 and 2D10 in frame with the Human Kappa constant region were codon optimised for mammalian expression and cloned into a pXC-17.4 expression plasmid (Lonza) using standard restriction enzyme digestion and ligation. For the simultaneous expression of the heavy and light chains the vectors a pXC-17.4 and a pXC-18.4 were fused into one single vector using standard restriction enzyme digestion and ligation.

All constructs were sequenced to ensure their correct sequence composition.

Transient Expression of OX40L Antibodies

Antibodies were expressed transiently to produce recombinant protein using Invitrogen's FreeStyle™ CHO-S suspension adapted cell line. Plasmids were transfected into the cells using PEI (polyethylenimine MW 40000) and left to overgrow for a period of 13 days before harvesting the supernatant for purification. Cells were fed during the overgrow process with ActiCHO™ Feeds A and B from GE Healthcare to help boost productivity and promote longevity of the cells. During the overgrow process samples were taken regularly to monitor cell growth and viability.

Generation of Stable Lonza Pools

In order to produce the gram amounts required for toxicology studies, 10A7 and 2D10 OX40L antibodies were transferred to the Lonza GS Xceed system for stable expression. The HC and LC for each antibody was first codon optimised for expression in CHO cells by Genewiz. The HC cassette (containing the optimised IgG4PE constant region) was then cloned into Lonza's pXC18.4 vector and LC cassette (containing the optimised kappa constant region) cloned into Lonza's pXC17.4 vector using standard restriction enzyme digestion and ligation. A double gene vector (DGV) encoding both the HC and LC sequences was then created by restriction enzyme digestion and ligation and sequence confirmed before expression.

Prior to stable pool creation; the single gene vectors encoding the HC and LC's separately as well as the DGV containing both, were expressed in the Lonza CHOK1SVKO cell line transiently using PEI (polyethylenimine MW 40000). Cells were left to overgrow for a period of 13 days before harvesting the supernatant for purification. During this period cells were fed with ActiCHO™ Feeds A and B from GE Healthcare to help boost productivity and promote longevity of the cells. During the overgrow process samples were taken regularly to monitor cell growth and viability. Once transient expression was confirmed and purified material analysed the antibodies were expressed as stable pools.

Stable pools were generated using Lonza's proprietary methods and media. 4 pools were created per antibody and left to recover over a period of 10-15 days. After the cells had recovered, pre-seed stocks (PSS) of cells were frozen down for later recovery and creation of MCB. Small scale (50 mL) shake flask fed batch overgrows were then set up using Lonza's proprietary media. Cells were left to overgrow for a period of 14 days. During this period cells were monitored for growth, viability and glucose levels. Cells were supplemented accordingly with Lonza's proprietary feed and 400 g/L glucose. Samples were also taken throughout the process for crude sample quantification. At the end of the overgrow process the supernatant was harvested for purification.

Stable pools were generated using Lonza's proprietary methods and media. 4 pools were created per antibody and left to recover over a period of 10-15 days. After the cells had recovered, pre-seed stocks (PSS) of cells were frozen down for later recovery and creation of MCB. Small scale (50 mL) shake flask fed batch overgrows were then set up using Lonza's proprietary media. Cells were left to overgrow for a period of 14 days. During this period cells were monitored for growth, viability and glucose levels. Cells were supplemented accordingly with Lonza's proprietary feed and 400 g/L glucose. Samples were also taken throughout the process for crude sample quantification. At the end of the overgrow process the supernatant was harvested for purification.

Whilst the 2D10 and 10A07 were similar in sequence, there expression profiles in the stable Lonza pools were different, 10A07 expressed to very low titres, whereas 2D10 expressed at much greater titres (see Table 2) under optimal conditions when using shake flasks in 4 separate generated stable pools.

TABLE 2 (Concentration in mg/L) Day Day Day Day Day Day Day Day Stable pool 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 2D10-1 261 492 681 993 1157 1590 1530 1575 2D10-2 245 461 665 983 1127 1485 2025 1995 2D10-3 317 528 731 1163 1367 1785 1905 1860 2D10-4 372 677 785 1286 1350 1935 1965 1800 Control 92 129 167 229 297 357 416 N/A Antibody 1 Control 66 95 127 161 208 238 266 N/A Antibody 1 Control 68 102 132 192 266 324 314 N/A Antibody 1 Control 88 129 165 245 328 410 385 N/A Antibody 1

After expression, the antibody to be used in the Rhesus Macaque GvHD model was purified using a two-step purification process. The antibodies were first purified using MabSelect SuRe (GE Healthcare) affinity chromatography. Antibodies were eluted from the MabSelect SuRe media using IgG Elute reagent (Pierce) and the eluted antibodies were dialysed in sodium acetate (pH 5.5) buffer prior to the second purification step. Antibodies were then purified by cation exchange and eluted with sodium chloride in sodium acetate buffer. Eluted antibodies were dialysed in PBS. Antibodies were quantified by spectrophotometer reading at OD280 nm and adjusted to the desired concentration (10 mg/ml). Antibody purity was assessed by SDS-PAGE analysis and size exclusion chromatography. Endotoxin concentration was measured with Endosafe PTS and LAL Test Cartridges (Charles River Laboratories).

Example 5 Determining Effect of Anti-OX40L Antibodies in Allogeneic PBMC Mixed Lymphocyte Reaction

PBMCs are isolated from leukoreduction system chambers (NHSBT) using Ficoll-Paque plus (GE Healthcare) density gradient centrifugation. PBMC are pre-incubated with mitomycin C (Sigma) at 10 μg/mL in PBS for one hour at 37° C. Cells are then washed 3 times in PBS centrifuging at 300×g for 3 minutes, aspirating the supernatant after each wash. Allogeneic PBMC (not treated with mitomycin C) are added to a 96-well plate in RPMI supplemented with 10% v/v FBS at a concentration of 2×10⁶/ml, 50 μL/well. Anti-OX40L antibodies are diluted in culture media and added to 96 well plate containing PBMC (not mitomycin C treated) at 50 μL/well. Mitomycin C treated PBMC are then added to allogeneic PBMC (not treated with mitomycin C) in 96-well plate at a final cell ratio in range of 1:1 to 4:1 mitomycin C treated to non mitomycin C based on number of cells/well. The cells are incubated for five days at 37° C./5% C02. After five days TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-2 are measured by duoset ELISA (R&D Systems) according to manufacturer's recommendations. Proliferation is measured by CFSE dilution according to manufacturer's recommendations.

PBMCs were isolated from leukoreduction system chambers (NHSBT) using Ficoll-Paque plus (GE Healthcare) density gradient centrifugation. PBMC were pre-incubated with mitomycin C (Sigma) at 10 μg/mL in PBS for one hour at 37° C. Cells were then washed 3 times in PBS centrifuging at 300 xg for 3 minutes, aspirating the supernatant after each wash. T-lymphocytes (T-cells) in some cases CD3 positive and in other cases CD4 and CD8 positive were isolated from allogeneic PBMC by negative selection using magnetic microbeads (Miltenyi Biotech) according to manufacturer's recommendations. In some cases, non-mytomycin C treated PBMC were used instead of T-cells. The isolated cells were centrifuged at 300×g/5 min, resuspended in culture media (culture media was defined as either RPMI (Gibco)+10% v/v FBS or RPMI+5% v/v human AB serum) and 50 μL of the cell suspension added to the 96 well plate containing the recombinant OX40L and antibody titration to a achieve final concentration of 2×10⁵ cells/well. Anti-OX40L antibodies were diluted in culture media to a final assay concentration 100 nM or in some cases a titration of antibody was used. The antibodies were added to 96 well plate containing T-cells or non-mytomycin C treated PBMC at 50 μL/well. Mitomycin C treated PBMC were then added to Tcells or non mytomycin C treated PBMC in 96-well plate at a final cell ratio in range of 1:1 to 4:1 mitomycin C treated PBMC to T-cells (or PBMC) based on number of cells/well. The cells were incubated for five days at 37° C./5% CO02. After five days, IFN-γ was measured by duoset ELISA (R&D Systems) according to manufacturer's recommendations.

Anti-OX40L antibodies were defined as inhibitors in allogeneic PBMC/T-cell MLR or PBMC/PBMCI MLR when >20% inhibition (see Equation 8) of factor release (IFN-γ,) or were observed relative to control wells in the absence of antibody. From four experiments performed, one experiment was a technical failure, defined as no MLR response (IFN-γ release) detected between allogeneic donors. Of the three remaining experiments, all three showed inhibition (>20% inhibition of factor release (IFN-γ,) observed relative to control wells in the absence of antibody) with 2D10, 10A07 and positive control 1, however in one of three experiments, significant inhibition was also observed with the isotype control antibody (FIG. 2). For PBMC/PBMC MLR, three experiments were performed. Of three experiments, two were regarded as technical failure as there was no or low IFN-γ release. However, in another experiment 10A07 inhibited IFN-γ release when compared to the isotype control.

Equation 8: Percentage Inhibition (MLR)

Based on values from IFN-γ or IL2 release (pg/mL) determined as described

${\% \mspace{14mu} {inhibition}} = {100 - {\frac{{{sample}\mspace{14mu} {value}} - {{no}\mspace{14mu} {stimulus}}}{{{No}\mspace{14mu} {IgG}} - {{no}\mspace{14mu} {stimulus}}} \times 100}}$

No Stimulus=wells where only T-cells or non-mytomycin C treated PBMC are added (no mitomycin C treated PBMC)

No IgG=wells where T-cells or in some cases non-mytomycin C treated PBMC along with mytomycin C treated PBMC are added but no IgG

Example 6 Determining Effect of Anti-OX40L Antibodies on CD3 Primed Primary Human T Lvmphocvtes

In order to determine whether anti-OX40L had the ability to induce T-cell responses in the absence of OX40L, the assay below was performed using method adapted from Wang et al., Hybridoma (Larchmt)., 2009 August; 28(4):269-76, in which an agonist anti-OX40L antibody was described.

A mouse anti-human CD3 antibody (Becton Dickinson) was diluted to 0.5 μg/mL in sterile PBS and 50 μL/well added to a 96 well high binding sterile plate and incubated overnight at 4° C.

Following overnight incubation, the plate was washed three times with 100 μL of sterile PBS.

T-cells (CD3 positive) were isolated from PBMC derived from leukoreduction system chambers (NHSBT) as described in Example 3. Following isolation, the cells were added to wells in 100 μL to achieve a final concentration of 1×10⁵ cells/well.

Test antibodies were diluted in RPMI+10% FBS and 50 μL or 100 μL/well added to cell plate to achieve a final assay concentration of 10 μg/mL. In some cases, a mouse anti-human CD28 antibody (Becton Dickinson) was also added to wells at a final concentration of 1 μg/ml The assay was incubated for 5 days. After 5 days, harvest supernatants and IFN-γ levels in supernatant were determined as described in Example 5.

The assay was performed in four independent donors and no effect of adding 10A07 or 2D10 in IgG4PE format was observed (IFN-γ release) over that observed with human IgG4PE isotype control.

Example 7 Rhesus Macaque Graft Versus Host Disease (GvHD) Model

The effectiveness of antibody 2D10 IgG4PE as a monotherapy prophylactic for the prevention of GvHD was examined in a Rhesus Macaque model of haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). It had been previously described that monkeys undergoing HSCT in this model had a survival time of 6-8 days (Miller, Weston P., et al. “GVHD after haploidentical transplantation: a novel, MHC-defined rhesus macaque model identifies CD28⁻CD8′ Tcells as a reservoir of breakthrough T-cell proliferation during costimulation blockade and sirolimus-based immunosuppression.” Blood, 116, 24(2010):5403-5418.) All transplants were between half-sibling pairs that are mismatched at one MHC haplotype (“haploidentical-HCTs”). Recipient animals had irradiation based pre-myeloablative pre-transplant conditioning using a linear accelerator. Dose rate: 7cGy/min. Dose 1020 cGy given in 4 fractions. The leukapheresis donor animal underwent GCSF mobilisation and underwent leukapheresis using a Spectra Optia apheresis machine. The table below gives the dose per kg of total nucleated cells (TNC) dose of CD3⁺ cells, and CD34⁺ cells for the four successful experiments.

TABLE 3 Recipient Recipient Animal Bodyweight TNC CD3⁺ T-cells CD34⁺ cells ID# No. (kg) (10⁹/kg) 10⁶/kg 10⁶/kg A14079 #2 9.75 1.13 149.76 0.51 A14081 #4 7.02 2.99 389.08 4.79 A14082 #5 7.6 2.24 312.95 2.69 A14087 #6 5.75 3.44 385.66 9.99

2D10 IgG4PE was dosed at 10 mg/kg i.v. according to a planned dosing schedule to take place on Day −2, Day +5, Day +12, Day +19, Day +26, Day +33, Day +40, Day +47 post-transplant. No serious adverse dosing side effects were seen with any of the animals as a result of administering 2D10 IgG4PE.

Samples were taken during the course of the study to monitor donor chimerism (Table 4) and white blood cell counts. The primary end point was based on survival, with a survival to 15 days deemed to be a sign of successful prophylactic therapy (and compared to the documented survival of 6-8 days with no prophylaxis; Miller et al 2010, supra). Though full pathology and histology with GvHD grading scores, markers of T-cell proliferation and activation (such as Ki-67 and granzyme B) and gene array analysis are planned, they were not available for inclusion at the time of drafting.

Methods for these studies are essentially as described in Miller W P et al., (2010) “GVHD after haploidentical transplantation: a novel, MHC-defined rhesus macaque model identifies CD28− CD8+T-cells as a reservoir of breakthrough T-cell proliferation during costimulation blockade and sirolimus-based immunosuppression”, Blood 116:5403-5418.

Clinical staging of GvHD

Scoring of clinical symptoms was based on observational assessments and clinical chemistry, classified according to the criteria set out in Table 5.

Histopathology

Tissues, including lung, liver, skin and gastrointestinal tract were collected at necropsy and fixed in formalin and paraffin-embedded. Sections were cut, slide-mounted and stained with haematoxylin/eosin or with T-cell markers for visualisation of tissue infiltration by lymphocytes. Prepared slides are read by a histopathologist with specific expertise in GvHD using a semiquantitative scoring system.

Flow Cytometry

Longitudinal peripheral blood samples were collected before and after haematopoietic stem cell transplant and at necropsy for flow cytometric analysis of lymphocyte subsets. Lung, liver, colon spleen and lymph node (axillary and inguinal) tissues were collected at necropsy and dissociated or enzymatically digested as appropriate for subsequent analysis of lymphocyte infiltrates by flow cytometry. Samples were analysed by multicolour flow cytometry using a LSRFortessa cell analyser (BD Biosciences) using the following T lymphocyte marker probes: CD3 (APC-Cy7 label; clone SP34-2, BD Biosciences), CD4 (BV786 label; clone L200, BD Biosciences), CD8 (BUV395 label; clone RPA-T8, BD Bioscences), CD28 (PE-Cy7 label; clone CD28.2, eBioscience), CD95 (BV605 label; clone DX2, Biolegend). Proliferating cell populations were identified using Ki-67 (FITC label, Dako). CD4⁺ or CD8⁺ T-cell subcompartments were labelled as follows: naïve T-cells (CD28⁺/CD95⁻), central memory T-cells (CD28⁺/CD95⁺), effector memory T-cells (CD28⁻/CD95⁺).

Blood was collected into tubes with Sodium EDTA, and then red blood cells were lysed with lysis buffer containing ammonium chloride. Remaining leukocytes were washed with FACS buffer (PBS with 2% FBS) and stained with antibody cocktail (Table 7) for 30 minutes at 4° C. After staining, cells were washed and fixed in 1x BD Stabilising Fixative. Acquisition of flow data was performed on BD LSR Fortessa cytometer. Data were analysed using FloJo. T-cells were defined as CD3⁺CD14/CD20⁻ lymphocytes.

Results:

1: Expansion of Memory Stem T-Cells after Transplantation

In a non-human primate model of acute Graft-versus-Host disease (GVHD), allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) results in early expansion of both CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ memory stem T-cells (Tscm: CD45RA⁺CCR7⁺CD95⁺) at the expense of reconstitution of bona fide naïve T-cells (Tn: CD45RA⁺CCR7⁺CD95⁻⁾ (FIG. 3). These Tscm cells circulate in the blood, and also reside in both lymphoid (lymph nodes, spleen) and non-lymphoid organs (lung, liver and colon).

TABLE 7 List of used antibodies for T-cell immunophenotyping by flow cytometry Antibody Fluorochrome Clone Company CD3 APC-Cy7 SP34-2 BD Biosciences CD4 BV786 L200 BD Biosciences CD8 BUV395 RPA-T8 BD Biosciences CD14 PerCP-Cy5.5 M5E2 BD Biosciences CD20 PerCP-Cy5.5 2H7 eBioscience CD28 PE-Cy7 CD28.2 eBioscience CD45RA APC 2H4LDH11LDB9 Beckman Coulter CD95 BV605 DX2 Biolegend CCR7 (CD197) BV421 G043H7 Biolegend OX40 (CD134) PE L106 BD Biosciences

2: 2D10 IgG4PE Limits Expansion of Tscm

Treatment with the blocking anti-OX40L antibody, 2D10 IgG4PE, results in prolonged survival of animals after allogeneic HCT and reduces clinical symptoms of acute GVHD. This delay in GVHD progression was associated with limited CD4⁺ Tscm expansion and preservation of CD4⁺ Tn cells (FIG. 4).

3: CD4⁺ Tscm Cells Express OX40 on their Surface

As shown in FIG. 5, CD4⁺ Tscm express OX40 on their surface, but naïve T-cells do not. Moreover, the level of OX40 expression was comparable between CD4⁺ Tscm and central memory cells (Tcm). Importantly, OX40 expression was detected on CD4⁺ Tscm cells broadly. They are detected in naïve monkeys before transplantation (both in the blood and lymphoid organs), as well as in leukopheresis products. This expression is also seen in allogeneic HCT recipients longitudinally after transplantation.

4: Comparative Analysis of Tscm in 02D10 Iq4PE Treated Animals Compared to Standard GvHD Therapies

The proportion of post-HCT Tscm cells evident in the peripheral blood of rhesus monkeys that received 02D10 IgG4PE were compared with Tscm from separate groups of animals administered either sirolimus (rapamycin) or a combination of tacrolimus plus methotrexate (Tac/MTX). The results for CD4⁺ Tscm cells are shown in FIG. 6a , and the results for CD8⁺ Tscm cells are shown in FIG. 6b . Data indicate that treatment with anti-OX40L antibody 02D10 IgG4PE results in a sustained inhibition of the proportion of Tscm cells compared with the sirolimus and Tac/MTX treatment.

Conclusions:

An OX40-expressing subset of Tscm might be sensitive to 2D10 IgG4PE-mediated OX40L-blockade. This blockade may control Tscm expansion and therefore limit the progression of acute GVHD. The OX40 pathway is a potentially novel mechanism of Tscm regulation, which can be used in clinical practice to treat immune-mediated diseases or improve the outcome of adoptive immunotherapy.

Chimerism

Peripheral blood or T-cell (CD3⁺/CD20⁻) chimerism was determined using divergent donor- and recipient-specific MHC-linked microsatellite markers, by comparing peak heights of the donor- and recipient-specific amplicons (Penedo M C et al., (2005) “Microsatelllite typing of the rhesus macaque MHC region”, Imunogenetics 57:198-209).

A total of six animals were selected to receive HSCT. Of these 6 animals, two of the experiments were deemed a technical failure, one animal experienced viral reactivation which may have hampered engraftment and it was seen that donor chimerism initially climbed but then dropped, indicating that second reconstitution was autologous repopulation. A single high cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Rhesus macaque Lymphocryptovirus (rhLCV) reading was seen at the same time as the drop in chimerism and autologous repopulation.

TABLE 5 Stage Skin Liver (Billirubin) GI 0 No GVHD rash <4-fold increase over baseline No diarrhea 1 Rash <25% of body surface 4- to 8-fold increase over “Mild” diarrhea area baseline 2 Rash 25-50% of body 8- to 20-fold increase over “Moderate” diarrhea surface area baseline w/o any other cause 3 Rash >50% of body surface 20- to 50-fold increase over “Severe” diarrhea area baseline w/o any other cause 4 Generalised erythroderma >50-fold over baseline “Very severe” with bullous formation diarrhea (with blood) w/o any other cause

The second technical failure was the result of failure of the apheresis machine to produce a suitable product for transplantation. Since the recipient animal had already been irradiated, it had to be sacrificed. The four other animals all survived to the primary endpoint of 15 days, exhibiting extended survival compared to both historical and contemporaneous no-prophylaxis controls. Table 6 below outlines the summary of each animal in this study.

Example 8 Pharmacokinetics

Rhesus macaques were dosed with 10 mg/kg of 2D10 or appropriate non-functional isotype control antibody on Day 0. Samples were taken, after +15 minutes, +1 hour, +8 hours, +24-36 hours, +72 hours, +96 hours, +Day 8, +Day 11, +Day 15, +Day 18, +Day 22, +Day 25. On Day 29, animals were dosed with 3 mg/kg of 2D10 or appropriate non-functional isotype control antibody. Samples were taken on Day 29 after +15 minutes, +1 hour, +8 hours and then 24-36 hours after Day 29. Samples continued to be taken on +Day 32, +Day 33, +Day 36, +Day 39, +Day 43, +Day 46, +Day 50, +Day 53, +Day 57, +Day 60, +Day 64, +Day 67 and +Day 71.

To determine the PK, anti-human IgG is diluted to 8 μg/mL in PBS and is adsorbed to 96 well low auto-fluorescent, high protein binding plates (Costar) overnight at 4° C. Excess IgG is removed by washing with PBS-Tween and wells are blocked with 5% w/v non-fat dried milk (blocking buffer) for 1 hour at room temperature. Following incubation period, plates are washed. Plasma samples are diluted in blocking buffer (multiple dilutions). A standard curve is also generated using a titration of positive control anti-OX40L antibody diluted in blocking buffer from 10 μg/mL (1 in 3 dilution). Either titration or diluted plasma sample are added to plate and incubated for 1 hr at room temperature. Plates are then washed and biotinylated human OX40L is diluted to 500 ng/mL in blocking buffer added for 1 hour at room temperature. Plates are then washed and streptavidin-Europium3⁺conjugate (DELFIA® detection, PerkinElmer) diluted in DELFIA® assay buffer (Perkin Elmer) is added. Plates are then washed 3 times in Tris Buffered Saline +0.1% tween. Then, DELFIA Enhancement solution (Perkin Elmer) is added to the plate and time-resolved fluorescence is measured at 615 nm on an Envision plate reader (PerkinElmer). The concentration of anti-OX40L antibody in the plasma is calculated by extrapolating fluorescence values from sample wells to those obtained from the standard curve generated from the titration of the positive control anti-OX40L antibody using a four parameter logistics curve fitting algorithm.

Example 9

Rhesus Macaque (GvHD) Model: Effect of Combined Prophylaxis with 2D10 IqG4PE Plus Rapamycin

A further rhesus macaque GvHD study was conducted to determine the effect of combined post-HSCT prophylaxis with 2D10 IgG4PE and rapamycin. The study was performed as described in Example 7, with dosing as follows: 2D10 IgG4PE was administered i.v. at 10 mg/kg on Day −2, Day +5, Day +12, Day +19, Day +26, Day +33, Day +40, Day +47 and Day +56 post-transplant. Rapamycin was administered at a loading dose of 0.1 mg/kg i.m. on Day −14, followed by daily i.m. maintenance doses of 0.025 mg/kg until the scheduled termination of the study at Day +100. Rapamycin dosing was adjusted to maintain serum trough levels within the range 5-15 ng/mL.

Results:

Post-HSCT administration of 2D10 IgG4PE together with rapamycin resulted in extended GvHD-free and absolute survival (median survival time, MST>82 days; n=3) compared to historical control animals that did not receive post-HSCT experimental treatment (MST=8 days; n=4; Furlan et al, Science Translational Medicine, Vol 7 (315); 315ra1910). The effect of combined 2D10 IgG4PE plus rapamycin dosing appeared also to be greater than the additive effect of each molecule when administered alone (FIG. 7: MST for post-HSCT 2D10 IgG4PE and rapamycin were 19 and 17 days, respectively; both n−4). It is also noted that Furlan et al discloses a MST for combined prohylaxis with tacrolimus plus methotrexate of 49 days. It is expected that a combination of tacrolimus plus methotrexate and an anti-OX40L antibody (such as 2D10), or indeed a combination of tacrolimus and an anti-OX40L antibody (such as 2D10), would also provide the synergistic results as seen in this Example.

Without being bound by theory, any modulator of the IL-2 pathway may provide the synergistic effects seen with this example, for example and IL-2 inhibitor.

Example 10

Following the rhesus macaque combination study described in Example 9, histopathology and flow cytometry were carried out using procedures substantially identical to those described in Example 7.

Ki-67 Expression

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated at different time points by Ficoll-Paque gradient and then were stained for cell surface markers (CD3, CD4, CD8) followed by fixation/permeabilization (using BD Cytofix/Cytoperm kit) and intracellular staining for Ki-67. Ki-67 expression in NHP peripheral blood CD4⁺ (FIG. 8A) and CD8⁺ (FIG. 8B) was measured. T-cells before (pre-HCT) and following allogeneic HCT in recipients being untreated (No Rx) or treated with OX40L antibody. Plots show Ki-67 expression in NHP peripheral blood bulk CD4⁺ (FIG. 8C) and CD8⁺ (FIG. 8D) T-cells before (pre-HCT) and following allogeneic HCT in recipients treated with rapamycin and with a combination of rapamycin and anti-OX40L antibody. Statistical analysis was performed using Holm-Sidak multiple-comparison post-test. *p<0.05.

FIG. 8 shows that allogeneic HCT triggers expression of Ki-67 on T-cells, and that the anti-hOX40L antibody reverses that expression. Rapamycin has an initial effect, but does not effectively control the number of proliferating T-cells. The combination of rapamycin and the anti-hOX40L antibody shows the most effective suppression of T-cell proliferation, which may be synergistic.

Analysis of Treg Cells Over Time

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated prior (pre-HCT) and during terminal analysis following allogeneic HCT without immunoprophylaxis (No Rx), or treatment with rapamycin, or treatment with anti-OX40L antibody, or treatment with a combination of anti-OX40L antibody and rapamycin by Ficoll-Paque gradient and then were stained for cell surface markers (CD3, CD4, CD8, CD25, CD127 and OX40) followed by fixation/permeabilization (using BioLegend FoxP3 kit) and intracellular staining for FoxP3.

The plot shows absolute numbers of CD25⁺CD127⁻FoxP3⁺ Treg cells, normalised to the pre-HCT level for each experiment, in the peripheral blood before and at different time points after HCT. Animals were kept on the indicated immunoprophylaxis regimens. Time-points with n<3 were censored. Multiple t-test with Holm-Sidak correction was performed between the groups.

FIG. 9 shows that peripheral blood Treg cells are substantially reduced following allogeneic HCT in monkeys. The combination of anti-OX40L mAb and rapamycin effectively prevents further decline in the numbers of peripheral blood Treg cells. Whilst initially rapamycin appears to maintain the level of Treg cells, the number of these cells rapidly declines, until the terminal endpoint is reached.

TABLE 4 An- Survival Whole Blood Chimerism (%) imal Animal Duration Day Day Day Day Day Day Day Day Day Day Day Day Day Day Day Day Day No. ID (days) 0 1 4 5 6 7 8 11 12 14 15 16 18 20 21 23 26 (#1) (13189) (24) 0 6.6 27.5 90.4 81.8 19.7 0 #2 14079 16 0 5.7 31.7 66.3 82.3 88.2 79.8 (#3) (14075)  (0) #4 14081 26 22.9 68.2 82.9 92.1 97.5 98.4 98.8 98.7 #5 14082 22 91.4 98.4 98.6 99.1 99.2 98.6 #6 14087 16 16.6 66.3 97.4 99.5 99.4 Data in brackets indicates experimental failure due to infection (animal 1) or technical failure (animal 3).

TABLE 6 2D10 IgG4PE Rhesus GvHD Study Animal Details #1 Survival to day 24. Received 4 doses of 2D10 IgG4PE. Biphasic hematopoietic reconstitution; peripheral blood chimerism data indicated initial donor engraftment followed by autologous repopulation concurrent with evidence of CMV and rhLCV infection. Viral infection considered possible cause of graft failure. Recorded as Technical Failure. #2 Survival to Day 16. Received 3 doses of 2D10 IgG4PE. Peak peripheral blood donor chimerism of 88% at Day 15. No evidence of CMV or rhLCV infection. Study terminated on veterinary advice due to wound at catheter site (not deemed to be treatment or GvHD related). GvHD staging at necropsy: skin 1 (rash < 25%); liver 0 (no bilirubin elevation); GI 0 (no diarrhoea). #3 Recorded as Technical Failure. Apheresis equipment failure resulted in drastically suboptimal donor blood product. #4 Survival to Day 26. Received 4 doses of 2D10 IgG4PE. Clear hematopoietic reconstitution with peak peripheral blood donor chimerism of 99% by Day 23. No evidence of CMV or rhLCV infection. Study terminated on veterinary advice due to scrotal oedema. GvHD staging at necropsy: skin 2 (rash 25-50%); liver 0 (no bilirubin elevation); GI 0 (no diarrhoea). Gross necropsy confirmed no overt visceral GvHD. #5 Survival to Day 22. Received 4 doses of 2D10 IgG4PE. Clear hematopoietic reconstitution with peak peripheral blood donor chimerism of 99% by Day 12. No evidence of CMV or rhLCV infection. Study terminated due to persistent low platelet count with high bleeding risk and developing signs of acute systemic GVHD. GvHD staging at necropsy: skin 3 (rash >50%); liver 1 (4-8 x bilirubin elevation); GI 3 (severe diarrhoea). #6 Survival to Day 16. Received 3 doses of 2D10 IgG4PE. Clear hematopoietic reconstitution with peak peripheral blood donor chimerism of 100% on Day 12. No evidence of CMV or rhLCV infection. GvHD staging at necropsy: skin 2 (rash 25-50%); liver 1 (4-8 x bilirubin elevation); GI 2 (moderate diarrhoea).

Analysis of T(Eff+Mem) Cells Over Time

Whole blood cells were stained for CD3, CD4, CD8, CD14, CD20, CD45RA and CCR7 and then analysed by FACS. T-cells were defined as CD3⁺CD14⁻CD20⁻ lymphocytes and divided into CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T-cell subsets. Memory T-cells (Tmem) were defined as CD45RA⁻ and effector Tcells (Teff) as CD45RA⁺CCR7⁻ Tcells in both CD4 and CD8 gates. Combined populations of memory +effector CD4⁺ (FIG. 10A) and CD8⁺ (FIG. 10B) T-cells were longitudinally tracked before and at different time point following allogeneic HCT in recipients treated with anti-OX40L antibody, treated with rapamycin, or with a combination of rapamycin and anti-OX40L antibody.

FIG. 10 shows that after allogeneic HCT, the donor T(eff+mem) cell population, left untreated, increases rapidly. The anti-OX40L mAb alone does not effectively suppress proliferation of CD8⁺ T(eff+mem) cells, whereas the combination of rapamycin and the anti-OX40L mAb maintains prolonged suppression of this cell population.

Analysis of Treg:Tconv Cells Over Time

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated prior (pre-HCT) and at different time points following allogeneic HCT from recipients without immunoprophylaxis (No Rx), and from anti-OX40L mAb-treated and anti-OX40L mAb in combination with rapamycin-treated cohorts by Ficoll-Paque gradient and then were stained for cell surface markers (CD3, CD4, CD8, CD25, CD127) followed by fixation/permeabilization (using BioLegend FoxP3 kit) and intracellular staining for FoxP3. Treg cells were defined as CD3⁺CD4⁺CD25⁺CD127⁻FoxP3⁺ cells and conventional T-cells (Tconv) were defined as total CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T-cells excluding Treg cell population. FIG. 11 shows the Treg: 100 Tconv cells ratio in the peripheral blood before and at different time points after allogeneic HCT. Animals are grouped by the immunoprophylaxis regimens. Time-points with n<2 were censored. Multiple t-test with Holm-Sidak correction was performed between the groups.

FIG. 11 shows that without treatment following allogeneic HCT, there is a substantial reduction in the Treg:Tconv ratio preceding the terminal endpoint. The combination prophylaxis regimen results in maintenance of a fairly constant Treg:Tconv ratio at all time points measured.

Example 11

This Example describes the experiments carried out in Examples 7 to 10 in more detail with further analysis and clinical relevance.

Transplant Study Design

This was a cohort study in NHP designed to determine the clinical, immunologic and molecular outcomes of OX40L blockade during allogeneic HCT. Two cohorts of transplant recipients were studied: (1) Allogeneic transplants using the OX40L-blocking human IgG4-PE antibody 1D05 (described as ‘KY1005’ in this Example 11) as monotherapy for GVHD prophylaxis (abbreviated as ‘KY1005’; n=4). KY1005 was given at a dose of 10 mg/kg starting on Days −2 and then once weekly until discontinuation on Days 54 (FIG. 8E). The pharmacokinetics of this dosing regimen are shown in FIG. 16A, which documents a peak of 320.1±18.3 mg/L and a trough of 107.9±11.7 mg/L during mono-prophylaxis (cf. Example 7 hereinabove). (2) Allogeneic transplants using KY1005 in combination with Sirolimus (Rapamycin) (5-15 ng/dL) for GVHD prophylaxis (abbreviated as ‘KY1005/Siro’; n=5). KY1005 was given at a dose of 10 mg/kg starting on Days −2 and then once weekly until discontinuation on Days 54 (FIG. 8P). The pharmacokinetics of this dosing regimen are shown in FIG. 16B, which documents a peak of 297.5±10.9 mg/L and a trough of 113.8±7.9 mg/L between days 0 and 30, a peak of 372.5±17.5 mg/L and a trough of 204.9±9.6 mg/L between days 31 and 60, with an estimated mean terminal half-life of 20±8 days (cf. Example 9 hereinabove). These two OX40L-blockade groups were compared to the following cohorts, aspects of which have been described previously (Furlan et al., 2015; Furlan et al., 2016; Miller et al., 2010) (1) Autologous transplants (abbreviated as ‘Auto’, n=6 for clinical and flow cytometric data and n=4 for transcriptomic analysis) (2); Allogeneic transplants with no GVHD prophylaxis (abbreviated as ‘No Rx’, n=11 for clinical and flow cytometric data and n=4 for transcriptomic analysis). (3) Allogeneic transplants using Sirolimus monotherapy for GVHD prophylaxis (LC laboratories, abbreviated as ‘Siro’, n=11 for flow cytometric analysis, n=4 for transcriptomic analysis). Sirolimus was given daily for the length of analysis as an intramuscular formulation with doses adjusted to achieve a serum trough of 5-15 ng/dL. This cohort contains a sub-group of animals prophylaxed with sirolimus alone (n=5) which were only evaluated until Day +9 post-transplant, and for which flow cytometry data were included in this study. (4) Allogeneic transplants using CTLA4-Ig plus sirolimus study (Furlan et al., 2016) (n=7). (5) Allogeneic transplants using tacrolimus plus methotrexate for GVHD prophylaxis (Furlan et al., 2015; Furlan et al., 2016) (abbreviated as ‘Tac/MTX’, n=3).

Transplant recipients and donors were chosen from breeding colonies based on their MHC-genotypes. For these studies, microsatellite and allele-specific MHC typing was utilised (Johnson et al., 2012; Wiseman eta., 2009; Lank et al., 2012) to choose donor: recipient pairs. The vast majority of our recipients and donors were half-siblings and were MHC haplo-identical, with a small number of pairs being unrelated and either haplo-identical or otherwise MHC mismatched (Table 7). Blinding was performed on all pathologic analysis and on the initial analysis of flow cytometry data, as well as on transcriptome sample handling and data processing.

Transplant Strategy

The previously-described strategy for allogeneic HCT in rhesus macaques was used (Miller et a/., 2010). Briefly, apheresis was performed after G-CSF mobilisation (Amgen, 50 mcg/kg for 5 days), and an unmanipulated G-CSF mobilised apheresis product was transplanted into transplant recipients. The transplanted total nucleated cell dose (TNC) and CD3⁺cell doses are shown in Table 8. The pre-HCT preparative regimen consisted of total body irradiation (TBI) of 10.4 cGy given in two fractions per day for two days. Irradiation was delivered with a Varian Clinac 23EX (Varian), at a dose rate of 7 cGy/min. All KY1005 and KY1005/Sirolimus recipients had a central venous catheter placed for the length of the experiment, and were given antibacterial prophylaxis which included Vancomycin and Ceftazidime. To investigate increases in WBC or neutrophil count, even without other clinical signs of infectious disease, both bacterial and fungal blood cultures were drawn, and further antibacterial agents were added as needed. Antiviral prophylaxis (acyclovir, 10 mg/kg IV daily; cidofovir, 5 mg/kg IV weekly) and antifungal prophylaxis (fluconazole 5 mg/kg oral or IV, given daily) were also employed. Leukoreduced (using an LRF10 leukoreduction filter, Pall Medical) and irradiated (2200 rad) platelet-rich plasma or whole blood was given for a peripheral blood platelet count of ≤50×10³ per μL or a hemoglobin <9 g/dL, respectively, or if clinically significant hemorrhage was noted. Blood product support adhered to ABO antigen matching principles.

The GVHD clinical score was assessed weekly for allo-transplant recipients as previously described (Miller et al., 2010) and detailed in Table 5. Briefly, the acute GVHD (aGVHD) clinical score increases with cumulative GI-specific abnormalities (diarrhea), liver-specific abnormalities (hyperbilirubinemia) and skin-specific abnormalities (extent and character of rash). Statistical significance of the differences in clinical scores was determined using an unpaired t-test. It is important to note that the studies described focused on the natural history of aGVHD that developed during prophylaxis, such that animals were not given supplementary treatment when GVHD was diagnosed. Rather, when pre-defined clinical endpoints were met (based on National Primate Research Center veterinary standard operating procedures), animals were euthanized and a terminal analysis was performed. Thus, survival was directly related to the severity of clinical GVHD. Histopathologic scoring for GVHD was performed by an expert in GVHD histopathology (A.P.-M.) using a previously validated semi-quantitative scoring system (Grades 0.5-4) (Miller et al, 2010).

The pathologist was blinded to the treatment cohorts during the scoring process. The Kaplan-Meier product-limit method was used to calculate survival. Differences between groups were determined using log-rank statistics.

TABLE 7 MHC typing characteristics Recipient Donor Relationship Recipient Recipient Cohort ID ID and Matching Haplotype 1 Haplotype 2 Donor Haplotype 1 Donor Haplotype 2 No R.50 R.16 Half-sibs, haplo- A004/B028/DR14a A001/B047a/DR03a A004/B028/DR14a A002a/B012a/DR03f prophylaxis identical No R.51 R.36 Unrelated, MHC A004/B001a/DR04a A001/B047a/DR04a A004/B012b/DR04a A008/B024a/DR13a prophylaxis mismatched No R.52 R.58 Half-sibs, haplo- A001/B017a/DR03a A004/B012b/DR01a A001/B017a/DR03a A006/B069a/DR01a prophylaxis identical No R.53 R.59 Unrelated, haplo- A008/B001b/DR04a A016/B028/DR-Unkn A008/B012b/DR03a A004/B028/DR09a prophylaxis identical No R.229 R.222 Half-sibs, haplo- A052/B003a/DR03f A026/B056d/DR- A052/B003a/DR03f A019/B039a/DR-unk1 prophylaxis identical unk2 No R.230 R.223 Unrelated, haplo- A001/B047a/DR04a A002a/B012a/DR16 A004/B002/DR06 A002a/B012a/DR03f prophylaxis identical No R.231 R.224 Unrelated, haplo- A001/B055/DR03g A019/B015c/DR03a A001/B055/DR03g A002a/B015a/DR15a prophylaxis identical No R.232 R.225 Unrelated, haplo- A004/B012b/DR04a A001/B055/DR03g A004/B012b/DR04a A004/B002/DR06 prophylaxis identical No R.233 R.226 Half-sibs, haplo- A008/B069b/DR04a A019/B015c/DR03a A008/B069b/DR04a A004/B015a/DR16 prophylaxis identical No R.234 R.227 Half-sibs, haplo- A026/B012a/DR04a A007/B077a/DR02b A026/B012a/DR04a A008/B106/DR11a prophylaxis identical No R.235 R.228 Half-sibs, haplo- A026/B012a/DR04a A008/B015a/DR01a A026/B012a/DR04a A004/B069b/DR06 prophylaxis identical Sirolimus R.243 R.36 Half-sibs, haplo- A004/B012b/DR04a A002a/B012a/DR16 A004/B012b/DR04a A008/B024a/DR13a identical Sirolimus R.244 R.245 Half-sibs, haplo- Microsatellite data Microsatellite data A001/B001a/DR03a A002a/B043b/DR09b identical* only only Sirolimus R.13 R.32 Half-sibs, haplo- A008/B069b/DR04a A019b/B015c/DR03a A008/B069b/DR04a A004/B059b/DR03a identical Sirolimus R.16 R.37 Unrelated, MHC A004/B028/DR14a A002a/B012a/DR03f A004/B012b/DR04a A002a/B001c/DR15a/b mismatched Sirolimus R.17 R.248 Half-sibs, MHC A110- A004/B015a/DR04a A002a/B012a/DR03f A004/B056b/DR15a/b mismatched A111/B043b/DR14b Sirolimus R.18 R.33 Half-sibs, haplo- A004/B012b/DR04a A004/B069a/DR03a A004/B012b/DR04a A007/B012b/DR03a identical Sirolimus R.238 R.226 Half-sibs, haplo- A008/B069b/DR04a A002a/B015b/DR04a A008/B069b/DR04a A004/B015a/DR16 identical Sirolimus R.239 R.237 Half-sibs, haplo- A028/B055/DR03f A008/B015b/DR11a A028/B055/DR03f A004/B012b/DR04a identical Sirolimus R.240 R.226 Half-sibs, haplo- A008/B069b/DR04a A023/B043a/DR06 A008/B069b/DR04a A004/B015a/DR16 identical Sirolimus R.236 R.215 Half-sibs, haplo- A004/B012b/DR04a A001/B047a/DR04a A004/B012b/DR04a A003/B012a/DR03f identical Sirolimus R.252 R.215 Half-sibs, haplo- A004/B012b/DR04a A016/B001a/DR13a A004/B012b/DR04a A003/B012a/DR03f identical KY1005 R.206 R.209 Half-sibs, haplo- A001/B055/DR11e A004/B048/DR01a A001/B055/DR11e A002a/B043b/DR21a identical KY1005 R.210 R.207 Half-sibs, haplo- A001/B055/DR11e A004/B056b/DR21a A001/B055/DR11e A023/B043b/DR17 identical KY1005 R.212 R.209 Half-sibs, haplo- A001/B055/DR11e A004/B017a/DR17 A001/B055/DR11e A002a/B043b/DR21a identical KY1005 R.211 R.208 Half-sibs, haplo- A023/B012b/DR21c A008/B043a/DR- A023/B012b/DR21c A004/B017a/DR17 identical Unkn KY1005/ R.217 R.213 Half-sibs, haplo- A019/B015c/DR03a A012/B001a/DR- A019/B015c/DR03a A105/B048/DR-Unkn Sirolimus identical Unkn KY1005/ R.219 R.214 Half-sibs, haplo- A004/B012b/DR04a A049/B071/DR01a A004/B012b/DR04a A001/B047a/DR04a Sirolimus identical KY1005/ R.220 R.215 Half-sibs, haplo- A004/B012b/DR04a A028/B012a/DR03f A004/B012b/DR04a A003/B012a/DR03f Sirolimus identical KY1005/ R.218 R.214 Half-sibs, haplo- A004/B012b/DR04a A002a/B012a/DR03f A004/B012b/DR04a A001/B047a/DR04a Sirolimus identical KY1005/ R.221 R.216 Half-sibs, haplo- A074/B001a/DR13a A023/B055/DR01c A074/B001a/DR13a A004/B012b/DR04a Sirolimus identical

CMV Monitoring, Primary Prophylaxis and Treatment

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) monitoring was performed as previously described (Larsen et a., 2010) and is reported as CMV copies/mL of whole blood. Whole blood samples were collected and CMV viral load was measured twice weekly on days 0 to 30 post-HCT, then at least once weekly on days 31 to 60 post-HCT and then at least once every 2 weeks from day 61 until the experimental endpoint. CMV prophylaxis and treatment was performed according to our standard NHP strategy, as previously described (Zheng et al., 2017). Briefly, CMV prophylaxis was provided to all transplant recipients and included weekly Cidofovir, given at a dose of 5 mg/kg, along with renal protection with 3 doses of Probenecid (167 mg PO/dose) given within the first 24 hours after each cidofovir dose. Recipients who reactivated CMV continued cidofovir and were also treated with parenteral gancyclovir, which was given at 5 mg/kg/dose twice daily. Gancyclovir treatment was continued until CMV levels were undetectable for two weeks and then discontinued.

Chimerism Determination

Flow cytometrically-sorted T-cells (CD3⁺/CD20⁻) were analysed for donor chimerism based on divergent microsatellite markers. Chimerism analysis was performed at the UC Davis veterinary genetics laboratory as previously described (Larsen et al., 2010; Kean et al., 2007).

NHP Ethics Statement

This study was conducted in strict accordance with USDA regulations and the recommendations in the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals of the National Institutes of Health. They were approved by the Emory University and the University of Washington Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees.

KY1005 Pharmacokinetic (PK) Analysis

For PK analysis, serum samples were collected 30 minutes before and 30 minutes after each infusion of KY1005 and then once weekly after the last dose was given. The KY1005 concentration was measured using an antigen (OX40L) capture electrochemiluminescence (ECL) assay on the MSD platform. In this assay, an MSD streptavidin 96-well plate is first coated with biotinylated-OX40L, followed by the addition of test samples, followed by the detection of bound KY1005 by a ruthenylated anti-human IgG (pre-adsorbed against monkey serum for added specificity).

TABLE 8 Transplant characteristics of the experiments reported in this study Animal TNC T-cells CD34⁺ cells Survival Cohort ID Site (×10⁹/kg) (×10⁶/kg) (×10⁶/kg) (day) Autologous R.202^(1,2) Seattle 0.84 187 ND N/A Autologous R.201^(1,2) Seattle 1.34 350 ND N/A Autologous R.200^(1,2) Seattle 2.2 242 ND N/A Autologous R.62^(1,2) Emory 0.71 30 ND N/A Autologous R.63^(1,2) Emory 0.64 337 ND N/A Autologous R.60^(1,2) Emory 0.55 185 ND N/A No prophylaxis R.50^(1,2) Emory 0.31 40.00 ND 6 No prophylaxis R.51^(1,2) Emory 1.88 238.00 ND 8 No prophylaxis R.52^(1,2) Emory 0.75 260.00 ND 7 No prophylaxis R.53^(1,2) Emory 0.56 92.00 ND 12 No prophylaxis R.229 Seattle 2.75 313.03 9.34 8 No prophylaxis R.230 Seattle 1.06 170.40 1.59 7 No prophylaxis R.231 Seattle 2.55 99.35 1.66 11 No prophylaxis R.232 Seattle 1.68 115.92 4.21 8 No prophylaxis R.233 Seattle 2.99 337.47 1.91 8 No prophylaxis R.234 Seattle 3.05 435.98 7.01 9 No prophylaxis R.235 Seattle 2.04 312.79 7.16 8 Sirolimus R.243^(1,2) Emory 0.85 ND ND 14 Sirolimus R.244^(1,2) Emory 0.45 120.00 ND 14 Sirolimus R.13^(1,2) Emory 1.10 260.00 ND 12 Sirolimus R.16^(1,2) Emory 0.20 24.00 ND 11 Sirolimus R.17^(1,2) Emory 0.60 132.00 ND 28 Sirolimus R.18^(1,2) Emory 0.64 74.00 ND 22 Sirolimus R.238 Seattle 5.69 432.71 5.69 N/A Sirolimus R.239 Seattle 7.47 1330.08 6.80 N/A Sirolimus R.240 Seattle 4.62 442.76 9.23 N/A Sirolimus R.236 Seattle 6.79 523.58 8.15 N/A Sirolimus R.252 Seattle 5.06 667.68 2.83 N/A KY1005 R.206 Seattle 1.13 149.76 0.51 16 KY1005 R.210 Seattle 2.99 389.08 4.79 26 KY1005 R.212 Seattle 2.24 312.95 2.69 23 KY1005 R.211 Seattle 3.44 385.66 9.99 16 KY1005/Sirolimus R.217 Seattle 5.18 709.06 6.73 105 KY1005/Sirolimus R.219 Seattle 4.77 514.78 5.72 97 KY1005/Sirolimus R.220 Seattle 5.55 537.54 6.11 106 KY1005/Sirolimus R.218 Seattle 3.03 348.55 2.42 104 KY1005/Sirolimus R.221 Seattle 3.61 432.78 6.49 99 ¹Akimova et al., 2012 ²Furukawa et al., 2016

Flow Cytometry: Longitudinal Flow Cytometric Analysis (Cf Examples 7 and 10 Hereinabove)

Multicolor flow cytometric analysis was performed using an LSRII or LSR Fortessa flow cytometers (BD Biosciences) on all transplant recipients, using the following gating strategy. First, cells were gated on FSC-A versus FSC-H and then on SSC-A versus SSC-H to discriminate doublets. Lymphocytes were then gated based on well-characterized FSC-A and SSC-A characteristics. The following phenotypic characteristics were then used to define immune cell populations:: CD4⁺ T-cells: CD4⁺/CD3⁺/CD8⁻/CD14⁻/CD20⁻ lymphocytes; CD8⁺ T-cells: CD8⁺/CD3⁺/CD4⁻/CD14⁻/CD20⁻ lymphocytes; Naïve CD4⁺ or CD8⁺(T_(N)) T-cells were determined as CD28⁺/CD95⁻; Central memory T-cells (T_(CM)) were determined as CD28⁺CD95⁺; and Effector memory T-cells (TEM) were determined as CD28-CD95⁺ T-cells. In addition, the levels of OX40 and Ki-67 were determined on both CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T-cells. Relative percentages of each of these subpopulations were determined using FlowJo software (TreeStar) and absolute numbers of each of the subpopulations were determined by calculations from the complete blood count and absolute lymphocyte count analysis. To assess regulatory T-cells, PBMC were stained with extracellular antibodies (CD3, CD4, CD25, and CD127), followed by fixation/permeabilization with FoxP3 Fixation/Permeabilization kit (BioLegend) and staining with FoxP3 antibodies. Regulatory T-cells were defined as CD25⁺CD127⁻FoxP⁺CD4⁺ T-cells. When staining was performed on thawed cells, LIVE/DEAD Aqua dye (Invitrogen) was used to discriminate livable cells from cell debris. For intracellular cytokines assays cryopreserved peripheral blood mononuclear cells or tissue-infiltrating mononuclear cells samples were thawed and cultured in X-VIVO 15 media (Lonza) supplemented with 10% FBS, 2 mM L-Glutamine, 100 U/ml Penicillin, 100 μg/ml Streptomycin (all from Invitrogen) and 50 μM beta-Mercaptoethanol (Sigma) for 4 hours in presence of either Cell Stimulation Cocktail with protein inhibitors or Protein Inhibitors Cocktail only (both from eBioscience). When samples were labeled with LIVE/DEAD Aqua dye according the manufacturer protocol (Invitrogen), stained for extracellular marker followed by fixation and permeabilisation steps and intracellular staining for IFNγ, TNFα, IL-2 and IL-17A. The sources and clones used for each of the antibodies used in this study are shown in Table 9.

Mixed Lymphocyte Reaction (MLR)

MLRs were performed on PBMC samples isolated by Ficoll fractionation from HCT donors, HCT recipients, (with samples purified both before transplant and at the time of terminal analysis) and from non-donor, non-recipient, ‘third-party’ healthy control animals. Responder PBMC samples either from HCT donors or from HCT recipients at the time of terminal analysis were labeled with 2.5 μM CellTrace Violet (Invitrogen) and were co-cultured with irradiated (3500 cGy) stimulator PBMC samples in three comparisons: (1) from donor PBMCs (‘vs. Donor’); (2) from pre-transplant recipient PBMC samples (‘vs. Recipient’); (3) from third-party healthy control monkey (‘vs. 3^(rd) Party’). MLR cultures were maintained for 7 days at 37° C. in XVivol5 (Lonza) supplemented with 10% FCS, 2 mM glutamine, penicillin-streptomycin and gentamycin and beta-Mercaptoethanol. On Day 7, cells were collected from the cultures, and were stained with antibodies against CD3, CD4, CD8, and then 7-AAD was added to exclude dead cells and debris. CellTrace Violet dilution was then measured in CD3⁺ (either CD4⁺ or CD8⁺), 7-AAD⁻ cells by flow cytometry. Following acquisition of flow cytometry data, the number of cells that underwent 0 to 9 cell divisions was measured, followed by the calculation of the Proliferation index (PI: the average number of cell divisions that occurred in cells that had divided at least once) using FlowJo as described previously (Munson, 2010). The proliferation index of post-HCT recipient T-cells were then normalised to the Proliferation Index values of the individual donors pre-HCT (Normalised PI=PI_(Recipient)/PI_(Donor)).

Human Mixed Lymphocyte Reaction:

Human MLRs were performed on unrelated healthy controls. PBMC samples were freshly isolated by Ficoll fractionation, followed by magnetic pan T-cell isolation using the Miltenyi Biotec human pan-T-cell isolation kit. Isolated T-cells were labeled with 2.5 μM CellTrace Violet (Invitrogen) and were co-cultured with irradiated (3500 cGy) on-column T-cell-depleted cell fractions from unrelated allogeneic individuals. MLR cultures were maintained for 7 days at 37° C. in XVivo15 (Lonza) supplemented with 10% FCS, 2 mM glutamine, penicillin-streptomycin and gentamycin and beta-Mercaptoethanol. KY1005 was added to the cultures at day 0 at a dose of 150 μg/L. On Day 7, cells were collected from the cultures, and were stained with antibodies against CD3, CD4, CD8, and then Live/Dead Aqua (Molecular Probes/Invitrogen) was added to exclude dead cells and debris. CellTrace Violet dilution was then measured in CD3⁺, Live/Dead Aqua-cells by flow cytometry.

Statistical Analysis of Histopathologic and Flow Data

Distributions of values within all groups were checked for Gaussian distribution using D'Agostino-Pearson normality test. Both paired and unpaired Student's t-test (for normally distributed values) or the Mann-Whitney test (for non-normal data) was then used where appropriate. ANOVA analysis with Holm-Sidak multiple comparison t-test was used for comparing multiple groups. Groups were considered as significantly different when p<0.05.

Flow Cytometric CD3⁺ T-Cell Sorting and Microarray Cohort Designation

Using a FACSAria or FACSJazz Cell Sorter (BD), T-cells were sorted from 1) healthy controls, 2) autologous controls at day +14, day +36 and day +100, 3) allo-HCT recipients at day +14 post-transplant (as survival allowed), 4) allo-HCT recipients at day +28 post-transplant (as survival allowed) and 5) allo-HCT recipients at the time of terminal analysis. T-cells were identified as CD3⁺/CD20⁻ lymphocytes and were >90% pure based on post-sorting flow cytometric analysis as previously described (Furlan et al., 2015).

NHP Microarray and Data Analysis

Following T-cell purification, RNA was stabilised in T-cell lysates with RLT buffer (Qiagen) supplemented with 1% (vol/vol) beta-mercaptoethanol (Sigma) and RNA was purified using RNEasy Column Kit (Qiagen). RNA was quantified using a Nanodrop Spectrophotometer (Thermo Scientific) and purity was confirmed with an RNA 6000 Nano Kit (Agilent). The purified RNA was sent to the Vanderbilt Technologies for Advanced Genomics Core and to the Oregon Health Sciences University Gene Profiling Shared Resource where RNA quantity and quality were verified, followed by cDNA/cRNA synthesis, and target hybridisation to GeneChip Rhesus Macaque Genome Array (Affymetrix). The resultant fluorescent signals were processed and normalised using the Robust Multichip Averaging (RMA) Method (Irizarry et al., 2003). The microarrays were performed in 5 batches, with all batches containing samples from both healthy controls and transplanted animals. The “ComBat” algorithm was implemented to adjust for batch effects (Johnson et al., 2007) and probe-sets containing low signal-to-noise measurement were filtered out in order to enhance statistical testing power (Bourgon et al., 2010). Probe-sets were annotated using 1) annotation file from Dr. Robert B. Norgren Jr (Duan et al., 2010); 2) the annotation file provided by the chip manufacturer (release 33); and 3) data provided by Ingenuity Systems (Ingenuity Systems, www.inaenuity.com) for the small number of probe-sets that were not annotated by the chip manufacturer.

Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was applied to summarise gene array variance using the Bioconductor MADE4 package (Culhane et al., 2005). Analyses of gene differential expression (DE) was performed using an empirical Bayes moderated t-statistic, with a cutoff of 0.05, corrected for multiple hypothesis testing using Benjamini-Hochberg procedure and an absolute fold change cutoff >1.4 with the limma package (Gentleman, 2005). Further analysis of differentiating characteristics of T-cell transcriptional profiles involved Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) using gene-sets from the Molecular Signatures Database v5.0 both on aggregate sample data from each cohort as a whole (Johnson et al., 2007; Subramanian et al., 2005; Mootha et al., 2003). In the current analysis, gene sets were ranked using a signal to noise ratio difference metric with 1000 permutations of gene set labels. Pathway analysis was performed using the DAVID 6.8 functional annotation tool (Huang et al., 2009a). Class neighbor analysis was performed as previously described by Golub et al., 1999.

TABLE 9 Flow Cytometry Reagents Used in this Study Marker Fluorochrome Clone Vendor Cat# CCR7 BV421 G043H7 Biolegend 353208 CD11c PE 3.9 Biolegend 301605 CD123 BV785 7G3 BD Biosciences 564196 CD127 PE eBioRDR5 eBioscience 15-1278-42 CD127 PE-Cy7 eBioRDR5 eBioscience 25-1278-42 CD14 PerCP-Cy5.5 M5E2 BD Biosciences 550787 CD20 PerCP-Cy5.5 2H7 eBioscience 45-0209-42 CD25 PE 4E3 Miltenyi Biotech 130-091-024 CD25 APC 4E3 Miltenyi Biotech 130-092-858 CD279 BV605 EH12.2H7 Biolegend 329923 CD28 PE-Cy7 CD28.2 eBioscience 25-0289-42 CD3 APC-Cy7 SP34-2 BD Biosciences 557757 CD3 PE-Cy7 SP34-2 BD Biosciences 557749 CD4 BV785 L200 BD Biosciences 563914 CD45RA APC 2H4LDH11LDB9 Beckman Coulter B14807 CD56 PE-Cy7 B159 BD Biosciences 560916 CD8 BUV396 RPA-T8 BD Biosciences 563795 CD95 BV605 DX2 Biolegend 305628 HLA-DR PerCP-Cy5.5 L243 BD Biosciences 339194 IFN-gamma APC B27 BD Biosciences 554702 IFN-gamma PE-Cy7 B27 BD Biosciences 557643 IL-17A PE eBio64CAP17 eBioscience 12-7178-42 IL-2 BV421 MQ1-17H12 Biolegend 500327 IL-2 BUV737 MQ1-17H12 BD Biosciences 564446 Ki-67 FITC Ki-67 Dako F0788 OX40 PE L106 BD Biosciences 340420 OX40L BV421 ik1 BD Biosciences 563766 TNF-alfa FITC Mab11 BD Biosciences 552889 FoxP3 AlexaFluor488 20D6 Biolegend 320112 FoxP3 V450 259D/C7 BD Biosciences 560459

Transcriptional Studies of Patient Samples

Human Studies Ethics Statement: The patients and healthy participants described in this manuscript were enrolled in clinical trials that were conducted according to the principles set forth in the Declaration of Helsinki, and which were approved by the institutional review boards (IRB). Written informed consent was received from all participants.

Human Study Design

This study was designed as a retrospective, case-control study. Available cryopreserved patient peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) samples were obtained from patients enrolled in HCT clinical trials performed at Emory University and the University of Minnesota. Patients from Emory University were enrolled on two contemporaneous IRB-approved clinical trials: (1) The Bone Marrow Immune Monitoring Protocol and (2) The Abatacept Feasibility Study as previously described (Koura et al., 2013; Suessmuth et al., 2015). The patients from the University of Minnesota were enrolled on an immune monitoring protocol approved by the University of Minnesota IRB. We used samples collected on day 28 from patients with confirmed GVHD diagnosis or from HCT recipients without GVHD who were matched for sample collection day, preparative regimen intensity, disease, stem cell source, and GVHD prophylaxis. Patients were on GVHD prophylaxis with Calceneurin inhibitors (Cyclosporin A or Tacrolimus) plus anti-proliferative agent (MMF or Methotrexate). Clinical details pertaining to each of the samples included in the clinical gene array analysis are shown in Table 9A.

Transcriptional Analysis

To prepare for gene array, PBMC were thawed and labeled with the following antibodies (all from BD Biosciences, except CD56): CD4 (Clone L200), CD8 (Clone RPA-T8), CD11c (Clone B-Ly6), CD14 (Clone M5E2), CD16 (Clone 3G8), CD20 (Clone 2H7), CD56 (Clone AF12-7H3 from Miltenyi). Cells positive for either CD4 or CD8 but negative for the remainder of markers were sorted and subsequently preserved in RLT buffer (Qiagen). T-cell lysates were then sent to Oregon Health Sciences University Gene Profiling Shared Resource where total RNA was obtained using the RNEasy kit (Qiagen) and quantified using a Nanodrop Spectrophotometer (Thermo Scientific). Purity was confirmed with an RNA 6000 Nano Kit (Agilent, Santa Clara, Calif.) and samples were then hybridised to Human Transcriptome 2.0 Array (Affymetrix). CEL files were downloaded and fluorescent signals were normalised using the Robust Multi-array Averaging (RMA) method using Expression Console Software (Affymetrix). CEL files were downloaded and fluorescent signals were normalized using the Robust Multi-array Averaging (RMA) method using Expression Console Software (Affymetrix). Probe-set data was then analysed in similar fashion to the NHP arrays, with the exception of annotation, which was performed using release 35 of the HTA-2.0 annotation file.

OX40 and OX40L are Up-Regulated on CD4⁺ T-Cells and CD11c+mDC During aGVHD

To understand the biological role and potential therapeutic significance of OX40/OX40L signalling in aGVHD, expression of OX40 and OX40L was measured in healthy control NHP (HC) and compared this expression to that in NHP transplant recipients that developed aGVHD following T-cell-replete haploidentical HCT in the absence of immunosuppression (referred to as the “No Rx” cohort), using the previously published NHP aGVHD model (Furlan et al., 2015; Furlan et al., 2016; Miller et al., 2010; Kaliyaperumal et al., 2014). OX40 protein expression was up-regulated on the cell surface of peripheral blood CD4⁺ T-cells during aGVHD, while CD8⁺ T-cells expressed very low levels of OX40 both in HC and in the No Rx cohort (FIG. 12A). The upregulation of OX40 could be measured on CD4⁺ T-cells isolated from the peripheral blood (FIG. 12A), as well as from lymphoid and non-lymphoid organs during unprophylaxed GVHD, and during aGVHD that occurred in the setting of standard Tac/MTX prophylaxis (FIG. 17A), suggesting that up-regulation of OX40 might be a hallmark of alloreactive CD4⁺ T-cells regardless immunoprophylaxis regimen. The majority of OX40 expression was found in the CD4⁺ central memory (T_(CM)) compartment, while naïve and effector memory CD4⁺ T-cells remained largely OX40-negative prior to and after HCT (FIG. 12B). Consistent with this, OX40⁺CD4⁺ T-cells bore hallmarks of a differentiated cell population, expressing more effector cytokines (including IL-2, TNFa, and IL17) and with a higher proportion of polyfunctional T-cells (simultaneously expressing >2 cytokines) than their OX40⁻ counterparts (FIG. 12C and FIGS. 17B & 17C). This observation was consistent among T-cells isolated from HC and those from recipients diagnosed with aGVHD following unprophylaxed allo-HCT. Transcriptional studies demonstrated that expression of the OX40-encoding transcript, TNFRSF4, were increased in peripheral blood CD3 CD20⁻ T-cells isolated after from the No Rx cohort, as well as from NHP recipients prophylaxed with either Tac/Mtx or with sirolimus monotherapy. (FIG. 12D). Importantly, this observation was also made in clinical samples (Furlan et al, 2016) from patients diagnosed with aGVHD within the first month of transplant compared to those that did not develop GVHD (FIG. 12G). Moreover, OX40L blockade using the novel human anti-OX40L antibody KY1005, could inhibit allo-proliferation of human cells in vitro, (FIG. 12H) suggesting that blockade of this pathway could be an important target for in vivo GVHD prevention.

OX40L is Upregulated on Myeloid Dendritic Cells During Primate aGVHD

OX40L has previously been shown to be expressed on activated antigen-presenting cells (APC), including myeloid dendritic cells (mDC; reviewed in Croft et al(2010)) and this expression has been shown to play an important role in APC:T-cell interactions (Blazar et al., 2003; Chen et al, 1999; Ito et al., 2004; Murata et al., 2000). Thus, we monitored the expression of OX40L on lymph-node-derived HLA-DR+CD3-CD20⁻CD56⁻DC from HV and from the No Rx cohort, which were subdivided into CD123⁺ plasmacytoid (pDC) and CD11c⁺myeloid (mDC) subsets (FIG. 18). As shown in FIGS. 12E & 12F, the percentage of OX40^(L) mDC was increased during aGVHD, while there was no parallel increase in OX40L⁺pDC. Indeed, as shown in the Figure, pDC demonstrated a trend towards reduced OX40L expression, a notable finding given the tolerogenic properties of pDC compared to their mDC counterparts (Banovic et al., 2009; Sela et al., 2011; Wakkach et al., 2003).

TABLE 9A Patient Clinical Characteristics Transplant Conditioning Sample Patient Patient Type/HLA Regimen Conditioning GVHD GVHD/ AGVHD Day Post- ID Age Diagnosis matching Intensity Regimen Prophylaxis No GVHD Grade transplant UM1 50 NHL, DIFFUSED MSD Myeloablative Cy/Bu CSA/MTX GVHD 4 28 d LG CELL UM2 58 MULTIPLE MSD Non- Cy/Flu/TBI CSA/MMF GVHD 2 28 d MYELOMA myeloblative UM5 58 AML MSD Myeloablative Cy/TBI Tacrolimus/Mtx GVHD 3 28 d UM7 58 AML MSD Non- Cy/Flu/TBI CSA/MMF GVHD 3 28 d myeloblative UM8 73 AML MSD Non- Cy/Flu/TBI CSA/MMF GVHD 3 28 d myeloblative UM10 68 MDS-RARS MSD Non- Cy/Flu/TBI CSA/MMF/ATG GVHD 4 28 d myeloblative UM12 50 MULTIPLE MSD Non- Cy/Flu/TBI CSA/MMF GVHD 2 28 d MYELOMA myeloblative UM11 52 NHL, FOLLICULAR MSD Myeloablative Cy/TBI CSA/MTX No GVHD None 28 d UM15 53 AML MSD Full Preparation Flu/Bu Tacrolimus/MTX No.GVHD None 28 d UM17 43 AML MSD Non- Flu/Bu Tacrolimus/MTX No.GVHD None 28 d myeloblative UM18 67 AML MSD Non- Cy/Flu/TBI CSA/MMF No GVHD None 28 d myeloblative UM20 62 MDS MSD Non- Cy/Flu/TBI CSA/MMF/ATG No GVHD None 28 d myeloblative ABA-001- 46 AML MMUD Myeloablative Bu/Cy CSA/MTX No GVHD None 28 d 001 ABA-001- 61 AML MMUD Myeloablative Flu/Mel CSA/MTX No GVHD None 28 d 002 OX40 Blockade Controls the Expansion of Conventional CD4⁺ T-Cells after HCT while Preserving Tregs

To determine the impact of isolated OX40L blockade on T-cell reconstitution and GVHD, we performed monotherapy experiments, where transplant recipients were prophylaxed with the KY1005 antibody alone in the peri-transplant period (beginning on Day −2 and continuing weekly thereafter, using 10 mg/kg KY1005 per dose, FIG. 8E). While prophylaxis with KY1005 did not affect the rapid initial burst of CD4⁺ T-cell proliferation that occurred after HCT in the absence of immunosuppression, it had a significant inhibitory impact on sustained CD4⁺ T-cell proliferation, as measured by Ki67 expression (FIGS. 8F & 8G). Thus, as shown in the figure, in the presence of KY1005, CD4⁺ T-cell proliferation persisted during the first week post-transplant, after which there was a decrease in the number of proliferating cells, which correlated with the decrease in accumulation of OX40⁺ T-cells in these animals (FIGS. 8H & 8I). KY1005 as a monotherapy had less effect on the proliferation of CD8⁺ T-cells, which is consistent with the low OX40 expression of this T-cell subset (FIGS. 8F & 8G).

To determine which CD4⁺ T-cell subpopulations were most prominently affected by OX40L blockade, we measured the relative impact of KY1005 on naïve (T_(N)), central memory (T_(CM)) and effector memory (T_(EM)) T-cells. We have previously shown that NHP aGVHD is associated with the expansion of CD4⁺ T_(CM) and CD8⁺ T_(CM)/T_(EM), (Miller et al/., 2010) and in the current study we documented that CD4⁺ T_(CM) cells represent the major reservoir of OX40⁺ lymphocytes (FIG. 12B). FIGS. 8J-M and FIGS. 19A-D-1 & 19 H-J document that KY1005's predominant impact on conventional T-cells was within the CD4⁺ T_(CM) compartment, leading to significant reductions (p<0.05) in both the relative and absolute numbers of CD4⁺ T_(CM) cells, without similar impact on CD8⁺ T_(CM) cells after HCT. In contrast, the naïve T-cell compartment of both CD8⁺ and CD4⁺ T-cells was preserved after transplant with KY1005 prophylaxis. Notably, monoprophylaxis with OX40L blockade did not impair CD8⁺ T_(EM) cell expansion, with similar levels of expansion observed in both the No Rx and KY1005 cohorts. OX40L blockade also produced a targeted impact on the ability of CD4⁺ T-cells to produce cytokines after transplant, specifically reducing their ability to express IL17A, without affecting their production of IFNγ, TNFα or IL-2 (FIG. 8N).

In addition to determining its impact on conventional T-cell populations, we also interrogated the impact of KY1005 on CD4⁺ Tregs, given the fact that these cells express significant amounts of OX40, evidenced both in HC and in the No Rx cohort (FIGS. 8O, 8O-1 & 8O-2). Of note, and pertinent to the control of GVHD, while KY1005 reduced the relative numbers of OX40⁺ T-cells after transplant, this effect was restricted to conventional T-cells with the relative numbers of OX40⁺ Tregs remaining stable after transplant, even during KY1005 prophylaxis (FIG. 8O, FIGS. 8O-1 & 8O-2). Both FIG. 8O and FIG. 8O-1 present the same data, however the data are plotted differently. In FIG. 8O, data was plotted as a percentage of OX40⁺ Tconv and Treg cells out of the corresponding parent populations of Tconv cells and Treg cells respectively. For example, this was calculated by calculating the percentage of OX40⁺ Tconv cells out of total Tconv cells and likewise, percentage OX40⁺ Treg cells out of total Treg cells. Whereas in FIG. 8O-1, data was plotted as a percentage of total CD4⁺T-cells. FIG. 9O-1 therefore accounts for the frequency of Tconv and Treg cells in the sample. Both FIGS. 8O and 8O-1 demonstrate that KY1005 does not affect the frequency of OX40⁺ Treg cells.

OX40L Blockade Extends GVHD-Free Survival

The ability KY1005 to restrain CD4⁺ T_(CM) proliferation and expansion was associated with clinical benefit: Thus, even as a monotherapy, KY1005 delayed clinical signs of GVHD and extended GVHD-free survival in NHP (FIGS. 7B & 7C). However, likely due to its predominant impact on CD4⁺ T-cells without significant effects on CD8⁺ T-cells, the clinical outcome differential of KY1005 monotherapy was relatively modest, leading to an improvement in GVHD-free survival from 8 days in the No Rx cohort to 19.5 days (p<0.05), and with histopathologic evidence for significant disease at terminal analysis (FIG. 7D).

Combination Prophylaxis with KY1005 Plus Sirolimus Synergistically Controls T-Cell Activation while Preserving Robust Hematopoietic Reconstitution after Allo-HCT

We have previously demonstrated that mTOR inhibition with Sirolimus as a monotherapy also modestly prolonged survival following allo-HCT in NHP (MST=14 days vs 8 days without GVHD prophylaxis, p<0.001) (Furlan et al., 2015; Miller, W. P. et al. 2010;). However, despite maintaining therapeutic serum concentrations (5-15 ng/mL) and successfully blocking mTOR signaling pathways as measured by gene set enrichment analysis (FIG. 20 and Table 18), we have previously shown that sirolimus alone was insufficient to fully control T-cell proliferation (Furlan et al(2015) and FIGS. 8Q & 8R) and recipients ultimately developed severe disease with clinical and immunpathologic features similar to unprophylaxed aGVHD (FIGS. 7B-7C and Furlan et al (2015) and Miller et al (2010)). However, when we combined sirolimus with KY1005 (transplant schema shown in FIG. 8P), there was striking synergy, resulting in significant control of both CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T-cell proliferation (FIGS. 8Q & 8R & 19E & 19F). Importantly, KY1005/Sirolimus sustained the reconstitution of naïve CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T-cells following allo-HCT, while controlling the expansion of both CD4⁺ T_(CM) and CD8⁺ T_(CM)/T_(EM) cells (FIGS. 8S-U & FIGS. 21A & 21B). This preservation of the naïve T-cell phenotype in both CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T-cells was also in evidence transcriptomically: Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) (Subramanian et al., 2005) revealed over-representation of gene sets associated with naïve CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T-lymphocytes in the KY1005/Sirolimus cohort in comparison to both the KY1005 and the Sirolimus monotherapy cohorts (FIGS. 8V & 8W and Table 10).

Importantly, all recipients prophylaxed with KY1005/Sirolimus demonstrated successful donor engraftment, with high levels of T-cell chimerism (FIG. 13A) and with robust hematologic reconstitution post-transplant, with all recipients demonstrating prompt multilineage hematologic recovery (FIG. 13B-F-1) and recipients being clinically healthy post-transplant without viral, fungal or symptomatic bacterial disease (Table 11). Notably, CMV reactivation and disease were monitored prospectively, with no recipients developing viral disease. As expected after myeloablative HCT, low-to-moderate levels CMV reactivation did occur in some (3 of 5) recipients similar to autologous controls (FIG. 13G-1), with all episodes of viral reactivation controlled with cidofovir prophylaxis and standard gancyclovir therapy (Table 11, FIG. 13G).

KY1005/Sirolimus Preserved Treg Reconstitution Following Allo-HCT.

To determine the impact of HCT on Tregs, we tracked these cells in the peripheral blood of transplant recipients. We found that the development of fulminant aGVHD in unprophylaxed transplant recipients resulted in a rapid decline of absolute Treg cell numbers in the peripheral blood (30.0±11.0 before HCT vs 2.9±0.9 at terminal analysis; P<0.05) as well as in a significant decrease in the Treg:100 Tconv ratio (2.0±0.4 before HCT vs 0.6±0.1, p<0.001, FIG. 11B). As monoprophylactic regimens, both KY1005 and sirolimus protected against the significant drop in the Treg to Tconv ratio (FIG. 11B). In contrast, KY1005/Sirolimus combined prophylaxis was able to not only preserve, but to significantly augment the Treg:Tcon ratio in all transplant recipients, an effect that was stable for the duration of analysis (FIGS. 11B & 11C) and was associated with preservation of the absolute number of Tregs in the peripheral blood for the duration of the experiment (FIG. 9). Transriptomic analysis confirmed these flow cytometric findings, with enrichment for Treg-associated gene sets in the KY1005/Sirolimus cohort compared to KY1005 and Sirolimus monotherapy (FIG. 11D and Table 12).

TABLE 18 List of genes from the leading edges of the corresponding GSEA performed (FIG. 20) HALLMARK_MTORC1_SIGNALING Sirolimus vs NoRx # Gene 1 BUB1 2 RRM2 3 MCM4 4 PSAT1 5 GLRX 6 ATP6V1D 7 PHGDH 8 MCM2 9 DHFR 10 IFI30 11 FADS1 12 CDC25A 13 ELOVL6 14 RAB1A 15 SDF2L1 16 WARS 17 ETF1 18 RIT1 19 HSPD1 20 ACSL3 21 GLA 22 NAMPT 23 INSIG1 24 HSP90B1 25 CYB5B 26 CD9 27 UCHL5 28 PDAP1 29 SHMT2 30 UNG 31 YKT6 32 ERO1L 33 SYTL2 34 ACTR3 35 CTH 36 EBP 37 ELOVL5 38 PLK1 39 PIK3R3 40 CYP51A1 41 GOT1 42 COPS5 43 ENO1 44 SEC11A 45 PSMC4 46 SLC2A1 47 PSMA4 48 ATP5G1 49 PSMB5 50 BCAT1 51 USO1 52 PSMC6 53 DDX39A 54 CCNF 55 HMBS 56 FDXR 57 ASNS 58 GMPS 59 EIF2S2 60 GAPDH 61 EPRS 62 SC5DL 63 PSME3 64 AURKA 65 CFP 66 LDHA 67 PSMD14 68 TPI1 69 SORD 70 NFIL3 71 SLC1A5 72 PSMD13 73 POLR3G 74 HMGCS1 75 IDH1 76 SQLE 77 HSPE1 78 TXNRD1 79 ADIPOR2 80 PPA1 81 ME1 82 G6PD 83 FKBP2 84 PGK1 85 TES 86 ITGB2

TABLE 10 Full list of genes from the leading edges of the corresponding GSEA performed (FIG. 8V & 8W Leading Edge Gene Lists) GSE11057_NAIVE_VS_MEMORY_CD4_TCELL_UP GSE9650_NAIVE_VS_EFF_CD8_TCELL_UP (FIG. 8V) (FIG. 8W) KY1005/Siro KY1005/Siro KY1005/Siro KY1005/Siro D100 vs KY1005 D14 vs Siro D100 vs KY1005 D14 vs Siro # GENE # GENE # GENE # GENE 1 SLC25A37 1 TMEM170B 1 KIT 1 IGF1R 2 HIPK2 2 SLC25A37 2 RAB3IP 2 ZBTB20 3 TIMP2 3 IGF1R 3 C3AR1 3 CLK4 4 ZNF516 4 KLHL24 4 HLA-DOB 4 IL6ST 5 HEMGN 5 GPR160 5 ABCG1 5 KCTD12 6 TMEM170B 6 NUDT12 6 DUSP6 6 LIPA 7 GPR160 7 PADI4 7 TCF4 7 RAB3IP 8 NBEA 8 ZNF516 8 SMAD1 8 PLEKHA1 9 AIF1 9 LMLN 9 SIPA1L2 9 PELI1 10 PADI4 10 EEA1 10 WFS1 10 RALGPS2 11 GP5 11 SCML1 11 DTX1 11 TLR6 12 MAML2 12 ITGA6 12 AMPD3 12 SCAMP1 13 BTBD3 13 MPP7 13 CCR9 13 GADD45A 14 TTC28 14 TTC28 14 RALGPS2 14 TTC3 15 CHI3L2 15 SIAH1 15 MAP7 15 FAM101B 16 PLAG1 16 AIF1 16 LIPA 16 C3AR1 17 SCML1 17 ZMYND8 17 NIT2 17 CTSS 18 FLJ13197 18 NBEA 18 KCTD12 18 IL6R 19 FCGRT 19 TIMP2 19 SSBP2 19 CCR9 20 SIAH1 20 HEMGN 20 TLR6 20 GSN 21 LMLN 21 CAMK4 21 IL6R 21 SLC44A1 22 IGF1R 22 BNIP3L 22 PHTF2 22 NR4A3 23 ZC4H2 23 MYB 23 IGF1R 23 MBTD1 24 KLHL24 24 FCGRT 24 PCCB 24 ABLIM1 25 MANSC1 25 PECAM1 25 IL7R 25 TCF4 26 ME3 26 PIK3IP1 26 ZBTB20 26 KIT 27 CD248 27 MEF2A 27 SESN1 27 AMPD3 28 NUCB2 28 MLXIP 28 SLC44A1 28 PCCB 29 MPP1 29 ABLIM1 29 GSN 29 TTC27 30 ZNF238 30 SNRPN 30 MPP1 30 MPP1 31 ITGA6 31 TSPAN3 31 XPC 31 SESN1 32 SERPINE2 32 MPP1 32 FAM101B 32 EVL 33 MPP7 33 PDE3B 33 EPHX1 33 DTX1 34 CLCN5 34 RAPGEF6 34 GNB2L1 34 SIPA1L2 35 MALL 35 MAML2 35 CYB5R1 35 ZNF638 36 MYB 36 FAM134B 36 RPS4X 36 PCM1 37 CHMP7 37 RHPN2 37 PTOV1 37 HPCAL1 38 GAL3ST4 38 PDK1 38 APP 38 MYCBP2 39 SH3RF3 39 C6orf170 39 TBCEL 39 FAM134B 40 TARBP1 40 PLAG1 40 MAP4K3 40 CD2AP 41 SETD1B 41 ZNF182 41 ST6GAL1 41 PDK1 42 UBE2E2 42 GPRASP2 42 POU2F1 42 RNF38 43 LPHN1 43 GPRASP1 43 C15orf39 43 IL7R 44 GPRC5B 44 SLC11A2 44 IL6ST 44 MORF4L2 45 BNIP3L 45 BEND5 45 CD2AP 45 HSD17B11 46 CD55 46 GPRC5B 46 CASK 46 METTL9 47 ZMYND8 47 CHMP7 47 CTSS 47 SLC11A2 48 METAP1D 48 SATB1 48 FAM134B 48 SSBP2 49 NPAS2 49 CLCN5 49 P4HA1 50 STAP1 50 TGFBR2 50 ST6GAL1 51 GPRASP2 51 ZNF238 51 POU2F1 52 MEF2A 52 BACH2 52 USP34 53 GNAI1 53 ZNRD1-AS1 53 DUSP6 54 ANKRD36BP2 54 SERTAD2 54 NECAP1 55 BACH2 55 PDE7A 55 SATB1 56 EEA1 56 KLHDC1 56 SMAD1 57 PKIG 57 HSF2 57 HLA-DOB 58 FAM134B 58 SCAI 58 PTOV1 59 PTPRK 59 SNPH 59 ZNF281 60 TAF4B 60 CRLF3 60 MLL 61 MLXIP 61 LPHN1 61 XPC 62 ACER1 62 C10orf58 62 MAX 63 PIGL 63 DFNB59 63 MAP4K3 64 PIK3IP1 64 AKAP9 65 CAMK4 65 GNL3 66 NUDT12 66 CYB5R1 67 RHPN2 67 APP 68 RNF175 68 CRLF3 69 SNPH 69 MDN1 70 C6orf170 70 SELL 71 EDAR 71 NOP56 72 ZNF546 72 CTSL2 73 VPS52 73 MAP7 74 HSF2 74 WFS1 75 LOC282997 75 MTF2 76 APEX1 77 RNF141 78 C15orf39 79 RPL5 80 CCR7 81 CASK

TABLE 11 Viral, Bacterial and Fungal Infections after Transplant in the KY1005/Sirolimus Cohort Pathogenic Bacteremia and Documented CMV Other Bacterial fungal Recipient Reactivation/Disease* Infections infection R.217 Asymptomatic CMV 1. Bacteremia (both NO reactivation on days 68- asymptomatic): 105 (See FIG. 13G & Staphylococcus sp.and 13G-1). Leuconostoc lactis on Day 28; 2. Moraxella sp. (asymptomatic) Isolated from liver at necropsy R.218 NO 1. Stenotrophomonas NO maltophilia isolated from liver and spleen at necropsy; 2. Leuconostoc sp. Isolated from liver at necropsy R.219 Asymptomatic CMV 1. Bacteremia NO reactivation on days 1-4, (asymptomatic): 56 (See FIG. 13G & (Staphylococcus sp.) on 13G-1) Day 86; 2. Enterococcus gallunarum (asymptomic) Isolated from pericardial fluid at necropsy R.220 Asymptomatic CMV 1. Bacteremia NO reactivation on days 1, (asymptomatic): 22, 33, 75, 91 (See (Leuconostoc sp.) on day FIG. 13G & 13G-1) 78 R.221 NO 1. Leuconostoc sp. NO Isolated from spleen at necropsy CMV results considered positive if 1) positive results are obtained from ≥2 out of 3 technical replicates and 2) viral loads were ≥500 copies/ml.

TABLE 12 Full list of genes from the leading edges of the corresponding GSEA performed (FIG. 11D Leading Edge Gene Lists) GSE42021_TREG_VS_TCONV_PLN_UP (FIG. 11D) KY1005/Siro KY1005/Siro D100 vs KY1005 D14 vs Siro # GENE # GENE 1 HERC5 1 HERC5 2 IDO1 2 IFIT1 3 CEBPD 3 IFIT3 4 SP140L 4 RSAD2 5 LMO2 5 IFIT2 6 IFIT3 6 IFI44 7 RSAD2 7 MX1 8 TYMP 8 OAS2 9 DOCK4 9 LMO2 10 IFIT2 10 MX2 11 HLA-A 11 DOCK4 12 IFIT1 12 TYMP 13 IFI44 13 DDX58 14 DRAM1 14 OASL 15 CEACAM1 15 CEBPD 16 HERC6 16 DDX60 17 OASL 17 HERC6 18 NKX3-1 18 IFIT5 19 XAF1 19 IDO1 20 PLAUR 20 XAF1 21 ISG15 21 BMPR2 22 RTP4 22 B2M 23 SAMD9 23 ISG15 24 SEPX1 24 TRIM5 25 TMEM140 25 IFI27 26 OAS3 26 SAMD9 27 MX1 27 PLAUR 28 USP15 28 SEPX1 29 USP18 29 APOL2 30 IFIT5 30 CEACAM1 31 TLR3 31 IRF7 32 BMPR2 32 CTSS 33 CALCOCO2 33 RRAGC 34 IFI30 34 GBP1 35 C5orf13 35 CREM 36 SECTM1 36 STAT3 37 IL15 37 DRAM1 38 IFITM3 38 RAB27A 39 BATF3 39 IRF1 40 IRF7 40 SECTM1 41 DDX60 41 IFI16 42 IRF1 42 PMAIP1 43 EIF2AK2 43 JAK2 44 SERPING1 44 USP15 45 DDX58 45 EIF2AK2 46 MYD88 46 USP18 47 ZRSR2 47 OAS3 48 TRIM14 48 FMR1 49 RASGRP3 49 IRF9 50 SPATS2L 50 TMEM140 51 MX2 51 FAM208B 52 ZNF277 52 SP110 53 C16orf7 53 SP140L 54 LGALS3BP 54 TLR3 55 STAT2 55 HLA-A 56 IFIH1 56 RNF114 57 PARP12 57 TRIM38 58 IFI30 59 UBE2D1 60 STAT2 61 MAFF 62 TRIM22 63 IL10RB 64 NBN 65 TOP1 66 C5orf13 67 ZRSR2 68 RNF19B 69 TRIM14 70 IFIH1 71 IL15 KY1005/Sirolimus Combination Prophylaxis Synergistically Protects Against Clinical and Pathologic aGVHD

The ability of KY1005/Sirolimus to control Teff activation while preserving Treg reconstitution resulted in the synergistic protection against aGVHD in this cohort. The combined therapy provided potent control of the clinical signs of aGVHD (FIG. 7B), which resulted in prolonged (>100 day) disease-free (GVHD-free) survival following transplantation (FIG. 7C) even after discontinuation of KY1005 at Day 54 post-transplant (FIG. 16B). This survival was significantly different than all comparator cohorts (p<0.01). Thus, while both sirolimus and KY1005 as monotherapies extended survival compared to no prophylaxis (MST=14 and 19.5 days, respectively, p<0.05 for both), KY1005/Sirolimus effectively controlled clinical aGVHD for the length of the planned analysis (FIG. 7B) resulting in an MST>100 days, p<0.001 compared to NoRx, Sirolimus and KY1005, (FIG. 7C) and which was confirmed by histopathologic analysis (FIG. 7D). KY1005/Sirolimus also displayed superior control of aGVHD and survival compared to previously published (Furlan et al., 2015; Furlan et al., 2016) Tac/MTX and CTLA4-Ig/Sirolimus cohorts (FIG. 19G), underscoring the unique ability of this strategy to control alloreactivity.

Engrafting T-Cells Demonstrate Diminished Donor/Recipient Alloreactivity with Relative Maintainance of Third-Party Responses

The sprolonged GVHD-free survival with KY1005/Sirolimus led us to determine the specificity of control of alloreactivity in these recipients. To determine this, we performed ex vivo MLR studies to measure the ability of reconstituting donor T-cells to allo-proliferate against either recipient or third-party stimulator cells. The results of these studies are shown in FIG. 7E-G. As shown in the Figure, and as expected, donor PBMC samples minimally responded to autologous stimulator PBMC, both before and after HCT (FIGS. 7E & 7F left column and FIG. 7G). However, in the pre-HCT setting, these cells demonstrated significantly more proliferation when stimulated by either recipient or third-party cells (FIG. 7E, middle and right columns and FIG. 7G) than when stimulated by autologous donor cells. Importantly, when responder PBMC were harvested from recipients at the terminal post-transplant time-point, in the setting of high donor T-cell chimerism, significantly less allo-proliferation was measured against recipient cells, while proliferation against third-party stimulators was better preserved, with equal or greater proliferation against third-party cells observed in 3 of 5 recipients (FIG. 7F, middle and right columns and FIG. 7G).

Longitudinal transcriptional analysis identifies CD3⁺ T-cell gene expression signatures associated with long-term control of aGVHD with KY1005/sirolimusGiven that KY1005/Sirolimus enabled aGVHD-free T-cell reconstitution following allo-HCT, we interrogated the transcriptome of these T-cells, in order to gain detailed insights into the mechanisms associated with its successful control of alloreactivity. We hypothesised that the transcriptional signature of the T-cells in the GVHD-free cohort would encapsulate both positive and negative signalling pathways, and that defining these pathways would establish a new transcriptional standard for aGVHD control. We first probed the positive signals inherent in long-term aGVHD control. As previously discussed and shown in FIGS. 8V-8W and 11D we found that naïve T-cell gene-sets (FIG. 8V-8W) and Treg-associated gene-sets (FIG. 11D) were enriched in T-cells in the KY1005/Sirolimus cohort when compared to sirolimus and KY1005 monotherapies, providing critical transcriptional support for our flow cytometric analyses.

We also identified several new pathways that were enriched in the KY1005/Sirolimus cohort, which provide important insights into the transcriptional programs associated with the Teff/Treg balance induced in this cohort. The comparison that first revealed these pathways was designed to interrogate the transcriptional differences between T-cells from the KY1005/Sirolimus cohort and those from non-transplanted healthy controls. This assessment was prompted by the fact that, while KY1005/Sirolimus-prophylaxed recipients were healthy, the transcriptome of T-cells that reconstituted in these recipients were, nonetheless, distinct from those in untransplanted HC. Thus, as documented with Principle Component Analysis (PCA, FIGS. 15A & 15 A-1) the KY1005/Sirolimus transcriptomes were distinct from all others, including those from HC. To elucidate transcriptional signals that distinguished KY1005/sirolimus from HC, pathway analysis was performed. Analysis strategy wasdesigned to focus on the most stable enriched pathways in KY1005/Sirolimus recipients, defined as those that were enriched at all three post-transplant time-points analysed (Day +14, +28, +100). FIG. 15B depicts our analysis strategy, showing the numbers of enriched transcripts when comparing T-cells from the longitudinal KY1005/Sirolimus samples to those from HC, revealing that 101 transcripts that were stably enriched (Table 13b). Analysis of the resulting dataset using DAVID (Huang et a., 2009a; Huang et al., 2009b) revealed statistically significant enrichment for two pathways: The KEGG hsa04630:Jak-STAT signalling pathway and the Reactome HSA-909733 Interferon alpha/beta signalling pathway. Enrichment in the Jak-STAT pathway was identified with both DAVID-based pathway analysis and GSEA (FIG. 15C and Table 14) and revealed a complex enrichment pattern, that included transcripts encoding both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines/cytokine receptors (pro-inflammatory transcripts included IL6, IL6R and IL6ST (Chen et al., 2009); IL26 (Ohnuma et al., 2015); anti-inflammatory transcripts included OSM (Son et al., 2017), IL2RA and IL-10RB (Henden et al., 2015), CSF3R (Yang et al., 2016), and IL13RA1 (Newcomb et al., 2011). In addition, both positive and negative regulators of Jak-STAT and TCR signaling cascades were enriched (positive regulators included STAT1, STAT2 and STAT3 (Villarino et al., 2017); negative regulators included SOCS1 (Ahmed eta/., 2015; Lu et al., 2009; Yao et al., 2012), SOCS2 (Knosp et al., 2011; Knosp et al., 2013; Yeste et al., 2016), PIM1 (Chen et al, 2002; Peltola et al, 2004), SOS1 and SOS2 (Guittard et al., 2015), CISH (Palmer et al., 2015), PIAS1 (Liu et al., 2007), SPRY1 (Lee et al., 2009).

TABLE 13a Gene list of 261 genes up-regulated in KY1005/Siro cohort vs both Tac/MTX and CTLA4-Ig/Siro cohorts Column 1 . . . cont . . . cont . . . cont . . . cont . . . cont . . . cont B3GNT5 CEACAM8 TP53INP2 IL13RA1 UNKL CD302 GPR27 NFE2 LMLN OSBP TBXAS1 ARRDC4 PHF17 EIF5 MSL1 ORM1 CYP4F3 SLC36A4 GAB2 RARA PADI4 PTEN SCIN EMR1 AGK SLC11A1 CLEC4D RBM14 AMICA1 SRSF11 NR2E1 CCDC90B LAMA5 FCGRT TMEM38A CAPN3 CD36 IFIT2 NCF1 IFRD1 LOC715356 SNX18 CDK14 ABHD2 HP IRAK3 LILRA5 BATF2 LOC722730 SLC25A37 DCAF12 BTK LIPA MMP1 FOXO3B CYP4F2 AQP9 NCF2 CLTCL1 P2RY2 EFHC2 CCDC125 CALM1 RAB3IP SLC12A6 TNFAIP6 DRAM1 RSBN1L HHEX PRIMA1 IRF1 SOS2 STEAP4 TSPAN33 NFAM1 CXCR1 SEPX1 MAP3K3 GUCY2C SLC46A2 REPS2 PTAR1 NAMPT GK3P GK NIPBL SIRPB1 FCAR LIMK2 LOC714792 SIRPA SORL1 IDO2 PRO0628 SFRS2IP DHRS9 CCNL1 VNN1 ALOX5 FGD4 NAIP SULF2 ZNF862 PFKFB2 APTR CSF3R KCNE3 MEPCE KDM6B CREB5 SP110 DOK3 EPS8 LRRK2 LPCAT2 OLIG1 ZNF608 KIAA0513 SLC22A15 BASP1 C13orf18 TLR8 ZBTB47 FPR1 CA4 CREG1 ENTPD3 USP32 PGLYRP1 TEKT2 TMEM67 BAT2L2 WIPI1 HES1 IL6R SAMD9L ACPP MGAM ATP9A BAZ2B PROK2 PLD1 BEST1 SLC7A11 P2RY13 GPR97 GNAQ ZC3H7A C17orf60 CD177 SLC31A2 LOC344887 PYGL CEP85L DYSF CD300A SPP1 DOCK4 ZCCHC6 TLR10 KLF5 CLEC4E GCA BEND7 MME FCGR2A WDFY3 DGAT2 . . . cont . . . cont . . . cont . . . cont ACSL1 MAP1LC3A IGF2R CRISPLD2 SCARB2 SPAG1 BMX GAB1 SLC30A1 CREBRF MBOAT7 TRIM25 CEP19 ST6GALNAC2 BCL11A DGCR2 LOC100170939 CTBP2 STAC3 LOC712466 IL17RA EMR3 SAMD9 PGD RAB32 RBMX NLRP12 SESTD1 TGFA GLRB LCN2 GOLGA4 CNIH4 ATP6V0D2 PI16 DAPK1 RNF24 LOC100506935 DAW1 ABTB1 ST3GAL4 LOC100429845 ARHGAP24 HGF GPAM LOC722757 AGBL2 STK17B JMJD1C ADCY4 PFKFB4 TYMP GPR84 FPR2 CEACAM1 ACSL4 ZFYVE16 MXD1 TREM1 C1orf162 TWIST2 LILRA3 JDP2 CSF2RB TLR4 AZI2 ODF3B IFIT3 LOC709119 CSF2RA TLR2 C19orf59 HERC5 CUX1 RBM25 CKAP4 SFRS18 FNDC3B CEBPB MMP9 BRWD3 CLEC4A HAS1 WLS PTAFR RNF130 BPI ZFAND5 IGSF6 VNN2 PPP6R3 PIP5K1B KCNJ15

TABLE 13b Gene Lists for Comparisons of the KY1005/Sirolimus Cohort with HC Column 1 . . . cont . . . cont . . . cont . . . cont S100A9 IL2RA PPAPDC1B PCDH8 LOC706236 S100A8 CD200 APOL6 HERC6 TXK SERPINE2 IFI6 MAP3K5 MTHFD1L NCOA7 AKAP12 SLC39A8 LOC709614 NIT2 MAP2K4 PGAP1 SOCS1 LINS BAX AZI2 SOCS2 GIPC2 USP18 LOC718240 IFI27 CYP1B1 MDM2 RAG1AP1 LPL CDK6 BCL2 TSHZ2 MYB HERC5 ENTPD1 PROS1 VEGFA ARL4A VPS54 ZC3H12D DHRS2 RSAD2 LOC707407 LOXL1 SETBP1 UPP1 WARS MDFIC ZDHHC14 ZMAT3 HRASLS2 PARP11 ANXA3 PIM1 RALGAPA2 LOC718036 NFIL3 NOSTRIN HEMK1 FAM119A ISG15 SOS1 SYNE2 FAM100B SESN3 NUMB ETV6 SBNO2 PTCHD1 B4GALT4 CHD7 LTA UGCG STARD4 CRIM1 ATP2C1 MMP1 JAK2 FBXO6 SERPING1 TNFSF10 LDLR ZAK TET2 CMPK2 PIM3 SYNPO DKFZP586I1420 TUSC3 LINS1 IRF4 GNG10 PCGF5 DPP4 IFNGR2 ITM2A

TABLE 14 Full list of genes from the leading edges of the corresponding GSEA performed (FIG. 15C and 15D Leading Edge Gene Lists) HECKER_IFNB1_TARGETS KEGG_JAK_STAT_SIGNALLING_PATHWAY (FIG. 15D) (FIG. 15C) KY1005/Sirolimus KY1005/Sirolimus KY1005/Sirolimus KY1005/Sirolimus KY1005/Sirolimus KY1005/Sirolimus D 14 vs Healthy Ctrl D 28 vs Healthy Ctrl D 100 vs Healthy Ctrl D 14 vs Healthy Ctrl D 28 vs Healthy Ctrl D 100 vs Healthy Ctrl # GENE # GENE # GENE # GENE # GENE # GENE 1 CXCL10 1 CMPK2 1 HERC5 1 IL6 1 SOCS2 1 SOCS2 2 CD163 2 IFI27 2 CMPK2 2 SOCS2 2 IL2RA 2 IL13RA1 3 IL8 3 MMP9 3 MMP9 3 IL2RA 3 SOCS1 3 CSF2RA 4 G0S2 4 HERC5 4 IFIT1 4 SOCS3 4 SOCS3 4 CSF3R 5 C3AR1 5 RSAD2 5 IFIT3 5 IL22 5 STAT3 5 CSF2RB 6 TNFAIP6 6 ISG15 6 RSAD2 6 SOCS1 6 SOS1 6 OSM 7 IFI27 7 IFI44 7 CYP4F3 7 CSF2RA 7 IL26 7 IFNGR1 8 CCL2 8 IL8 8 MGAM 8 IL26 8 IL6ST 8 JAK2 9 CMPK2 9 G0S2 9 CD163 9 SOS1 9 IL12RB2 9 STAT3 10 C1QA 10 MX1 10 TNFAIP6 10 CCND2 10 JAK2 10 SOS1 11 PLSCR1 11 CYP4F3 11 IFI27 11 JAK2 11 IL4R 11 IL2RA 12 ISG15 12 C3AR1 12 MX1 12 CISH 12 IL22 12 CISH 13 HERC5 13 SAMD9L 13 ISG15 13 PIM1 13 IFNGR1 13 IL6ST 14 RSAD2 14 SERPING1 14 MX2 14 CSF3R 14 PIM1 14 SOCS1 15 MX1 15 PLSCR1 15 IFI44 15 CSF2RB 15 STAT4 15 IRF9 16 OASL 16 IFI6 16 IFIT2 16 IFNGR2 16 PIAS1 16 PIK3CB 17 IRF7 17 IFIT3 17 OAS2 17 CBLB 17 JAK3 17 PIM1 18 IFIT3 18 PROS1 18 OASL 18 OSM 18 CCND2 18 SOCS3 19 IFI44 19 IFIT5 19 EPSTI1 19 IL12RB2 19 IFNGR2 19 STAM2 20 TYMP 20 XAF1 20 LILRA3 20 IFNA16 20 PIK3R1 20 IFNGR2 21 SAMD9L 21 IRF7 21 SAMD9L 21 IFNA2 21 PIK3CD 21 SOS2 22 IFIT1 22 DDX60 22 C3AR1 22 IL15RA 22 IRF9 22 IL6R 23 MX2 23 HERC6 23 XAF1 23 IL21 23 SOS2 23 SPRY1 24 MMP9 24 OASL 24 TYMP 24 STAT3 24 JAK1 24 IL10RB 25 IFI6 25 LAP3 25 EGR1 25 IL13RA1 25 STAM2 25 IFNAR2 26 EGR2 26 LGALS3BP 26 IRF7 26 IFNAR2 26 STAT2 27 EPSTI1 27 MX2 27 IL8 27 LIF 27 PIAS1 28 XAF1 28 OAS2 28 TMEM140 28 STAT2 28 STAT1 29 SERPING1 29 IFIT2 29 DDX58 29 IL12RB1 29 CCND2 30 DDX60 30 EPSTI1 30 KCNJ15 30 GH1 31 PROS1 31 EIF2AK2 31 GBP1 32 LGALS3BP 32 PLSCR1 33 APOBEC3A 33 IFI6 34 OAS2 34 DDX60 35 HERC6 35 EGR2 36 IFIT2 36 IFIT5 37 EGR1 37 MMP25 38 CMTM2 38 G0S2 39 DHX58 39 CXCL10 40 IFI35 40 HERC6 41 CCL8 41 SAMD9 42 EIF2AK2 42 PROS1 43 SCO2 43 SCO2 44 CLU 44 DHX58 45 CABP5 45 MS4A4A 46 DTX3L 46 OAS3 47 C1QC 47 EIF2AK2 48 ARG1 48 PARP9 49 LILRA3 49 SERPING1 50 CHI3L1 50 APOBEC3A 51 OAS1 51 TREML1 52 MMP25 52 RTP4 53 FFAR2 54 IFI35

In addition to enrichment for Jak-STAT negative signalling, we also uncovered enrichment for Interferon alpha/beta signalling pathways in the KY1005/Sirolimus versus HC comparison (FIG. 15D, Table 14). The identification of these pathways as a defining feature of the T-cell expression profile in the KY1005/Sirolimus cohort was consistant across three independent enrichment measures, including the pathway analysis described above, as well as by GSEA and Class Neighbor (CN) analysis. GSEA also demonstrated enrichment of these pathways in the KY1005/Sirolimus cohort as compared to both KY1005 and Sirolimus monotherapies, as well as compared to autologous transplant controls (FIG. 15E, Table 15). Likewise, CN analysis followed by pathway analysis (Golub et al, 1999), which identifies transcripts whose expression level predominates the signature of one cohort relative to others, also uncovered the Reactome Interferon alpha/beta signalling pathway as significantly enriched in a comparison of KY1005/Sirolimus versus HC, as well as versus the autologous, No Rx, Sirolimus, KY1005, CTLA4-Ig/Sirolimus and Tac/MTX cohorts (Table 14A-14I). These analyses identify several notable transcripts as highly associated with the KY1005/Sirolimus cohort, each of which had been previously recognised to serve a critical function in IFNα/β sensing or signal transduction (including IGS15, IFIT3. RSAD2) (Liu et al., 2011; Fitzgerald, 2011; Skaug & Chen, 2010) or in the effector anti-viral response (IFIT1, IFIT2, IFIT3, MX1, OASL, OAS2, RSAD2) (Fitzgerald, 2011; Diamon & Farzan, 2011; Schoggins & Rice, 2011). The identification of IFNα/β signalling pathways in the KY1005/Sirolimus cohort aligns well with several recent studies that have documented activation of Type I Interferon signalling in the control of alloreactivity, through both effector and Treg-mediated effects (Robb et al., 2012; Robb et al., 2011; Stewart et al, 2013). These results highlight the power of a systems approach to post-transplant/immune analysis in identifying otherwise unexpected pathways and signalling molecules that are associated with long-term GVHD-free survival after transplant and therefore may play critical roles in immune control and/or impact on the immune landscape.

As a final test of the mechanisms/pathways associated with the ability of KY1005/Sirolimus to control aGVHD, we interrogated whether their transcriptomes provided evidence for control of pathways that we have previously demonstrated to be activated during acute GVHD, in both NHP and human T-cells (Furlan et al., 2015; Furlan et al., 2016). Our previous studies have identified two categories of acute GVHD, encompassing Th/Tc1-driven Hyperacute as well as Th/Tc17-driven Breakthough Acute disease (Furlan et al., 2015; Furlan et al., 2016). With respect to Hyperacute GVHD, T-cells in the KY1005/sirolimus cohort we observed significantly downregulatedion of canonical Hyperacute GVHD transcripts and gene-sets including the proliferation and cytotoxicity transcripts, Ki67 and Granzyme A, (FIGS. 14A & 14B), as well as Th1-associated gene sets in the KY1005/Sirolimus cohort (including the canonical Th/Tc1 genes CCR5, IL12RB2, and IFNG; FIGS. 14D & 14E; Table 16). Of note, despite down-regulation of the above Th/Tc1-associated transcripts, the expression level of TBX21 (encoding Tbet) itself was not significantly changed during GVHD compared to healthy controls (not shown). With respect to Breakthrough GVHD, we found that KY1005/Sirolimus successfully normalised expression of the Th17-defining transcription factor, RORC (FIG. 14C), and successfully inhibited Th/Tc17-associated gene sets (FIGS. 14F & 14G; Table 17) when compared to Tac/MTX and CTLA4-Ig/Sirolimus, both of which we have previously shown are associated with Breakthrough Acute disease (Furlan et al., 2016).

Given the wealth of data that document the centrality of both these pathways to aGVHD pathology, the ability of KY1005/Sirolimusto control them is striking. It suggests establishment of a new transcriptional standard for the control of alloreactivity which includes the positive signalling pathways described above along with potent control of both Th/Tc1- and Th/Tc17-mediated immune pathology.

TABLE 14A List of Class Neighbor (CN) Genes (Autologous) Experimental CN Genes CTN Genes CN Genes CN Genes CN Genes cohort CN Genes continued . . . continued . . . continued . . . continued . . . continued . . . Autologous SCD5 ST8SIA1 C14orf45 VANGL1 SAMD3 GBE1 Autologous PALLD LOC645323 PGM5 ITGB2 S100A10 UHMK1 Autologous RAB27A GAS6 PRR5L PPP2R2B ZEB2 ENPP4 Autologous IL17RD S1PR5 C1orf21 HSPA4 CLCF1 FLOT2 Autologous TPD52 ISL2 ZFYVE28 SLC41A2 CCR5 APOL2 Autologous AKR1C3 FSD1L IDH1 HPGD HECW2 PTPN22 Autologous PTGDR DSCR6 FRY MCOLN2 DYNLT3 PAFAH1B1 Autologous RARRES1 CHN2 REEP1 RAP2B MAP3K8 SEMA3G Autologous GPR141 JAKMIP2 FOSL2 GNS SYNE1 GPR56 Autologous FLJ12120 ACSL5 SLCO4C1 USP31 TNS3 RUNX3 Autologous HLA-DPA1 STAT4 USP28 PLCG2 KLRG1 ZNF532 Autologous NUDT11 PLCB1 WEE1 FAR2 SNTB1 KIF21A Autologous RHOBTB3 SGCB GLT8D2 ZBTB8A ND4L COPB2 Autologous CDK1 TSHZ3 HIST3H2A FAM49A LRRC40 CX3CR1 Autologous IL7 TPPP AFAP1L2 CLIC5 LOC400794 ASAH1 Autologous FAM150B TSPAN2 RGAG4 IDI1 OSR2 Autologous COL11A1 PALM2-AKAP2 LIMA1 APBB2 STXBP4

TABLE 14B List and pathway analysis of Class Neighbor (CN) Genes (CTLA4-Ig/sirolimus) Experimental CN Genes CTN Genes CN Genes CN Genes CN Genes cohort CN Genes continued . . . continued . . . continued . . . continued . . . continued . . . CTLA4-Ig/Sirolimus PCDH8 LPL QPCT CHN1 LOC100423631 HS6ST2 CTLA4-Ig/Sirolimus AKAP12 C11orf73 FCN1 CPM IFI27 MTHFD2L CTLA4-Ig/Sirolimus CXCL13 ST6GALNAC5 PTPN14 RNF217 SAP30 PARD3 CTLA4-Ig/Sirolimus TWIST1 RGS17 PYGL C5AR1 KYNU RBM47 CTLA4-Ig/Sirolimus DHRS2 SOCS2 FAM95A MYO5C ENOX1 GNA15 CTLA4-Ig/Sirolimus TUSC3 ADAMTS17 TRIM9 PTGFRN PTGS2 PTX3 CTLA4-Ig/Sirolimus SERPINE2 PDE7B TCEA3 EMP1 VDR NOSTRIN CTLA4-Ig/Sirolimus S100A9 VCAN SESN3 FCGR2B XIST CD109 CTLA4-Ig/Sirolimus PTCHD1 SYNJ2 ANXA4 PLS3 MYB S100P CTLA4-Ig/Sirolimus ITPRIPL2 TSHZ2 IL26 NLRP3 PLSCR1 Dst CTLA4-Ig/Sirolimus TNFSF11 MITF MATN2 ITGA2 SLC24A3 CCL20 CTLA4-Ig/Sirolimus LOC100292165 ROBO2 WDFY3 ZAK CSTA FOS CTLA4-Ig/Sirolimus OLFM4 CDKN2B IL22 NPDC1 AIM2 VEGFA CTLA4-Ig/Sirolinnus SGMS2 ARNTL2 KHDRBS3 MNDA HECTD2 EGLN3 CTLA4-Ig/Sirolimus S100A8 RGS16 RAPH1 ANXA3 AQP3 PLBD1 CTLA4-Ig/Sirolimus ZDHHC14 ZNF503 PGAP1 SERPINB2 MAP7D2 CTLA4-Ig/Sirolimus LPPR4 CD200 CMPK2 TMEM170B PTHLH

TABLE 14C List and pathway analysis of Class Neighbor (CN) Genes (Healty control) Experimental CN Genes CTN Genes CN Genes CN Genes CN Genes cohort CN Genes continued . . . continued . . . continued . . . continued . . . continued . . . Healthy Control RFX8 TANC2 COL11A1 SNRK KLRG1 IGF1R Healthy Control DNTT DNAJC6 PLK2 ZNF638 ABCG1 PREX2 Healthy Control NOG ADRB1 PTGDR PLEKHG1 WDR86 KLF3 Healthy Control MAMDC2 FSIP1 RIMKLB XG SMAD1 FCRL3 Healthy Control SOX4 DCHS1 GLIPR1 ST8SIA1 PPP2R2B ACVR2A Healthy Control FAM110C DEPDC7 FBXL4 GCNT4 ABCB1 STXBP6 Healthy Control KRT222 LOC722265 CD33 JAKMIP2 DSP C1orf21 Healthy Control SYN2 CD1A PDE6H NGFRAP1 RASGRF2 ZBTB20 Healthy Control CPE MAML3 SMAD7 MOXD1 GGT7 YME1L1 Healthy Control CAMTA1 INADL RHOBTB1 ARMCX4 AUTS2 CX3CR1 Healthy Control SLC14A1 FHL1 GRAMD1C SLC40A1 GPR56 FCHO2 Healthy Control BMPR1B NUDT11 TMEM63A TSPAN6 HPCAL4 USP53 Healthy Control LEFTY1 SLC22A23 ANKH POU6F1 NTN4 C20orf194 Healthy Control SLC16A10 TTC28 TPD52 PAIP2B KLRF1 TCP11L2 Healthy Control SEPPI SLC5A3 NR3C2 EFCC1 LOC100291103 HEMGN Healthy Control ANKRD50 KLRB1 FZD10 PTCH1 AASS Healthy Control MSRB3 40239 CACNA1D LOC698572 C2orf67

TABLE 14D List and pathway analysis of Class Neighbor (CN) Genes (KY1005) Experimental CN Genes CTN Genes CN Genes CN Genes CN Genes cohort CN Genes continued . . . continued . . . continued . . . continued . . . continued . . . KY1005 MMP8 EMP1 PRRX1 CAMP TOP2A ESM1 KY1005 ZBED2 LOC100292051 TNFRSF9 CENPA ERAP2 BAG2 KY1005 LCN2 ADAMTS17 BCL2L11 GPR34 IFI27 PBK KY1005 VEGFA LTF WDR63 LOC701920 ANLN TPX2 KY1005 S100A9 KERA CD86 VNN1 CTLA4 SPC25 KY1005 S100A8 TYMS CXCR6 ENTPD1 NET1 FCN1 KY1005 ITPRIPL2 FAM111B CYBB EPSTI1 HDGFRP3 UGCG KY1005 PLS3 CEP55 CCNB2 PSAP ASPM DUSP5 KY1005 PTH2R GM2A SOCS2 KDELC2 S100P CDC25A KY1005 VNN2 GCA NFKBIZ F5 PDK4 MX2 KY1005 ATP9A CTSC SKIL OAS2 LXN ACTR2 KY1005 TRIM9 PTP4A1 PLSCR1 PLIN2 IFNG SGOL2 KY1005 MOCOS GZMA UHRF1 SERPINB1 RNA45S5 PRO0628 KY1005 KLRC1 LOC714891 PREX2 NTRK1 GPSM2 APOL6 KY1005 HAVCR2 LAG3 CD177 ATP6V1A DEPDC1 BPI KY1005 PTGER2 CCR5 TRIM59 MMP9 TRIM5 KY1005 SERPINE2 TNFSF11 CASC5 SLC25A13 DDX3Y

TABLE 14E List and pathway analysis of Class Neighbor (CN) Genes (KY1005/Sirolimus) Experimental CN Genes CTN Genes CN Genes CN Genes CN Genes cohort CN Genes continued . . . continued . . . continued . . . continued . . . continued . . . KY1005/Sirolimus AKAP12 PLA2G7 NCF1 SESN3 PTCHD1 OASL KY1005/Sirolimus HERC5 OLFM4 RNASE3 LTF SAT1 CAMP KY1005/Sirolimus VNN2 IFIT1B PLBD1 CD300A RNF24 S100A9 KY1005/Sirolimus SLC25A37 LITAF SESTD1 FCN1 ALOX5 JDP2 KY1005/Sirolimus SOCS2 PCDH8 PIP5K1B IRAK3 CSTA MNDA KY1005/Sirolimus TMEM170B ANXA3 SEMA6D ZCCHC6 FCAR DAPK1 KY1005/Sirolimus IGF2BP3 CTBP2 OSBP MS4A6A TDRD6 MCTP1 KY1005/Sirolimus IFIT3 ORM1 IFIT2 GNAQ OAS2 LOC100423631 KY1005/Sirolimus LPL SPP1 PYGL CA2 LOC722757 NFIL3 KY1005/Sirolimus CMPK2 TRIM58 MX1 PARD3 FAM198B LRRK2 KY1005/Sirolimus EPS8 MMP9 F13A1 CYP4F2 SGK1 CFD KY1005/Sirolimus RSAD2 ZDHHC14 PRO0628 CYP4F3 CLEC4A CYP1B1 KY1005/Sirolimus SERPINE2 IGSF6 GCA CRISPLD2 RTD1A BACE2 KY1005/Sirolimus NFE2 NCF2 HBB IDO1 ISG15 GCNT1 KY1005/Sirolimus MYO5C IFI44 RBM47 MGAM ST6GALNAC2 TREM1 KY1005/Sirolimus THBS1 RGS18 NOSTRIN ACSL6 IL13RA1 KY1005/Sirolimus IFIT1 HBA1 QPCT SNX18 STEAP4

TABLE 14F List and pathway analysis of Class Neighbor (CN) Genes (No Rx) Experimental CN Genes CTN Genes CN Genes CN Genes CN Genes cohort CN Genes continued . . . continued . . . continued . . . continued . . . continued . . . No Rx ASPM CDKN3 KIF14 CDCA5 CENPH GINS2 No Rx CEP55 MZB1 NEK2 IFI27 BCL2L14 FOXM1 No Rx BUB1 CDC20 DTL BIRC5 CDC25A IRF8 No Rx DLGAP5 SPAG5 NCAPG DSCC1 ATP8B4 DIAPH3 No Rx CCNB2 UHRF1 LAG3 SKA3 BCL2L11 POLE2 No Rx TYMS VDR SPC25 MELK RAD51 CDCA2 No Rx RRM2 IL17F NUSAP1 MCM4 CIT IQGAP3 No Rx KIF15 KIAA0101 MLF1IP CHEK1 ZBED2 LOC714891 No Rx GTSE1 TOP2A ZBTB32 BAG2 CCNA2 CCNE2 No Rx SHCBP1 CENPA SERPINE2 KIF2C UBE2C MCM2 No Rx KIF11 MOCOS GEN1 S100A9 ENTPD1 KIF23 No Rx E2F8 GZMA DEPDC1 S100P CLC APOBEC3G No Rx SGOL2 CHAF1A DEPDC1B KIF4A MCM3 HIST1H2AK No Rx PBK SUCNR1 C6orf173 CCNB1 ADAM19 PSAT1 No Rx IL12RB2 MYL6B BUB1B EPHX4 FAM72A SLCO4A1 No Rx OIP5 MKI67 HAVCR2 SKA1 S100A8 No Rx PRR11 NUF2 RAD51AP1 E2F2 SERPINB1

TABLE 14G List and pathway analysis of Class Neighbor (CN) Genes (Sirolimus) Experimental CN Genes CTN Genes CN Genes CN Genes CN Genes cohort CN Genes continued . . . continued . . . continued . . . continued . . . continued . . . Sirolimus SERPINE2 VDR CEP55 BAG2 LOC100294459 PRC1 Sirolimus VEGFA DSCC1 IL12RB2 CHEK1 LOC714891 RDM1 Sirolimus ITPRIPL2 ENTPD1 SKA3 PTGS1 STAP1 MEST Sirolimus E2F7 CCNB2 KIF11 TRIB1 KCNK13 ZNF670 Sirolimus PTGFRN ANLN GZMA KIF2C NPDC1 IL1RL1 Sirolimus PRR11 SYNJ2 CD200 AG2 SHCBP1 EXO1 Sirolimus PDE7B TRIM9 UBE2C SPAG5 RAPH1 CDCA3 Sirolimus ITGA2 LAG3 EPHX4 OIP5 AGAP1 SPC25 Sirolimus RRM2 FAM95A MELK E2F8 DEPDC1 ARNTL2 Sirolimus ESR1 TYMS TIMD4 KIF4A RPS27A SETBP1 Sirolimus NEK2 KIF15 DLGAP5 KIF23 PTCHD1 KIF14 Sirolimus MOCOS NUSAP1 ZBED2 PTPN14 TTK CXCL5 Sirolimus HUNK IRF8 NUF2 P2RX5 IL2RA GNPDA1 Sirolimus BUB1 BUB1B CLCN4 TNFSF11 KSR2 ASPM Sirolimus GTSE1 DIAPH3 ZBTB32 CEBPA NTRK1 SGOL2 Sirolimus PBK AHNAK2 C1R WDR63 HAVCR2 Sirolimus TOP2A UHRF1 SLC16A1 PTGER2 HDGFRP3

TABLE 14H List and pathway analysis of Class Neighbor (CN) Genes (Tac/Mtx) Experimental CN Genes CTN Genes CN Genes CN Genes CN Genes cohort CN Genes continued . . . continued . . . continued . . . continued . . . continued . . . Tac/Mtx MATN2 TP63 PALM2-AKAP2 DSCC1 ND2 NUF2 Tac/Mtx KIF11 FAM111B KIF18A VEGFA TYMS STON1 Tac/Mtx SNX5 CMPK2 UBA6 NEK2 SLC4A10 PHLDA1 Tac/Mtx TWIST1 JUN OIP5 SEMA6D IL12RB2 BCL2L14 Tac/Mtx FOS DEPDC1B HSD11B1 HBB SPC25 HLF Tac/Mtx MOCOS NMU HIST1H3D E2F8 HIST1H3F CRISP3 Tac/Mtx CD70 LOC100428522 CEP55 TNF HRASLS2 TTC39B Tac/Mtx LOC701920 PGGT1B BUB1 LOC100133583 MX2 GPSM2 Tac/Mtx TRIM9 FAM72A CD86 TPH1 CCR6 ZNF846 Tac/Mtx PRRX1 IFNG MACROD2 KIR3DH CHN2 VRK2 Tac/Mtx ANXA3 SETD9 CXCL3 EGLN3 CDK1 CCNB2 Tac/Mtx ANLN HLA-DQA1 RRM2 SCN2A UHRF1 RDX Tac/Mtx CA1 C6orf105 PVRL3 GTSE1 PRR11 RYR2 Tac/Mtx SIGLEC12 ANXA4 IL22 S100A8 LDLRAD3 SGOL2 Tac/Mtx KIR3DL2 S100A9 CD160 IL8 KIF23 HIST1H3C Tac/Mtx CCL3 CDKN2A LOC100293820 E2F7 PBK Tac/Mtx HPGD CGA CHEK1 IFI27 IL26

TABLE 14I Neighbor Genes List Pop Pop Fold Count % PValue Genes Total Hits Total Enrichment Bonferroni Benjamini FDR 8 8.24742268 1.71E−07 IFIT3, IFIT2, IFIT1, 58 67 9075 18.68244982 1.56E−05 1.56E−05 1.87E−04 OASL, ISG15, RSAD2, OAS2, MX1 4 4.12371134 0.00122455 NCF2, NCF1, CAMP, 58 34 9075 18.40770791 0.10551095 0.05422569 1.32693339 LTF 4 4.12371134 0.00130995 GNAQ, IDO1, HBA1, 47 33 6910 17.8207608 0.14105775 0.14105775 1.48435022 HBB 3 3.09278351 0.00135652 HBA1, CA2, HBB 58 9 9075 52.15517241 0.11620204 0.0403394 1.46897077 3 3.09278351 0.00289207 HBA1, CA2, HBB 58 13 9075 36.10742706 0.23168788 0.06376597 3.10814593 3 3.09278351 0.00753965 CYP4F3, ALOX5, 58 21 9075 22.35221675 0.49777525 0.12867611 7.919598 CYP4F2 4 4.12371134 0.01071044 IFIT1, ISG15, HERC5, 58 73 9075 8.573453 0.62465395 0.15067878 11.0765333 MX1 3 3.09278351 0.0301586 MMP9, THBS1, DAPK1 47 41 6910 10.75765439 0.97133951 0.83070592 29.4867393 3 3.09278351 0.04183085 HBA1, THBS1, HBB 47 49 6910 9.001302649 0.99296453 0.80838429 38.5846318 4 4.12371134 0.04801752 ORM1, F13A1, THBS1, 58 130 9075 4.814323607 0.98864375 0.47255593 41.519022 CFD 2 2.06185567 0.04917563 NCF2, NCF1 58 8 9075 39.11637931 0.98983453 0.43650385 42.2899681 2 2.06185567 0.05515302 CYP1B1, CYP4F2 58 9 9075 34.77011494 0.99427343 0.43652172 46.1243066 3 3.09278351 0.06372668 CYP4F3, ALOX5, 47 62 6910 7.113932739 0.99951838 0.85185846 52.822194 CYP4F2 2 2.06185567 0.07286455 CYP4F3, CYP4F2 58 12 9075 26.07758621 0.99897664 0.49765395 56.1673508 2 2.06185567 0.07286455 CYP4F3, CYP4F2 58 12 9075 26.07758621 0.99897664 0.49765395 56.1673508 2 2.06185567 0.07869559 NCF2, NCF1 58 13 9075 24.07161804 0.99942365 0.49240544 59.0809014 4 4.12371134 0.08103945 FCAR, NCF2, NCF1, 47 153 6910 3.843693506 0.99994474 0.85923739 61.8705748 THBS1 2 2.06185567 0.09024979 CYP4F3, CYP4F2 58 15 9075 20.86206897 0.99981722 0.51191768 64.3407

TABLE 15 Full list of genes from the leading edges of the corresponding GSEA performed (FIG. 15E Leading Edge Gene Lists) HECKER_IFNB1_TARGETS KY1005/Sirolimus KY1005/Sirolimus KY1005/Sirolimus D100 vs Auto D100 D100 vs Siro D100 vs KY1005 # GENE # GENE # GENE 1 CMPK2 1 HERC5 1 CYP4F3 2 HERC5 2 IFIT1 2 IL8 3 RSAD2 3 IFIT3 3 HERC5 4 MMP9 4 CYP4F3 4 MGAM 5 CYP4F3 5 MGAM 5 EGR1 6 MGAM 6 RSAD2 6 LILRA3 7 CD163 7 IFIT2 7 IFIT3 8 IL8 8 IFI44 8 RSAD2 9 TNFAIP6 9 CMPK2 9 TYMP 10 EGR1 10 TNFAIP6 10 C3AR1 11 IFIT3 11 MX1 11 CMPK2 12 EGR2 12 OAS2 12 KCNJ15 13 C3AR1 13 MMP9 13 G0S2 14 LILRA3 14 CD163 14 MMP9 15 MX1 15 SAMD9L 15 IFIT2 16 IFIT2 16 MX2 16 MMP25 17 SAMD9L 17 LILRA3 17 IFIT1 18 IFIT1 18 TYMP 18 IFI44 19 MMP25 19 DDX58 19 HERC6 20 ISG15 20 OASL 20 TNFAIP6 21 IFI44 21 DDX60 21 OASL 22 G0S2 22 HERC6 22 XAF1 23 IFI27 23 KCNJ15 23 FFAR2 24 OASL 24 IFIT5 24 ISG15 25 TYMP 25 XAF1 25 RTP4 26 KCNJ15 26 IFI6 26 SAMD9 27 PLSCR1 27 ISG15 27 TMEM140 28 XAF1 28 G0S2 28 OAS3 29 IRF7 29 IFI27 29 CD163 30 FCER1A 30 SAMD9 30 SCO2 31 STAP1 31 IRF7 31 MX1 32 TMEM140 32 C3AR1 32 IFIT5 33 GBP1 33 IL8 33 TREML1 34 HERC6 34 GBP1 34 DHX58 35 MS4A4A 35 MS4A4A 35 IRF7 36 IFI6 36 MMP25 36 DDX60 37 PROS1 37 EPSTI1 37 IFI6 38 IFIT5 38 DHX58 38 EIF2AK2 39 DDX58 39 EIF2AK2 39 SERPING1 40 SAMD9 40 OAS3 40 DDX58 41 OAS2 41 PROS1 41 MX2 42 CLU 42 TMEM140 42 TCL1A 43 SCO2 43 TREML1 43 LGALS3BP 44 MX2 44 SCO2 44 STAP1 45 EIF2AK2 45 SAMD9L 46 DHX58 46 PARP12 47 FFAR2 48 EPSTI1 49 OAS3 50 TREML1

TABLE 16 Full list of genes from the leading edges of the corresponding GSEA performed (FIGS. 14D and 14E Leading Edge Gene Lists) CHANG_CYCLING_GENES BOSCO_TH1_CYTOTOXIC_MODULE (FIG. 14D) (FIG. 14E) KY1005/Siro KY1005/Siro KY1005/Siro KY1005/Siro D 14 vs KY1005 D 14 vs Siro D 14 vs KY1005 D 14 vs Siro # GENE # GENE # GENE # GENE 1 WSB1 1 PRR11 1 CCR5 1 CCR5 2 ANLN 2 BUB1 2 IFNG 2 IL12RB2 3 CCNB2 3 ANLN 3 CASC5 3 IFNG 4 DLGAP5 4 PBK 4 TYMS 4 TYMS 5 PBK 5 DLGAP5 5 F2R 5 CASC5 6 BUB1 6 BUB1B 6 IL10 6 IL10 7 DEPDC1B 7 CCNB2 7 MKI67 7 RRM2 8 WDR76 8 GTSE1 8 PRF1 8 P2RX5 9 DEPDC1 9 NUSAP1 9 KLRD1 9 GIMAP4 10 PRR11 10 MELK 10 SLAMF1 10 MKI67 11 BUB1B 11 HMMR 11 GIMAP4 11 GZMK 12 FAM111B 12 SKA3 12 CTLA4 12 CD38 13 CCNA2 13 DIAPH3 13 SLA2 13 CTLA4 14 CDKN3 14 KIF23 14 STAT4 14 MYBL1 15 GTSE1 15 SPAG5 15 HS3ST3B1 15 IRF4 16 TPX2 16 DEPDC1 16 SAMD3 16 SH2D1A 17 CENPA 17 WDR76 17 GZMK 17 BCL2L14 18 RRM1 18 CDKN3 18 SH2D1A 18 PRF1 19 MELK 19 GAS2L3 19 IRF4 19 IL21 20 KIF23 20 RRM2 20 BCL2L14 20 HS3ST3B1 21 NUSAP1 21 CDC25C 21 CD38 22 DIAPH3 22 FAM83D 22 RRM2 23 CKS2 23 DEPDC1B 23 NKG7 24 GMNN 24 CCNA2 24 P2RX5 25 SKA3 25 EXO1 25 GIMAP8 26 HIST1H2AC 26 CDCA8 26 IL21 27 UBE2T 27 WSB1 27 MYBL1 28 CENPF 28 TOP2A 28 RNASE2 29 KIF22 29 UBE2C 29 GZMB 30 HMMR 30 NUF2 30 CD5 31 FAM83D 31 ESCO2 31 GNLY 32 CDC6 32 CDCA7 33 CDCA8 33 BARD1 34 CDK1 34 CENPF 35 PRPS2 35 CDK1 36 GAS2L3 36 CENPA 37 CDC25A 37 RAD51AP1 38 SMC4 38 CDC6 39 SPAG5 39 UBE2T 40 TOP2A 40 MET 41 KIFC1 41 CKS2 42 PTTG1 42 CENPM 43 ESCO2 43 NCAPH 44 RAD51AP1 44 UHRF1 45 CENPQ 45 ATAD2 46 BARD1 46 KIAA0101 47 PRIM2 47 BIRC5 48 ATAD2 48 CKAP2 49 NUF2 49 PTTG1 50 UBE2C 50 FOXM1 51 UHRF1 51 CKAP2L 52 CDC25C 52 KIF22 53 NCAPH 53 CENPQ 54 KIAA0101 54 HELLS 55 CKAP2 55 PHTF2 56 IFIT1 56 CDC25A 57 CASP3 57 AURKA 58 FEN1 58 GMNN 59 CDCA7 59 KIF20B 60 MAD2L1 60 GINS3 61 DHFR 61 MAD2L1 62 CDCA5 62 FEN1 63 HJURP 63 PRIM2 64 HELLS 64 PRPS2 65 EXO1 65 CDCA5 66 AURKA 66 TPX2 67 RRM2 67 HIST1H2AC 68 BUB3 68 MCM4 69 RANGAP1 69 GINS2 70 G2E3 70 LMNB1 71 ANP32E 71 DHFR 72 KIF20B 72 H2AFX 73 TIPIN 73 HN1 74 FOXM1 74 SMC4 75 CKAP2L 75 C7orf41 76 CENPM 76 FAM64A 77 FAM64A 77 RRM1 78 BIRC5 78 KIFC1 79 LMNB1 79 PSRC1 80 CCNF 80 MCM6 81 USP1 81 TRIP13 82 UBE2S 82 CCNF 83 ITGB3 83 FAM111B 84 TUBB 84 PLK1 85 MCM5 86 RECQL4

TABLE 17 Full list of genes from the leading edges of the corresponding GSEA performed (FIGS. 14F and 14G Leading Edge Gene Lists) GSE27241_WT_VS_RORGT_KO_TH17_PO- PID_IL23_PATHWAY LARIZED_CD4_T_CELLS_UP (FIG. 14G) (FIG. 14F) KY1005/Sirolimus KY1005/Sirolimus KY1005/Sirolimus KY1005/Sirolimus vs Tac/MTX vs CTLA4-Ig/Siro vs Tac/MTX vs CTLA4-Ig/Siro # GENE # GENE # GENE # GENE 1 IFNG 1 IL6 1 MGAM 1 ANLN 2 IL6 2 CCL2 2 CYP4F3 2 DUSP4 3 TNF 3 IFNG 3 MMP9 3 UBE2T 4 IL18 4 IL17A 4 TNFAIP6 4 UHRF1 5 IL23R 5 TNF 5 CD163 5 KIF11 6 IL17A 6 IL18 6 HERC5 6 TTK 7 CCL2 7 IL23R 7 TYMP 7 RAD54B 8 IL12RB1 8 CXCL1 8 IFIT2 8 E2F8 9 CXCL1 9 IL17F 9 C3AR1 9 KIF15 10 CXCL9 10 CXCL9 10 LILRA3 10 HIST1H2BB 11 IL2 11 IL1B 11 SAMD9L 11 GTSE1 12 CD4 12 IFIT1 12 AKAP12 13 SOCS3 13 IFIT3 13 CENPF 14 IL12RB1 14 KCNJ15 14 CASC5 15 IFI44 15 MKI67 16 EGR1 16 PRC1 17 EGR2 17 PRR11 18 SAMD9 18 RACGAP1 19 RSAD2 19 SPAG5 20 FFAR2 20 ARHGAP11A 21 XAF1 21 CDCA2 22 IFIT5 22 ECT2 23 DDX58 23 KIF23 24 MMP25 24 CCNA2 25 CMPK2 25 BRIP1 26 FCER1A 26 GMNN 27 HERC6 27 HIST1H1B 28 TMEM140 28 PTCHD3 29 SCO2 29 POLE 30 GBP1 30 CCNF 31 MX1 31 BCOR 32 G0S2 32 BARD1 33 MS4A4A 33 CDC6 34 DDX60 34 PLK1 35 PLSCR1 35 TTF2 36 IFI6 36 TOP2A 37 ISG15 37 NEIL3 38 STMN1 39 KIF14 40 SHC1 41 NTN1 42 GSG2 43 SMC2 44 POP1 45 BMP7 46 EZH2

Discussion

In order for immunomodulatory strategies to successfully control alloreactivity in transplant patients, they must reach a high bar: They must simultaneously control effector T-cell activation while still permitting regulatory T-cell reconstitution. Towards this end, there has been significantly more success in controlling the Teff response than in supporting Treg function, given that the majority of the clinically-available agents are not Treg-friendly. This includes CNIs (Akimova et al., 2012; Furukawa et al, 2016), the anti-proliferative agents, as well as other therapeutics including anti-IL2R agents (Bluestone et al., 2008; Locke et al., 2016; Vondran et al., 2010)), steroids, and anti-thymocyte globulins (Gurkan et al., 2010; Na et al., 2013), amongst others. Of the agents currently clinically available, the notable exception to this paradigm is the mTOR inhibitor sirolimus, which has been shown to support Treg homeostasis both in vitro and in vivo (Akimova et al., 2012; Gao et al., 2007; Zeiser et al., 2006; Singh et al., 2014; Sugiyama et al., 2014). However, sirolimus alone, or in combination with tacrolimus or MMF is not sufficient to control GVHD (Cutler et al., 2014; Bejanyan et al., 2016) likely due to its inability to control Teff activation as a monotherapy and to effectively support Treg homeostasis when combined with CNIs. Thus, the search for an effective partner for sirolimus, in order to best capitalise on its tolerogenic properties while successfully controlling Teff activation. In this study, we have identified OX40L blockade as a highly synergistic combinatorial strategy with sirolimus, as well as the immune pathways that associate with the potent control of aGVHD that occurs with this combination.

OX40:OX40L co-signalling represents one of the few pathways for which there are data to suggest a potentially dichotomous effect on conventional versus regulatory T-cells. Thus, it is well-documented that OX40 is upregulated on CD4⁺>>CD8⁺conventional T-cells during activation (Kinnear et al., 2013; Chen et al., 1999; Kopf et al., 1999; Kinnear et al., 2010) and that OX40:OX40L blockade in murine aGVHD models can augment survival of allo-HCT recipients, with the major effects observed on CD4⁺ T-cell-mediated aGVHD (Blazar et al., 2003; Tsukada et al., 2000; Sanchez eta/., 2004; Miura et a/., 2005; ). Of particularly note are the observations that, in contrast to the positive impact that OX40 ligation makes on conventional T-cells, OX40 ligation on Tregs can result in the opposite effect, i.e. inhibition of Treg survival (Kinnear et al., 2013) and an inhibition of their ability to suppress effector T-cell activation (Vu et al., 2007; Kinnear et al, 2013; Valzasina eta., 2005; Piconese et al., 2008). This suggests that blocking the OX40:OX40L pathway might, paradoxically, have salutary effects on Treg function. There has been controversy concerning this effect, however, and several studies have argued that OX40 signalling enhances Treg survival and expansion, particularly during lymphopenia and inflammation (Baeyens et al., 2015; Ruby et al, 2009; Takeda et al, 2004; Kroemer et al., 2007; Piconese et a/., 2010). However, these studies were all performed in mice, and until this study, it remained undetermined which of the effects of OX40:OX40L blockade would translate to primates or how the presence of combinatorial immunomodulation would alter these outcomes. This is especially important, given that combination therapies will certainly be necessary for successful clinical translation. For the first time, these results provide these answers in a primate model of aGVHD. They identify highly synergistic immune control afforded by OX40L blockade combined with sirolimus, which together were able to simultaneously control effector T-cells while supporting Treg homeostasis after transplant. These results have the potential to impact clinical practice, based on two key attributes: First, they combine OX40L blockade with sirolimus, an established immunomodulation platform. Second, the anti-OX40L antibody studied, KY1005, is a fully human antibody, developed for clinical use (Lee et a/., 2014). Trials of combinatorial prophylaxis with KY1005/Sirolimus will be critical to establish the clinical safety and efficacy of this strategy, including its impact on other clinical outcomes, most importantly including graft-versus leukemia (GVL) effects. While previous murine studies demonstrated that the elimination of OX40⁺ T-cells from an allograft could simultaneously reduce aGVHD while preserving both GVL and anti-viral immunity (Ge eta/, 2008), there is no leukemia model in NHP, and thus this issue cannot be directly evaluated in primates prior to clinical evaluation. As with all new immunomodulatory strategies, early phase clinical trials with KY1005/sirolimus will thus need to employ strong stopping rules to mitigate any increased risk of relapse.

While interrogating synergies in the setting of combination therapies is critical, one of the strengths of NHP models is their ability to also specifically probe bio-activity and mechanism-of-action of novel agents through monotherapy experiments. Indeed, these results demonstrate that OX40L blockade with KY1005, even as a monotherapy, has several important attributes: It was able to significantly control conventional CD4⁺ T-cell proliferation and effector maturation, and, importantly, could stabilise the Treg:Tconv ratio, that was otherwise seriously degraded after transplant. However, despite the clear biologic effect of KY1005 as a monotherapy, and likely due to its predominant impact on CD4⁺>>CD8⁺ T-cell proliferation and activation, it was, as expected, insufficient to fully protect from aGVHD. Likewise, sirolimus monotherapy, as we have previously reported, could also better maintain the Treg:Tconv ratio compared to recipients not receiving immune prophylaxis (Na et al., 2013) but also was insufficient to control effector T-cell activation, leading to severe aGVHD in these recipients (Furlan eta/., 2015; Furlan et al., 2016).

However, when OX40L blockade was combined with sirolimus producedimpressive results. Recipients prophylaxed with KY1005/Sirolimus demonstrated all of the clinical and immunologic characteristics desired post-transplant: The combined therapy was able to potently control T-cell activation, while still allowing successful hematologic reconstitution and donor engraftment post-transplant. Transplant recipients prophylaxed with this combination remained clinically healthy, and without signs of GVHD, even with weaning of KY1005 after Day 54 post-transplant. Importantly, they demonstrated recipient-specific blunting of ex-vivo alloreactivity, with better maintenance of anti-third-party proliferative responses. This is the first time that we have successfully controlled GVHD for >100 days post-transplant in NHP undergoing high-risk T-cell replete MHC haploidentical HCT (Furlan et al., 2015; Furlan et al., 2016; Miller eta., 2010), and as such represents a milestone for this model. Although technically challenging, the question of very long-term control of alloreactivity (with analysis extending to years post-transplant rather than months) can be accomplished in NHP (Larsen et al., 2010; Zheng et al., 2017). Such studies would allow us to evaluate the ability of KY1005/Sirolimus to reset the immune balance and prevent GVHD even after weaning sirolimus. They represent a critical area for future investigations.

Flow cytometric and transcriptomic analyses allowed us to probe the mechanisms driving the control of alloreactivity in KY1005/sirolimus-prophylaxed animals. One of the most notable findings was the ability of this combination strategy to enhance the Treg: Tconv ratio after transplant, an effect that was durable for the length of analysis, even after the weaning of KY1005 after day 54 post-transplant. While these experiments did not allow us to specifically test whether the expanding Tregs were donor-specific, this result nonetheless supports the hypothesis that in aGVHD, OX40L blockade does indeed have dichotomous effects on Treg compared to Teff, an effect that is strengthened by combination with sirolimus. Transcriptome analysis supported this observation, underscoring the enrichment of Treg signatures during combinatorial prophylaxis. As such, this represents a critical observation supporting clinical translation of this therapeutic strategy, given its unique ability to potently suppress effector T-cell activation while simultaneously supporting Treg reconstitution.

In addition to identifying the naïve T-cell and Treg signatures in the KY1005/Sirolimus-prophylaxed T-cells, transcriptome analysis revealed other enriched pathways that deserve special discussion. These include the Jak-STAT signaling pathway and the Type 1 interferon (IFN) pathways, which were robustly enriched in KY1005/Sirolimus T-cells compared to all other cohorts. The enrichment in Jak-STAT signaling is somewhat unexpected given the well-established role of cytokine signaling in promoting alloreactivity after HCT (Henden et al., 2015) as well as the promising results of clinical trials utilizing Jak-STAT inhibitors for GVHD prevention (Spoerl et al., 2014; Zeiser et al., 2015). However, the detailed analysis of this Jak-STAT signature revealed that enrichment in transcripts encoding pro-inflammatory cytokines/cytokine receptors was counterbalanced by the enrichment in genes encoding anti-inflammatory cytokines and their receptors, suggesting complex regulation of this pathway in the setting of combined mTOR/OX40L blockade.

While the Type 1 IFN pathways, canonically associated with anti-viral and other pathogen-driven responses, are classically attributed to innate cells, but also well-documented to be present in T-cells (Crouse et al., 2015; Kabelitz et al., 2007). Given that we observed CMV reactivation in recipients who were prophylaxed with KY1005/Sirolimus, these pathways may have been activated as part of an anti-viral response. However, wither incited by viral reactivation or induced directly during combined OX40L and mTOR blockade, the activation of these pathways may also have contributed to the potent control of aGVHD mediated by KY1005/Sirolimus. Thus, previous studies have documented significant activity of Type I IFN pathways against aGVHD (Robb et al., 2012; Robb et al., 2011), in addition to evidence supporting the ability of these signalling pathways to restrain Th17-driven inflammation in autoimmune models (Guo et al., 2008; Shinohara et al., 2008) and in patients with IBD (Moschen et al., 2008). Moreover, type I IFNs have also been shown to enhance Treg survival and anti-inflammatory function in both mice and humans (Stewart et al., 2013; Kole et al., 2013; Chen et al., 2012; Kanto et al., 2012; Lee et al, 2012; Metidji et al., 2015). However, the data surrounding IFNs are complex; some experiments indicatethat these pathways can also potentiate CD8-dependent alloimmunity and in so doing, can potentiate graft-versus leukemia responses and overcome tumor-driven T-cell tolerance, (Horkheimer et al., 2009) while also potentially augmenting, rather than controlling, GVHD (Robb et al., 2009; Robb et al., 2012) Our dataset underscores the influence of canonical innate signalling pathways on the adaptive immune response and indicates that these pathways may enhance rather than impede the control of GVHD. They point to a critical area for future investigation, aimed at dissecting the potentially important role that classic anti-viral immune activation may have in immune tolerance-induction.

One of the most important observations in the current study is the degree to which previously established transcriptomic signatures of both Hyerpacute and Breakthrough Acute GVHD (Furlan et al., 2016; Furlan et al., 2015) were normalised in T-cells emerging during KY1005/Sirolimus prophylaxis. This includes the Th/Tc1 signatures that characterise Hyperacute GVHD, as well as the Th/Tc17 pathways that are prototypical of Breakthrough Acute GVHD. These pathways have been identified during GVHD that occurs despite both Tac/Mtx- and sirolimus-based combinatorial immunoprophylaxis, and therefore define key, clinically-relevant immunologic barriers to aGVHD control. These results suggest that KY1005/Sirolimus sets a new transcriptomic standard for aGVHD prevention, and for pathways leading to intact T-cell homeostasis after transplant. The ability of KY1005/Sirolimus to control pathology in the complex, clinically-relevant NHP model of GVHD suggests that this regimen may be an exceptional candidate for clinical translation.

Example 11 References

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SEQUENCE LISTING SEQ ID NO: 1 10A07 VH Nucleotide Sequence GAGGTGCAACTGGTGGAGTCTGGGGGAGTCTTGGTACAGCCGGGGGGGTCCCT GAGACTCTCCTGTGCAGCCTCTGGATTCACCTTTAGCAGTTATATTATGACTTGG GTCCGCCAGGCTCCAGGGAAGGGGCTGGAGTGGGTCTCAGGTATTAGTGGTAG TGGTGGTGGTACATACTACGCAGACTCCATGAAGGGCCGGTTCACCATCTCCAG AGACAATTCCAAGAACACGCTGTATCTGCAGATGAACAGCCTGAGAGTCGAGGA CACGGCCGTATATTACTGTGCGAAAGATCGGTTAGGTCCGATTACTTTGGTTCG GGGGGGCTATTACTACGGTATGGACGTCTGGGGCCAAGGGACCACGGTCACCG TCTCCTCA 2 VH Amino Acid Sequence EVQLVESGGVLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFTFSSYIMTWVRQAPGKGLEWVSGISGSG GGTYYADSMKGRFTISRDNSKNTLYLQMNSLRVEDTAVYYCAKDRLGPITLVRGGY YYGMDVWGQGTTVTVSS 3 HCDR1 Nucleotide Sequence (IMGT) GGATTCACCTTTAGCAGTTATATT 4 HCDR1 Amino Acid Sequence (IMGT) GFTFSSYI 5 HCDR2 Nucleotide Sequence (IMGT) ATTAGTGGTAGTGGTGGTGGTACA 6 HCDR Amino Acid Sequence (IMGT) ISGSGGGT 7 HCDR3 Nucleotide Sequence (IMGT) GCGAAAGATCGGTTAGGTCCGATTACTTTGGTTCGGGGGGGCTATTACTACGGT ATGGACGTC 8 HCDR3 Amino Acid Sequence (IMGT) AKDRLGPITLVRGGYYYGMDV 9 HCDR1 Nucleotide Sequence (KABAT) AGTTATATTATGACT 10 HCDR1 Amino Acid Sequence (KABAT) SYIMT 11 HCDR2 Nucleotide Sequence (KABAT) GGTATTAGTGGTAGTGGTGGTGGTACATACTACGCAGACTCCATGAAGGGC 12 HCDR2 Amino Acid Sequence (KABAT) GISGSGGGTYYADSMKG 13 HCDR3 Nucleotide Sequence (KABAT) GATCGGTTAGGTCCGATTACTTTGGTTCGGGGGGGCTATTACTACGGTATGGAC GTC 14 HCDR3 Amino Acid Sequence (KABAT) DRLGPITLVRGGYYYGMDV 15 VL Nucleotide Sequence GACATCCAGATGACCCAGTCTCCATCCTCCCTGTCTGCATCTGTAGGAGACAGAG TCACCATCACTTGCCGGGCAAGTCAGAGCATTAGCGACTATTTAAATTGGTATCA GCAGAAACCAGGGAAAGCCCCTAAGTTCCTGATCTATGCTGCATCCAGTTTGCAA AGTGGAGTCCCATCAAGGTTCAGTGGCAGTGGATCTGGGACAGATTTCACTCTC ACCGTCAGCAGTCTGCAACCTGAAGATTTTGCAACTTACTACTGTCAACAGAGTT ACAGTACCCCTCGGACGTTCGGCCAAGGGACCAGGGTGGAAATCAAA 16 VL Amino Acid Sequence DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQSISDYLNWYQQKPGKAPKFLIYAASSLQS GVPSRFSGSGSGTDFTLIVSSLQPEDFATYYCQQSYSTPRTFGQGTRVEIK 17 LCDR1 Nucleotide Sequence (IMGT) CAGAGCATTAGCGACTAT 18 LCDR1 Amino Acid Sequence (IMGT) QSISDY 19 LCDR2 Nucleotide Sequence (IMGT) GCTGCATCC 20 LCDR2 Amino Acid Sequence (IMGT) MS 21 LCDR3 Nucleotide Sequence (IMGT) CAACAGAGTTACAGTACCCCTCGGACG 22 LCDR3 Amino Acid Sequence (IMGT) QQSYSTPRT 23 LCDR1 Nucleotide Sequence (KABAT) CGGGCAAGTCAGAGCATTAGCGACTATTTAAAT 24 LCDR1 Amino Acid Sequence (KABAT) RASQSISDYLN 25 LCDR2 Nucleotide Sequence (KABAT) GCTGCATCCAGTTTGCAAAGT 26 LCDR2 Amino Acid Sequence (KABAT) AASSLQS 27 LCDR3 Nucleotide Sequence (KABAT) CAACAGAGTTACAGTACCCCTCGGACG 28 LCDR3 Amino Acid Sequence (KABAT) QQSYSTPRT 29 Heavy Chain Nucleotide Sequence GAGGTCCAGCTCGTGGAAAGCGGAGGAGTGCTCGTGCAGCCTGGAGGCAGCCT CAGGCTGTCCTGTGCCGCCTCCGGCTTCACCTTCAGCAGCTACATCATGACCTG GGTGAGGCAGGCTCCCGGAAAAGGCCTGGAGTGGGTGTCCGGCATCTCCGGAT CCGGAGGAGGCACATACTACGCCGACAGCATGAAGGGCCGGTTCACCATCAGCC GGGACAATAGCAAGAATACCCTCTACCTGCAAATGAACAGCCTGCGGGTGGAGG ATACCGCCGTGTACTACTGCGCCAAAGATAGGCTGGGCCCCATTACCCTCGTGA GGGGAGGCTATTACTACGGCATGGATGTGTGGGGCCAGGGCACCACCGTGACA GTGTCCAGCGCCAGCACCAAGGGCCCTTCCGTGTTCCCCCTGGCCCCTTGCAGC AGGAGCACCTCCGAATCCACAGCTGCCCTGGGCTGTCTGGTGAAGGACTACTTT CCCGAGCCCGTGACCGTGAGCTGGAACAGCGGCGCTCTGACATCCGGCGTCCAC ACCTTTCCTGCCGTCCTGCAGTCCTCCGGCCTCTACTCCCTGTCCTCCGTGGTGA CCGTGCCTAGCTCCTCCCTCGGCACCAAGACCTACACCTGTAACGTGGACCACAA ACCCTCCAACACCAAGGTGGACAAACGGGTCGAGAGCAAGTACGGCCCTCCCTG CCCTCCTTGTCCTGCCCCCGAGTTCGAAGGCGGACCCAGCGTGTTCCTGTTCCC TCCTAAGCCCAAGGACACCCTCATGATCAGCCGGACACCCGAGGTGACCTGCGT GGTGGTGGATGTGAGCCAGGAGGACCCTGAGGTCCAGTTCAACTGGTATGTGG ATGGCGTGGAGGTGCACAACGCCAAGACAAAGCCCCGGGAAGAGCAGTTCAACT CCACCTACAGGGTGGTCAGCGTGCTGACCGTGCTGCATCAGGACTGGCTGAACG GCAAGGAGTACAAGTGCAAGGTCAGCAATAAGGGACTGCCCAGCAGCATCGAGA AGACCATCTCCAAGGCTAAAGGCCAGCCCCGGGAACCTCAGGTGTACACCCTGC CTCCCAGCCAGGAGGAGATGACCAAGAACCAGGTGAGCCTGACCTGCCTGGTGA AGGGATTCTACCCTTCCGACATCGCCGTGGAGTGGGAGTCCAACGGCCAGCCCG AGAACAATTATAAGACCACCCCTCCCGTCCTCGACAGCGACGGATCCTTCTTTCT GTACTCCAGGCTGACCGTGGATAAGTCCAGGTGGCAGGAAGGCAACGTGTTCAG CTGCTCCGTGATGCACGAGGCCCTGCACAATCACTACACCCAGAAGTCCCTGAG CCTGTCCCTGGGAAAG 30 Heavy Chain Amino Acid Sequence EVQLVESGGVLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFTFSSYIMTWVRQAPGKGLEWVSGISGSG GGTYYADSMKGRFTISRDNSKNTLYLQMNSLRVEDTAVYYCAKDRLGPITLVRGGY YYGMDVWGQGTTVTVSSASTKGPSVFPLAPCSRSTSESTAALGCLVKDYFPEPVTV SWNSGALTSGVHTFPAVLQSSGLYSLSSVVTVPSSSLGTKTYTCNVDHKPSNTKVD KRVESKYGPPCPPCPAPEFEGGPSVFLFPPKPKDTLMISRTPEVTCVVVDVSQEDPE VQFNWYVDGVEVHNAKTKPREEQFNSTYRVVSVLTVLHQDWLNGKEYKCKVSNK GLPSSIEKTISKAKGQPREPQVYTLPPSQEEMTKNQVSLTCLVKGFYPSDIAVEWES NGQPENNYKTTPPVLDSDGSFFLYSRLTVDKSRWQEGNVFSCSVMHEALHNHYTQ KSLSLSLGK 31 Light Chain Nucleotide Sequence GACATCCAGATGACCCAGTCCCCTTCCTCCCTGTCCGCCTCCGTGGGAGACAGG GTGACCATCACCTGCCGGGCCAGCCAGTCCATCAGCGACTACCTGAACTGGTAT CAGCAGAAGCCCGGCAAGGCCCCTAAGTTCCTGATCTACGCCGCTTCCTCCCTG CAGTCCGGAGTGCCCAGCAGGTTTTCCGGCTCCGGATCCGGCACCGACTTCACC CTGACCGTGTCCAGCCTGCAGCCCGAGGACTTCGCCACCTACTACTGCCAGCAG AGCTACAGCACCCCCAGGACATTTGGCCAGGGCACCCGGGTGGAGATCAAGAGG ACCGTCGCTGCCCCCTCCGTGTTTATCTTCCCCCCCAGCGACGAGCAGCTGAAAT CCGGCACCGCCTCCGTGGTCTGCCTGCTGAATAACTTCTACCCTCGGGAGGCCA AGGTGCAGTGGAAGGTGGACAACGCCCTGCAGAGCGGAAACTCCCAGGAGAGC GTGACCGAGCAGGACTCCAAGGACTCCACATACTCCCTGTCCTCCACCCTGACAC TGTCCAAGGCCGATTACGAGAAGCACAAGGTGTACGCCTGCGAGGTGACCCACC AGGGACTGTCCTCCCCCGTGACCAAGTCCTTCAACCGGGGCGAGTGC 32 Light Chain Amino Acid Sequence DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQSISDYLNWYQQKPGKAPKFLIYAASSLQS GVPSRFSGSGSGTDFTLTVSSLQPEDFATYYCQQSYSTPRTFGQGTRVEIKRTVAA PSVFIFPPSDEQLKSGTASVVCLLNNFYPREAKVQWKVDNALQSGNSQESVTEQDS KDSTYSLSSTLTLSKADYEKHKVYACEVTHQGLSSPVTKSFNRGEC 33 02D10 VH Nucleotide Sequence GAGGTGCAGTTGGTGGAGTCTGGGGGAGGCTTGGTACAGCCTGGGGGGTCCCT GAGACTCTCCTGTGCAGCCTCTGGATTCATTTTAGCAACTATGCCATGAACTGG GTCCGCCAGGCTCCAGGGAAGGGGCTGGAGTGGGTCTCAACTATTAGCGGAAG TGGTGGTGCCACAAGGTATGCAGACTCCGTGAAGGGCCGATTCACCATATCCAG AGACAATTCCAGGAACACGGTGTATCTGCAAATGAACAGCCTGAGAGTCGAGGA CACGGCCGTTTTTTACTGTACGAAAGATCGGCTCATTATGGCTACGGTTCGGGG ACCCTATTACTACGGTATGGACGTCTGGGGCCAAGGGACCACGGICACCGICTC CTCA 34 VH Amino Acid Sequence EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFTFSNYAMNWVRQAPGKGLEWVSTISGSG GATRYADSVKGRFTISRDNSRNIVYLQMNSLRVEDTAVFYCTKDRLIMATVRGPYY YGMDVWGQGTTVTVSS 35 HCDR1 Nucleotide Sequence (IMGT) GGATTCACTTTTAGCAACTATGCC 36 HCDR1 Amino Acid Sequence (IMGT) GFTFSNYA 37 HCDR2 Nucleotide Sequence (IMGT) ATTAGCGGAAGTGGTGGTGCCACA 38 HCDR2 Amino Acid Sequence (IMGT) ISGSGGAT 39 HCDR3 Nucleotide Sequence (IMGT) ACGAAAGATCGGCTCATTATGGCTACGGTTCGGGGACCCTATTACTACGGTATG GACGTC 40 HCDR3 Amino Acid Sequence (IMGT) TKDRLIMATVRGPYYYGMDV 41 HCDR1 Nucleotide Sequence (KABAT) AACTATGCCATGAAC 42 HCDR1 Amino Acid Sequence (KABAT) NYAMN 43 HCDR2 Nucleotide Sequence (KABAT) ACTATTAGCGGAAGIGGTGGTGCCACAAGGTATGCAGACTCCGTGAAGGGC 44 HCDR2 Amino Acid Sequence (KABAT) TISGSGGATRYADSVKG 45 HCDR3 Nucleotide Sequence (KABAT) GATCGGCTCATTATGGCTACGGTTCGGGGACCCTATTACTACGGTATGGACGTC 46 HCDR3 Amino Acid Sequence (KABAT) DRLIMATVRGPYYYGMDV 47 VL Nucleotide Sequence GACATCCAGATGACCCAGTCTCCATCCTCCCTGTCTGCATCTGTAGGAGACAGAG TCACCATCACTTGCCGGGCAAGTCAGAGCATTAGCAGCTATTTAAATTGGTATCA GCAGAAACCAGGGAAAGCCCCTAACCTCCTGATCTATGCTGCATCCAGTTTGCAA AGTGGGGTCCCATCAAGGTTCAGTGGCAGTGGATCTGAGACAGATTTCACTCTC ACCATCAGCAGTCTGCAACCTGAAGATTTTGCAACTTACTACTGTCAACAGAGTC ACAGTGTCTCATTCACTTTCGGCCCTGGGACCAAAGTGGATATCAAA 48 VL Amino Acid Sequence DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQSISSYLNWYQQKPGKAPNLLIYAASSLQSG VPSRFSGSGSETDFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCQQSHSVSFTFGPGTKVDIK 49 LCDR1 Nucleotide Sequence (IMGT) CAGAGCATTAGCAGCTAT 50 LCDR1 Amino Acid Sequence (IMGT) QSISSY 51 LCDR2 Nucleotide Sequence (IMGT) GCTGCATCC 52 LCDR2 Amino Acid Sequence (IMGT) MS 53 LCDR3 Nucleotide Sequence (IMGT) CAACAGAGICACAGIGTCTCATTCACT 54 LCDR3 Amino Acid Sequence (IMGT) QQSHSVSFT 55 LCDR1 Nucleotide Sequence (KABAT) CGGGCAAGTCAGAGCATTAGCAGCTATTTAAAT 56 LCDR1 Amino Acid Sequence (KABAT) RASQSISSYLN 57 LCDR2 Nucleotide Sequence (KABAT) GCTGCATCCAGTTTGCAAAGT 58 LCDR2 Amino Acid Sequence (KABAT) AASSLQS 59 LCDR3 Nucleotide Sequence (KABAT) CAACAGAGTCACAGTGTCTCATTCACT 60 LCDR3 Amino Acid Sequence (KABAT) QQSHSVSFT 61 Heavy Chain Nucleotide Sequence GAAGTGCAACTGGTGGAGTCCGGAGGAGGCCTGGTGCAGCCTGGAGGAAGCCT GAGGCTGAGCTGTGCCGCCAGCGGCTTCACCTTCAGCAACTACGCCATGAACTG GGTGAGGCAGGCCCCTGGCAAGGGACTGGAGTGGGTCTCCACCATCAGCGGCT CCGGAGGCGCTACACGGTACGCCGATAGCGTGAAGGGCCGGTTTACCATTTCCC GGGACAACTCCCGGAACACCGTGTACCTCCAGATGAACAGCCTGAGGGTGGAGG ATACCGCCGTGTTCTACTGCACCAAGGACAGGCTGATTATGGCCACCGTGAGGG GACCTTACTACTATGGCATGGATGTGTGGGGCCAGGGCACAACCGTCACCGTGT CCTCCGCCTCCACCAAGGGACCTAGCGTGTTCCCTCTCGCCCCCTGTTCCAGGTC CACAAGCGAGTCCACCGCTGCCCTCGGCTGTCTGGTGAAAGACTACTTTCCCGA GCCCGTGACCGTCTCCTGGAATAGCGGAGCCCTGACCTCCGGCGTGCACACATT TCCCGCCGTGCTGCAGAGCAGCGGACTGTATAGCCTGAGCAGCGTGGTGACCGT GCCCAGCTCCAGCCTCGGCACCAAAACCTACACCTGCAACGTGGACCACAAGCCC TCCAACACCAAGGTGGACAAGCGGGTGGAGAGCAAGTACGGCCCCCCTTGCCCT CCTTGTCCTGCCCCTGAGTTCGAGGGAGGACCCTCCGTGTTCCTGTTTCCCCCC AAACCCAAGGACACCCTGATGATCTCCCGGACACCCGAGGTGACCTGTGTGGTC GTGGACGTCAGCCAGGAGGACCCCGAGGTGCAGTTCAACTGGTATGTGGACGG CGTGGAGGTGCACAATGCCAAAACCAAGCCCAGGGAGGAGCAGTTCAATTCCAC CTACAGGGTGGTGAGCGTGCTGACCGTCCTGCATCAGGATTGGCTGAACGGCAA GGAGTACAAGTGCAAGGTGTCCAACAAGGGACTGCCCAGCTCCATCGAGAAGAC CATCAGCAAGGCTAAGGGCCAGCCGAGGGAGCCCCAGGTGTATACCCTGCCTCC TAGCCAGGAAGAGATGACCAAGAACCAAGTGTCCCTGACCTGCCTGGTGAAGGG ATTCTACCCCTCCGACATCGCCGTGGAGTGGGAGAGCAATGGCCAGCCCGAGAA CAACTACAAAACAACCCCTCCCGTGCTCGATAGCGACGGCAGCTTCTTTCTCTAC AGCCGGCTGACAGTGGACAAGAGCAGGTGGCAGGAGGGCAACGTGTTCTCCTG TTCCGTGATGCACGAGGCCCTGCACAATCACTACACCCAGAAGAGCCTCTCCCTG TCCCTGGGCAAG 62 Heavy Chain Amino Acid Sequence EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFTFSNYAMNWVRQAPGKGLEWVSTISGSG GATRYADSVKGRFTISRDNSRNTVYLQMNSLRVEDTAVFYCTKDRLIMATVRGPYY YGMDVWGQGTTVTVSSASTKGPSVFPLAPCSRSTSESTAALGCLVKDYFPEPVTVS WNSGALTSGVHTFPAVLQSSGLYSLSSVVTVPSSSLGTKTYTCNVDHKPSNTKVDK RVESKYGPPCPPCPAPEFEGGPSVFLFPPKPKDTLMISRTPEVTCVVVDVSQEDPEV QFNWYVDGVEVHNAKTKPREEQFNSTYRVVSVLTVLHQDWLNGKEYKCKVSNKG LPSSIEKTISKAKGQPREPQVYTLPPSQEEMTKNQVSLTCLVKGFYPSDIAVEWESN GQPENNYKTTPPVLDSDGSFFLYSRLTVDKSRWQEGNVFSCSVMHEALHNHYTQK SLSLSLGK 63 Light Chain Nucleotide Sequence GACATCCAGATGACCCAGTCCCCTTCCTCCCTGAGCGCTAGCGTGGGAGATAGG GTGACCATCACCTGCAGGGCCTCCCAAAGCATCTCCTCCTACCTGAACTGGTACC AGCAGAAACCCGGCAAGGCCCCCAACCTGCTGATCTACGCTGCCTCCTCCCTCCA GTCCGGCGTGCCTAGCAGGTTTAGCGGCTCCGGAAGCGAGACCGACTTCACCCT GACCATCTCCTCCCTGCAGCCCGAGGACTTCGCCACCTACTACTGCCAGCAATCC CACAGCGTGTCCTTCACCTTCGGCCCCGGCACCAAGGTGGACATCAAGAGGACC GTGGCCGCCCCCTCCGTGTTCATCTTTCCCCCCTCCGATGAACAGCTGAAGAGC GGCACCGCTAGCGTGGTGTGCCTGCTGAACAACTTCTACCCCAGGGAGGCCAAG GTGCAGTGGAAGGTGGACAATGCCCTGCAGTCCGGCAACAGCCAGGAGAGCGT GACCGAGCAGGACTCCAAGGACAGCACCTACAGCCTGTCCTCCACCCTGACCCT GTCCAAGGCCGACTACGAGAAGCACAAAGTGTACGCCTGCGAAGTGACCCATCA GGGCCTGAGCTCCCCCGTGACCAAGTCCTTTAACAGGGGCGAGTGC 64 Light Chain Amino Acid Sequence DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQSISSYLNWYQQKPGKAPNLLIYAASSLQSG VPSRFSGSGSETDFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCQQSHSVSFTFGPGTKVDIKRTVAAPS VFIFPPSDEQLKSGTASVVCLLNNFYPREAKVQWKVDNALQSGNSQESVTEQDSKD STYSLSSTLTLSKADYEKHKVYACEVTHQGLSSPVTKSFNRGEC 65 09H04 VH Nucleotide Sequence CAGGTGCAGCTGGTGGAGTCTGGGGGAGGCTTGGTCAAGCCTGGAGGGTCCCT GAGACTCTCCTGTGCAGCCTCTCGATTCACCCTCAGTGACTACTACATGACCTGG ATCCGCCAGGCTCCAGGGAAGGGGCTGGAGTGGGTTTCATACATTAGTAGTAGT GGTAATACCATATACTACGCAGACTCTGTGAAGGGCCGATTCACCATCTCCAGG GACAACGCCAAGAACTCACTGTATCTGCAAATGAACAGCCTGAGAGCCGAGGAC ACGGCCGTGTATTACTGTGCGAGAGATCTGAGTGGGAGCTACTGGGACTACTAC TACGGTATGGACGTCTGGGGCCAAGGGACCACGGTCACCGTCTCCTCA 66 VH Amino Acid Sequence QVQLVESGGGLVKPGGSLRLSCAASRFTLSDYYMTWIRQAPGKGLEWVSYISSSGN TIYYADSVKGRFTISRDNAKNSLYLQMNSLRAEDTAVYYCARDLSGSYWDYYYGM DVWGQGTTVTVSS 67 HCDR1 Nucleotide Sequence (IMGT) CGATTCACCCTCAGTGACTACTAC 68 HCDR1 Amino Acid Sequence (IMGT) RFTLSDYY 69 HCDR2 Nucleotide Sequence (IMGT) ATTAGTAGTAGTGGTAATACCATA 70 HCDR2 Amino Acid Sequence (IMGT) ISSSGNTI 71 HCDR3 Nucleotide Sequence (IMGT) GCGAGAGATCTGAGTGGGAGCTACTGGGACTACTACTACGGTATGGACGTC 72 HCDR3 Amino Acid Sequence (IMGT) ARDLSGSYWDYYYGMDV 73 HCDR1 Nucleotide Sequence (KABAT) GACTACTACATGACC 74 HCDR1 Amino Acid Sequence (KABAT) DYYMT 75 HCDR2 Nucleotide Sequence (KABAT) TACATTAGTAGTAGTGGTAATACCATATACTACGCAGACTCTGTGAAGGGC 76 HCDR2 Amino Acid Sequence (KABAT) YISSSGNTIYYADSVKG 77 HCDR3 N ucleotide Sequence (KABAT) GATCTGAGTGGGAGCTACTGGGACTACTACTACGGTATGGACGTC 78 HCDR3 Amino Acid Sequence (KABAT) DLSGSYWDYYYGMDV 79 VL Nucleotide Sequence GCCATCCAGTTGACCCAGTCTCCATCCTCCCTGTCTACATCTGTAGGAGACAGAG TCACCATCGCTTGCCGGGCAAGTCAGGGCATTAACAATGCTTTAGCCTGGTATC AGCAGAAACCAGGGAAAGCTCCTAAGCTCCTGATCTATGATGCCTCCAGTTTGG AAAGTGGGGTCCCATCAAGGTTCAGCGGCAGTGGATCTGGGACAGATTTCACTC TCACCATCAGCAGCCTGCAGCCTGAAGATTTTGCAACTTATTACTGTCAACAGTT TAATAGTTACCCTCGGACGTTCGGCCAAGGGACCAAGGTGGAAATCAAA 80 VL Amino Acid Sequence AIQLTQSPSSLSTSVGDRVTIACRASQGINNALAWYQQKPGKAPKLLIYDASSLESG VPSRFSGSGSGTDFTLTISSLQPEDFAMCQQFNSYPRTFGQGTKVEIK 81 LCDR1 Nucleotide Sequence (IMGT) CAGGGCATTAACAATGCT 82 LCDR1 Amino Acid Sequence (IMGT) QGINNA 83 LCDR2 Nucleotide Sequence (IMGT) GATGCCTCC 84 LCDR2 Amino Acid Sequence (IMGT) DAS 85 LCDR3 Nucleotide Sequence (IMGT) CAACAGTTTAATAGTTACCCTCGGACG 86 LCDR3 Amino Acid Sequence (IMGT) QQFNSYPRT 87 LCDR1 Nucleotide Sequence (KABAT) CGGGCAAGTCAGGGCATTAACAATGCTTTAGCC 88 LCDR1 Amino Acid Sequence (KABAT) RASQGINNALA 89 LCDR2 Nucleotide Sequence (KABAT) GATGCCTCCAGTTTGGAAAGT 90 LCDR2 Amino Acid Sequence (KABAT) DASSLES 91 LCDR3 Nucleotide Sequence (KABAT) CAACAGTTTAATAGTTACCCTCGGACG 92 LCDR3 Amino Acid Sequence (KABAT) QQFNSYPRT 93 19H01 VH Nucleotide Sequence GAGGTGCAGCTGGTGGAGTCTGGGGGAGGCTTGGTAAAGCCTGGGGGGTCCCT TAGACTCTCCTGTGCAGCCTCTGGATTCACTTTCAGTAACGCCTGGATGAGCTG GGTCCGCCAGGCTCCAGGGAAGGGGCTGGAGTGGGTTGGCCGTATTAAAAGCA AAACTGAAGGTGGGACAACAGACTACGCTGCACCCGTGAAAGGCAGATTCACCA TCTCAAGAGATGATTCAAAAAACACGCTGTATCTGCAAATGAACAGCCTGAAAAC CGAGGACACAGCCGTGTATTACTGTACCACAGATTTTCTATGGTTCGGGGAGTT CCCTTTTGACTACTGGGGCCAGGGAACCCTGGTCACCGTCTCCTCA 94 VH Amino Acid Sequence EVQLVESGGGLVKPGGSLRLSCAASGFTFSNAWMSWVRQAPGKGLEWVGRIKSKT EGGTTDYAAPVKGRFTISRDDSKNTLYLQMNSLKTEDTAVYYCTTDFLWFGEFPFD YWGQGTLVTVSS 95 HCDR1 Nucleotide Sequence (IMGT) GGATTCACTTTCAGTAACGCCTGG 96 HCDR1 Amino Acid Sequence (IMGT) GFTFSNAW 97 HCDR2 Nucleotide Sequence (IMGT) ATTAAAAGCAAAACTGAAGGTGGGACAACA 98 HCDR2 Amino Acid Sequence (IMGT) IKSKTEGGTT 99 HCDR3 Nucleotide Sequence (IMGT) ACCACAGATTTTCTATGGTTCGGGGAGTTCCCTTTTGACTAC 100 HCDR3 Amino Acid Sequence (IMGT) TTDFLWFGEFPFDY 101 HCDR1 Nucleotide Sequence (KABAT) AACGCCTGGATGAGC 102 HCDR1 Amino Acid Sequence (KABAT) NAWMS 103 HCDR2 Nucleotide Sequence (KABAT) CGTATTAAAAGCAAAACTGAAGGTGGGACAACAGACTACGCTGCACCCGTGAAA GGC 104 HCDR2 Amino Acid Sequence (KABAT) RIKSKTEGGTTDYAAPVKG 105 HCDR3 Nucleotide Sequence (KABAT) GATTTTCTATGGTTCGGGGAGTTCCTTTTGACTAC 106 HCDR3 Amino Acid Sequence (KABAT) DFLWFGEFPFDY 107 VL Nucleotide Sequence GACATCCAGATGACCCAGTCTCCATCCTCCCTGTCTGCATCTGTAGGAGACAGAG TCACCATCACTTGCCGGGCGAGTCAGGGCATTAGCAATTATTTAGCCTGGTATCA GCAGAAACCAGGGAAAATTCCTAAGCTCCTGATCTATGCTGCATCCACTTTGCAA TCAGGGGTCCCATCTCGGTTCAGTGGCAGTGGATCTGGGACAGATTTCACTCTC ACCATCAGCAGCCTGCAGCCTGAAGATGTTGCAACTTATTACTGTCAAAAGTATA ACAGTGCCCCTCGGACGTTCGGCCAAGGGACCAAGGTGGAAATCAAA 108 VL Amino Acid Sequence DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQGISNYLAWYQQKPGKIPKLLIYAASTLQSG VPSRFSGSGSGTDFTLTISSLQPEDVATYYCQKYNSAPRTFGQGTKVEIK 109 LCDR1 Nucleotide Sequence (IMGT) CAGGGCATTAGCAATTAT 110 LCDR1 Amino Acid Sequence (IMGT) QGISNY 111 LCDR2 Nucleotide Sequence (IMGT) GCTGCATCC 112 LCDR2 Amino Acid Sequence (IMGT) MS 113 LCDR3 Nucleotide Sequence (IMGT) CAAAAGTATAACAGTGCCCCTCGGACG 114 LCDR3 Amino Acid Sequence (IMGT) QKYNSAPRT 115 LCDR1 Nucleotide Sequence (KABAT) CGGGCGAGTCAGGGCATTAGCAATTATTTAGCC 116 LCDR1 Amino Acid Sequence (KABAT) RASQGISNYLA 117 LCDR2 Nucleotide Sequence (KABAT) GCTGCATCCACTTTGCAATCA 118 LCDR2 Amino Acid Sequence (KABAT) AASTLQS 119 LCDR3 Nucleotide Sequence (KABAT) CAAAAGTATAACAGTGCCCCTCGGACG 120 LCDR3 Amino Acid Sequence (KABAT) QKYNSAPRT 121 Human IgG4 IGHG* Heavy Chain Constant Region  gcttccaccaagggcccatccgtcttccccctggcgccctgctccaggagcacctccgagagcacagccg heavy chain 01 Nucleotide Sequence ccctgggctgcctggtcaaggactacttccccgaaccggtgacggtgtcgtggaactcaggcgccctgac constant cagcggcgtgcacaccttcccggctgtcctacagtcctcaggactctactccctcagcagcgtggtgaccg region #1 tgccctccagcagcttgggcacgaagacctacacctgcaacgtagatcacaagcccagcaacaccaagg tggacaagagagttgagtccaaatatggtcccccatgcccatcatgcccagcacctgagttcctgggggg accatcagtatcctgttccccccaaaacccaaggacactctcatgatctcccggacccctgaggtcacgtg cgtggtggtggacgtgagccaggaagaccccgaggtccagttcaactggtacgtggatggcgtggagg tgcataatgccaagacaaagccgcgggaggagcagttcaacagcacgtaccgtgtggtcagcgtcctca ccgtcctgcaccaggactggctgaacggcaaggagtacaagtgcaaggtctccaacaaaggcctcccgt cctccatcgagaaaaccatctccaaagccaaagggcagccccgagagccacaggtgtacaccctgcccc catcccaggaggagatgaccaagaaccaggtcagcctgacctgcctggtcaaaggcttctaccccagcg acatcgccgtggagtgggagagcaatgggcagccggagaacaactacaagaccacgcctcccgtgctg gactccgacggctccttcttcctctacagcaggctaaccgtggacaagagcaggtggcaggaggggaat gtcttctcatgctccgtgatgcatgaggctctgcacaaccactacacacagaagagcctctccctgtctctg ggtaaa 122 Heavy Chain Constant Region Amino Acid ASTKGPSVFPLAPCSRSTSESTAALGCLVKDYFPEPVWSWNSGALTSGVHTFPAVL Sequence QSSGLYSLSSWTVPSSSLGTKTYTCNVDHKPSNTKVDKRVESKYGPPCPSCPAPEF LGGPSVFLFPPKPKDILMISRTPEVTCVVVDVSQEDPEVQFNWYVDGVEVHNAKTK PREEQFNSTYRVVSVLTVLHQDWLNGKEYKCKVSNKGLPSSIEKTISKAKGQPREP QVYTLPPSQEEMTKNQVSLTCLVKGFYPSDIAVEWESNGQPENNYKTTPPVLDSDG SFFLYSRLTVDKSRWQEGNVFSCSVMHEALHNHYTQKSLSLSLGK 123 Human IgG4 IGHG* Heavy Chain Constant Region Nucleotide gcttccaccaagggcccatccgtcttccccctggcgccctgctccaggagcacctccgagagcacagccg heavy chain 02 Sequence ccctgggctgcctggtcaaggactacttccccgaaccggtgacggtgtcgtggaactcaggcgccctgac constant cagcggcgtgcacaccttcccggctgtcctacagtcctcaggactctactccctcagcagcgtggtgaccg region #2 tgccctccagcagcttgggcacgaagacctacacctgcaacgtagatcacaagcccagcaacaccaagg tggacaagagagttgagtccaaatatggtcccccgtgcccatcatgcccagcacctgagttcctgggggg accatcagtcttcctgttccccccaaaacccaaggacactctcatgatctcccggacccctgaggtcacgtg cgtggtggtggacgtgagccaggaagaccccgaggtccagttcaactggtacgtggatggcgtggagg tgcataatgccaagacaaagccgcgggaggagcagttcaacagcacgtaccgtgtggtcagcgtcctca ccgtcgtgcaccaggactggctgaacggcaaggagtacaagtgcaaggtctccaacaaaggcctcccgt cctccatcgagaaaaccatctccaaagccaaagggcagccccgagagccacaggtgtacaccctgcccc catcccaggaggagatgaccaagaaccaggtcagcctgacctgcctggtcaaaggcttctaccccagcg acatcgccgtggagtgggagagcaatgggcagccggagaacaactacaagaccacgcctcccgtgctg gactccgacggctccttcttcctctacagcaggctaaccgtggacaagagcaggtggcaggaggggaat gtcttctcatgctccgtgatgcatgaggctctgcacaaccactacacgcagaagagcctctccctgtctctg ggtaaa 124 Heavy Chain Constant Region Amino Acid ASTKGPSVFPLAPCSRSTSESTAALGCLVKDYFPEPVTVSWNSGALTSGVHTFPAVL Sequence QSSGLYSLSSVVTVPSSSLGTKTYTCNVDHKPSNTKVDKRVESKYGPPCPSCPAPEF LGGPSVFLFPPKPKDILMISRTPEVTCVVVDVSQEDPEVQFNWYVDGVEVHNAKTK PREEQFNSTYRVVSVLTVVHQDWLNGKEYKCKVSNKGLPSSIEKTISKAKGQPREP QVYTLPPSQEEMTKNQVSLTCLVKGFYPSDIAVEWESNGQPENNYKTTPPVLDSDG SFFLYSRLTVDKSRWQEGNVFSCSVMHEALHNHYTQKSLSLSLGK 125 Human IgG4 IGHG* Heavy Chain Constant Region Nucleotide gcttccaccaagggcccatccgtcttccccctggcgccctgctccaggagcacctccgagagcacagccg heavy chain 03 Sequence ccctgggctgcctggtcaaggactacttccccgaaccggtgacggtgtcgtggaactcaggcgccctgac constant cagcggcgtgcacaccttcccggctgtcctacagtcctcaggactctactccctcagcagcgtggtgaccg region #3 tgccctccagcagcttgggcacgaagacctacacctgcaacgtagatcacaagcccagcaacaccaagg tggacaagagagttgagtccaaatatggtcccccatgcccatcatgcccagcacctgagttcctgggggg accatcagtcttcctgttccccccaaaacccaaggacactctcatgatctcccggacccctgaggtcacgtg cgtggtggtggacgtgagccaggaagaccccgaggtccagttcaactggtacgtggatggcgtggagg tgcataatgccaagacaaagccgcgggaggagcagttcaacagcacgtaccgtgtggtcagcgtcctca ccgtcctgcaccaggactggctgaacggcaaggagtacaagtgcaaggtctccaacaaaggcctcccgt cctccatcgagaaaaccatctccaaagccaaagggcagccccgagagccacaggtgtacaccctgcccc catcccaggaggagatgaccaagaaccaggtcagcctgacctgcctggtcaaaggcttctaccccagcg acatcgccgtggagtgggagagcaatgggcagccggagaacaactacaagaccacgcctcccgtgctg gactccgacggctccttcttcctctacagcaagctcaccgtggacaagagcaggtggcaggaggggaac gtcttctcatgctccgtgatgcatgaggctctgcacaaccactacacgcagaagagcctctccctgtctctg ggtaaa 126 Heavy Chain Constant Region Amino Acid ASTKGPSVFPLAPCSRSTSESTAALGCLVKDYFPEPVWSWNSGALTSGVHTFPAVL Sequence QSSGLYSLSSVVTVPSSSLGTKTYTCNVDHKPSNTKVDKRVESKYGPPCPSCPAPEF LGGPSVFLFPPKPKDTLMISRTPEVTCVVVDVSQEDPEVQFNWYVDGVEVHNAKTK PREEQFNSTYRVVSVLTVLHQDWLNGKEYKCKVSNKGLPSSIEKTISKAKGQPREP QVYTLPPSQEEMTKNQVSLTCLVKGFYPSDIAVEWESNGQPENNYKTTPPVLDSDG SFFLYSKLTVDKSRWQEGNVFSCSVMHEALHNHYTQKSLSLSLGK 127 IgG4 heavy Heavy Chain Constant Region Nucleotide gcctccaccaagggcccatccgtcttccccctggcgccctgctccaggagcacctccgagagcacggccg chain Sequence-Synthetic Version A ccctgggctgcctggtcaaggactacttccccgaaccagtgacggtgtcgtggaactcaggcgccctgac constant cagcggcgtgcacaccttcccggctgtcctacagtcctcaggactctactccctcagcagcgtggtgaccg region tgccctccagcagcttgggcacgaagacctacacctgcaacgtagatcacaagcccagcaacaccaagg tggacaagagagttgagtccaaatatggtcccccatgcccaccatgcccagcgcctgaatttgagggggg accatcagtatcctgttccccccaaaacccaaggacactctcatgatctcccggacccctgaggtcacgtg cgtggtggtggacgtgagccaggaagaccccgaggtccagttcaactggtacgtggatggcgtggagg tgcataatgccaagacaaagccgcgggaggagcagttcaacagcacgtaccgtgtggtcagcgtcctca ccgtcctgcaccaggactggctgaacggcaaggagtacaagtgcaaggtctccaacaaaggcctcccgt catcgatcgagaaaaccatctccaaagccaaagggcagccccgagagccacaggtgtacaccctgccc ccatcccaggaggagatgaccaagaaccaggtcagcctgacctgcctggtcaaaggcttctaccccagc gacatcgccgtggagtgggagagcaatgggcagccggagaacaactacaagaccacgcctcccgtgct ggactccgacggatccttcttcctctacagcaggctaaccgtggacaagagcaggtggcaggaggggaa tgtcttctcatgctccgtgatgcatgaggctctgcacaaccactacacacagaagagcctctccctgtctctg ggtaaa 128 IgG4 heavy Heavy Chain Constant Region Amino Acid ASTKGPSVFPLAPCSRSTSESTAALGCLVKDYFPEPVTVSWNSGALTSGVHTFPAVL chain Sequence-Encoded by Synthetic Version QSSGLYSLSSVVTVPSSSLGTKTYTCNVDHKPSNTKVDKRVESKYGPPCPPCPAPEF constant A, B & C EGGPSVFLFPPKPKDILMISRTPEVTCVVVDVSQEDPEVQFNWYVDGVEVHNAKTK region- PREEQFNSTYRVVSVLTVLHQDWLNGKEYKCKVSNKGLPSSIEKTISKAKGQPREP IgG4-PE QVYTLPPSQEEMTKNQVSLTCLVKGFYPSDIAVEWESNGQPENNYKTTPPVLDSDG SFFLYSRLTVDKSRWQEGNVFSCSVMHEALHNHYTQKSLSLSLGK 129 IgG4 heavy Heavy Chain Constant Region Nucleotide Gcctccaccaagggacctagcgtgttccctctcgccccctgttccaggtccacaagcgagtccaccgctgc chain Sequence-Synthetic Version B cctcggctgtctggtgaaagactactttcccgagcccgtgaccgtctcctggaatagcggagccctgacct constant ccggcgtgcacacatttcccgccgtgctgcagagcagcggactgtatagcctgagcagcgtggtgaccgt region gcccagctccagcctcggcaccaaaacctacacctgcaacgtggaccacaagccctccaacaccaaggt ggacaagcgggtggagagcaagtacggccccccttgccctccttgtcctgcccctgagttcgagggagg accctccgtgttcctgtttccccccaaacccaaggacaccctgatgatctcccggacacccgaggtgacctg tgtggtcgtggacgtcagccaggaggaccccgaggtgcagttcaactggtatgtggacggcgtggaggt gcacaatgccaaaaccaagcccagggaggagcagttcaattccacctacagggtggtgagcgtgctga ccgtcctgcatcaggattggctgaacggcaaggagtacaagtgcaaggtgtccaacaagggactgccca gctccatcgagaagaccatcagcaaggctaagggccagccgagggagccccaggtgtataccctgcctc ctagccaggaagagatgaccaagaaccaagtgtccctgacctgcctggtgaagggattctacccctccga catcgccgtggagtgggagagcaatggccagcccgagaacaactacaaaacaacccctcccgtgctcg atagcgacggcagcttctttctctacagccggctgacagtggacaagagcaggtggcaggagggcaac gtpctcctgttccgtgatgcacgaggccctgcacaatcactacacccagaagagcctctccctgtccctg ggcaag 130 IgG4 heavy Heavy Chain Constant Region Nucleotide gccagcaccaagggcccttccgtgttccccctggccccttgcagcaggagcacctccgaatccacagctg chain Sequence-Synthetic Version C ccctgggctgtctggtgaaggactactttcccgagcccgtgaccgtgagctggaacagcggcgctctgac constant atccggcgtccacacctttcctgccgtcctgcagtcctccggcctctactccctgtcctccgtggtgaccgtg region cctagctcctccctcggcaccaagacctacacctgtaacgtggaccacaaaccctccaacaccaaggtgga caaacgggtcgagagcaagtacggccctccctgccctccttgtcctgcccccgagttcgaaggcggaccc agcgtgttcctgttccctcctaagcccaaggacaccctcatgatcagccggacacccgaggtgacctgcgt ggtggtggatgtgagccaggaggaccctgaggtccagttcaactggtatgtggatggcgtggaggtgca caacgccaagacaaagccccgggaagagcagttcaactccacctacagggtggtcagcgtgctgaccgt gctgcatcaggactggctgaacggcaaggagtacaagtgcaaggtcagcaataagggactgcccagca gcatcgagaagaccatctccaaggctaaaggccagccccgggaacctcaggtgtacaccctgcctccca gccaggaggagatgaccaagaaccaggtgagcctgacctgcctggtgaagggattctacccttccgaca tcgccgtggagtgggagtccaacggccagcccgagaacaattataagaccacccctcccgtcctcgaca gcgacggatccttctttctgtactccaggctgaccgtggataagtccaggtggcaggaaggcaacgtgttc agctgctccgtgatgcacgaggccctgcacaatcactacacccagaagtccctgagcctgtccctgggaa ag 131 IgG4 heavy Heavy Chain Constant Region Nucleotide gcctccaccaagggcccatccgtcttccccctggcgccctgctccaggagcacctccgagagcacggccg chain Sequence-Synthetic Version D ccctgggctgcctggtcaaggactacttccccgaaccagtgacggtgtcgtggaactcaggcgccctgac constant cagcggcgtgcacaccttcccggctgtcctacagtcctcaggactctactccctcagcagcgtggtgaccg region tgccctccagcagcttgggcacgaagacctacacctgcaacgtagatcacaagcccagcaacaccaagg tggacaagagagttgagtccaaatatggtcccccatgcccaccatgcccagcgcctccagttgcgggggg accatcagtcttcctgttccccccaaaacccaaggacactctcatgatctcccggacccctgaggtcacgtg cgtggtggtggacgtgagccaggaagaccccgaggtccagttcaactggtacgtggatggcgtggagg tgcataatgccaagacaaagccgcgggaggagcagttcaacagcacgtaccgtgtggtcagcgtcctca ccgtcctgcaccaggactggctgaacggcaaggagtacaagtgcaaggtctccaacaaaggcctcccgt catcgatcgagaaaaccatctccaaagccaaagggcagccccgagagccacaggtgtacaccctgccc ccatcccaggaggagatgaccaagaaccaggtcagcctgacctgcctggtcaaaggcttctaccccagc gacatcgccgtggagtgggagagcaatgggcagccggagaacaactacaagaccacgcctcccgtgct ggactccgacggatccttcttcctctacagcaggctaaccgtggacaagagcaggtggcaggaggggaa tgtcttctcatgctccgtgatgcatgaggctctgcacaaccactacacacagaagagcctctccctgtctctg ggtaaa 132 Heavy Chain Constant Region Amino Acid ASTKGPSVFPLAPCSRSTSESTAALGCLVKDYFPEPVTVSWNSGALTSGVHTFPAVL Sequence-encoded by Synthetic Version QSSGLYSLSSVVTVPSSSLGTKTYTCNVDHKPSNTKVDKRVESKYGPPCPPCPAPPV D (PVA mutation) AGGPSVFLFPPKPKDTLMISRTPEVTCVVVDVSQEDPEVQFNWYVDGVEVHNAKTK PREEQFNSTYRVVSVLTVLHQDWLNGKEYKCKVSNKGLPSSIEKTISKAKGQPREP QVYTLPPSQEEMTKNQVSLTCLVKGFYPSDIAVEWESNGQPENNYKTTPPVLDSDG SFFLYSRLTVDKSRWQEGNVFSCSVMHEALHNHYTQKSLSLSLGK 133 Human IgG1 Heavy Chain Constant Region Nucleotide gcctccaccaagggcccatcggtaccccctggcaccctcctccaagagcacctctgggggcacagcgg heavy chain Sequence ccctgggctgcctggtcaaggactacttccccgaaccggtgacggtgtcgtggaactcaggcgccctgac constant cagcggcgtgcacaccttcccggctgtcctacagtcctcaggactctactccctcagcagcgtggtgaccg region tgccctccagcagcttgggcacccagacctacatctgcaacgtgaatcacaagcccagcaacaccaaggt ggacaagaaagtggagcccaaatcttgtgacaaaactcacacatgcccaccgtgcccagcacctgaact cgcgggggcaccgtcagtcttcctcttccccccaaaacccaaggacaccctcatgatctcccggacccctg aggtcacatgcgtggtggtggacgtgagccacgaagaccctgaggtcaagttcaactggtacgtggacg gcgtggaggtgcataatgccaagacaaagccgcgggaggagcagtacaacagcacgtaccgtgtggtc agcgtcctcaccgtcctgcaccaggactggctgaatggcaaggagtacaagtgcaaggtctccaacaaa gccctcccagcccccatcgagaaaaccatctccaaagccaaagggcagccccgagaaccacaggtgta caccctgcccccatcccgggatgagctgaccaagaaccaggtcagcctgacctgcctggtcaaaggcttc tatcccagcgacatcgccgtggagtgggagagcaatgggcagccggagaacaactacaagaccacgc ctcccgtgctggactccgacggctccttcttcctctacagcaagctcaccgtggacaagagcaggtggcag caggggaacgtcttctcatgctccgtgatgcatgaggctctgcacaaccactacacgcagaagagcctctc cctgtctccgggtaaa 134 Heavy Chain Constant Region Amino Acid ASTKGPSVFPLAPSSKSTSGGTAALGCLVKDYFPEPVTVSWNSGALTSGVHTFPAVL Sequence QSSGLYSLSSVVTVPSSSLGTQTYICNVNHKPSNTKVDKKVEPKSCDKTHTCPPCPA PELAGAPSVFLFPPKPKDTLMISRTPEVTCVVVDVSHEDPEVKFNWYVDGVEVHNA KTKPREEQYNSTYRVVSVLTVLHQDWLNGKEYKCINSNKALPAPIEKTISKAKGQP REPQVYTLPPSRDELTKNQVSLTCLVKGFYPSDIAVEWESNGQPENNYKTTPPVLD SDGSFFLYSKLTVDKSRWQQGNVFSCSVMHEALHNHYTQKSLSLSPGK 135 Human Cκ IGKC* Cκ Light Chain Constant Region cgtacggtggccgctccctccgtgttcatcttcccaccttccgacgagcagctgaagtccggcaccgcttct constant 01 Nucleotide Sequence gtcgtgtgcctgctgaacaacttctacccccgcgaggccaaggtgcagtggaaggtggacaacgccctg region cagtccggcaactcccaggaatccgtgaccgagcaggactccaaggacagcacctactccctgtcctcca ccctgaccctgtccaaggccgactacgagaagcacaaggtgtacgcctgcgaagtgacccaccagggcc tgtctagccccgtgaccaagtctttcaaccggggcgagtgt 136 Cκ Light Chain Constant Region Amino RTVAAPSVFIFPPSDEQLKSGTASVVCLLNNFYPREAINQWKVDNALQSGNSQESV Acid Sequence TEQDSKDSTYSLSSTLTLSKADYEKHKVYACEVTHQGLSSPVTKSFNRGEC 137 Human Cκ IGKC* Cκ Light Chain Constant Region cgaactgtggctgcaccatctgtcttcatcttcccgccatctgatgagcagttgaaatctggaactgcctctg constant 02 Nucleotide Sequence ttgtgtgcctgctgaataacttctatcccagagaggccaaagtacagtggaaggtggataacgccctccaa region tcgggtaactcccaggagagtgtcacagagcaggagagcaaggacagcacctacagcctcagcagcac cctgacgctgagcaaagcagactacgagaaacacaaagtctacgccggcgaagtcacccatcagggcc tgagctcgcccgtcacaaagagcttcaacaggggagagtgt 138 Cκ Light Chain Constant Region Amino RTVAAPSVFIFPPSDEQLKSGTASVVCENNFYPREAWQWKVDNALQSGNSQESV Acid Sequence TEQESKDSTYSLSSTLTLSKADYEKHKVYAGEVTHQGLSSPVTKSFNRGEC 139 Human Cκ IGKC* Cκ Light Chain Constant Region cgaactgtggctgcaccatctgtcttcatcttcccgccatctgatgagcagttgaaatctggaactgcctctg constant 03 Nucleotide Sequence ttgtgtgcctgctgaataacttctatcccagagaggccaaagtacagcggaaggtggataacgccctcca region atcgggtaactcccaggagagtgtcacagagcaggagagcaaggacagcacctacagcctcagcagc accctgacgctgagcaaagcagactacgagaaacacaaagtctacgcctgcgaagtcacccatcaggg cctgagctcgcccgtcacaaagagcttcaacaggggagagtgt 140 Cκ Light Chain Constant Region Amino RIVAAPSVFIFPPSDEQLKSGTASVVCLLNNFYPREAKVQRKVDNALQSGNSQESVT Acid Sequence EQESKDSTYSLSSTLTLSKADYEKHKVYACEVTHQGLSSPVTKSFNRGEC 141 Human Cκ IGKC* Cκ Light Chain Constant Region cgaactgtggctgcaccatctgtcttcatcttcccgccatctgatgagcagttgaaatctggaactgcctctg constant 04 Nucleotide Sequence ttgtgtgcctgctgaataacttctatcccagagaggccaaagtacagtggaaggtggataacgccctccaa region tcgggtaactcccaggagagtgtcacagagcaggacagcaaggacagcacctacagcctcagcagcac cctgacgctgagcaaagcagactacgagaaacacaaactctacgcctgcgaagtcacccatcagggcct gagctcgcccgtcacaaagagcttcaacaggggagagtgt 142 Cκ Light Chain Constant Region Amino RTVAAPSVFIFPPSDEQLKSGTASVVCLLNNFYPREAINQWKVDNALQSGNSQESV Acid Sequence TEQDSKDSTYSLSSTLTLSKADYEKHKLYACEVTHQGLSSPVTKSFNRGEC 143 Human Cκ IGKC* Cκ Light Chain Constant Region cgaactgtggctgcaccatctgtcttcatcttcccgccatctgatgagcagttgaaatctggaactgcctctg constant 05 Nucleotide Sequence ttgtgtgcctgctgaataacttctatcccagagaggccaaagtacagtggaaggtggataacgccctccaa region tcgggtaactcccaggagagtgtcacagagcaggacagcaaggacagcacctacagcctcagcaacac cctgacgctgagcaaagcagactacgagaaacacaaagtctacgcctgcgaagtcacccatcagggcct gagctcgcccgtcacaaagagcttcaacaggggagagtgc 144 Cκ Light Chain Constant Region Amino RTVAAPSVFIFPPSDEQLKSGTASVVCENNFYPREAWQWKVDNALQSGNSQESV Acid Sequence TEQDSKDSTYSLSNTLTLSKADYEKHKVYACEVTHQGLSSPVTKSFNRGEC 145 Human Cλ IGCλ Cλ Light Chain Constant Region cccaaggccaaccccacggtcactctgttcccgccctcctctgaggagctccaagccaacaaggccacac constant 1*01 Nucleotide Sequence tagtgtgtctgatcagtgacttctacccgggagctgtgacagtggcttggaaggcagatggcagccccgtc region aaggcgggagtggagacgaccaaaccctccaaacagagcaacaacaagtacgcggccagcagctacc tgagcctgacgcccgagcagtggaagtcccacagaagctacagctgccaggtcacgcatgaagggagc accgtggagaagacagtggcccctacagaatgttca 146 Cλ Light Chain Constant Region Amino PKANPTVTLFPPSSEELQANKATLVCLISDFYPGAVTVAWKADGSPVKAGVETTKPS Acid Sequence KQSNNKYAASSYLSLTPEQWKSHRSYSCQVTHEGSTVEKTVAPTECS 147 Human Cλ IGCλ Cλ Light Chain Constant Region ggtcagcccaaggccaaccccactgtcactctgttcccgccctcctctgaggagctccaagccaacaagg constant 1*02 Nucleotide Sequence ccacactagtgtgtctgatcagtgacttctacccgggagctgtgacagtggcctggaaggcagatggcag region ccccgtcaaggcgggagtggagaccaccaaaccctccaaacagagcaacaacaagtacgcggccagc agctacctgagcctgacgcccgagcagtggaagtcccacagaagctacagctgccaggtcacgcatgaa gggagcaccgtggagaagacagtggcccctacagaatgttca 148 Cλ Light Chain Constant Region Amino GQPKANPTVTLFPPSSEELQANKATLVCLISDFYPGAVTVAWKADGSPVKAGVETT Acid Sequence KPSKQSNNKYAASSYLSLTPEQWKSHRSYSCQVTHEGSTVEKTVAPTECS 149 Human Cλ IGCλ Cλ Light Chain Constant Region ggtcagcccaaggccaaccccactgtcactctgttcccgccctcctctgaggagctccaagccaacaagg constant 2*01 Nucleotide Sequence-Version A ccacactagtgtgtctgatcagtgacttctacccgggagctgtgacagtggcctggaaggcagatggcag region ccccgtcaaggcgggagtggagaccaccaaaccctccaaacagagcaacaacaagtacgcggccagc agctacctgagcctgacgcccgagcagtggaagtcccacagaagctacagctgccaggtcacgcatgaa gggagcaccgtggagaagacagtggcccctacagaatgttca 150 Cλ Light Chain Constant Region ggccagcctaaggccgctccttctgtgaccctgttccccccatcctccgaggaactgcaggctaacaaggc Nucleotide Sequence-Version 6 caccctcgtgtgcctgatcagcgacttctaccctggcgccgtgaccgtggcctggaaggctgatagctctc ctgtgaaggccggcgtggaaaccaccaccccttccaagcagtccaacaacaaatacgccgcctcctccta cctgtccctgacccctgagcagtggaagtcccaccggtcctacagctgccaagtgacccacgagggctcc accgtggaaaagaccgtggctcctaccgagtgctcc 151 Cλ Light Chain Constant Region ggccagcctaaagctgcccccagcgtcaccctgtttcctccctccagcgaggagctccaggccaacaagg Nucleotide Sequence-Version C ccaccctcgtgtgcctgatctccgacttctatcccggcgctgtgaccgtggcttggaaagccgactccagcc ctgtcaaagccggcgtggagaccaccacaccctccaagcagtccaacaacaagtacgccgcctccagct atctctccctgacccctgagcagtggaagtcccaccggtcctactcctgtcaggtgacccacgagggctcc accgtggaaaagaccgtcgcccccaccgagtgctcc 152 Cλ Light Chain Constant Region Amino GQPKANPTVTLFPPSSEELQANKATLVCLISDFYPGAVTVAWKADGSPVKAGVETT Acid Sequence-Encoded by Version A, B KPSKQSNNKYAASSYLSLTPEQWKSHRSYSCQVTHEGSTVEKTVAPTECS & C 153 Human Cλ IGCλ Cλ Light Chain Constant Region ggtcagcccaaggctgccccctcggtcactctgttcccgccctcctctgaggagcttcaagccaacaaggc constant 2*02 Nucleotide Sequence cacactggtgtgtctcataagtgacttctacccgggagccgtgacagtggcctggaaggcagatagcagc region cccgtcaaggcgggagtggagaccaccacaccctccaaacaaagcaacaacaagtacgcggccagca gctatctgagcctgacgcctgagcagtggaagtcccacagaagctacagctgccaggtcacgcatgaag ggagcaccgtggagaagacagtggcccctacagaatgttca 154 Cλ Light Chain Constant Region Amino GQPKAAPSVTLFPPSSEELQANKATLVCLISDFYPGAVTVAWKADSSPVKAGVETTT Acid Sequence PSKQSNNKYAASSYLSLTPEQWKSHRSYSCQVTHEGSTVEKTVAPTECS 155 Human Cλ IGCλ Cλ Light Chain Constant Region cccaaggctgccccctcggtcactctgttcccaccctcctctgaggagcttcaagccaacaaggccacact constant 3*01 Nucleotide Sequence ggtgtgtctcataagtgacttctacccgggagccgtgacagttgcctggaaggcagatagcagccccgtc region aaggcgggggtggagaccaccacaccctccaaacaaagcaacaacaagtacgcggccagcagctacc tgagcctgacgcctgagcagtggaagtcccacaaaagctacagctgccaggtcacgcatgaagggagc accgtggagaagacagttgcccctacggaatgttca 156 Cλ Light Chain Constant Region Amino PKAAPSVTLFPPSSEELQANKATLVCLISDFYPGAVTVAWKADSSPVKAGVETTTPS Acid Sequence KQSNNKYAASSYLSLTPEQWKSHKSYSCQVTHEGSTVEKTVAPTECS 157 Human Cλ IGCλ CA Light Chain Constant Region ggtcagcccaaggctgccccctcggtcactctgttcccaccctcctctgaggagcttcaagccaacaaggc constant 3*02 Nucleotide Sequence cacactggtgtgtctcataagtgacttctacccggggccagtgacagttgcctggaaggcagatagcagc region cccgtcaaggcgggggtggagaccaccacaccctccaaacaaagcaacaacaagtacgcggccagca gctacctgagcctgacgcctgagcagtggaagtcccacaaaagctacagctgccaggtcacgcatgaag ggagcaccgtggagaagacagtggcccctacggaatgttca 158 Cλ Light Chain Constant Region Amino GQPKAAPSVTLFPPSSEELQANKATLVCLISDFYPGPVTVAWKADSSPVKAGVETTT Acid Sequence PSKQSNNKYAASSYLSLTPEQWKSHKSYSCQVTHEGSTVEKTVAPTECS 159 Human Cλ IGCA Cλ Light Chain Constant Region Nudeotide ggtcagcccaaggctgccccctcggtcactctgttcccaccctcctctgaggagcttcaagccaacaaggc constant 3*03 Sequence cacactggtgtgtctcataagtgacttctacccgggagccgtgacagtggcctggaaggcagatagcagc region cccgtcaaggcgggagtggagaccaccacaccctccaaacaaagcaacaacaagtacgcggccagca gctacctgagcctgacgcctgagcagtggaagtcccacaaaagctacagctgccaggtcacgcatgaag ggagcaccgtggagaagacagtggcccctacagaatgttca 160 Cλ Light Chain Constant Region Amino GQPKAAPSVTLFPPSSEELQANKATLVCLISDFYPGAVTVAWKADSSPVKAGVETTT Acid Sequence PSKQSNNKYAASSYLSLTPEQWKSHKSYSCQVTHEGSTVEKTVAPTECS 161 Human Cλ IGCA Cλ Light Chain Constant Region Nudeotide ggtcagcccaaggctgccccctcggtcactctgttcccgccctcctctgaggagcttcaagccaacaaggc constant 3*04 Sequence cacactggtgtgtctcataagtgacttctacccgggagccgtgacagtggcctggaaggcagatagcagc region cccgtcaaggcgggagtggagaccaccacaccctccaaacaaagcaacaacaagtacgcggccagca gctacctgagcctgacgcctgagcagtggaagtcccacagaagctacagctgccaggtcacgcatgaag ggagcaccgtggagaagacagtggcccctacagaatgttca 162 Cλ Light Chain Constant Region Amino GQPKAAPSVTLFPPSSEELQANKATLVCLISDFYPGAVTVAWKADSSPVKAGVETTT Acid Sequence PSKQSNNKYAASSYLSLTPEQWKSHRSYSCQVTHEGSTVEKTVAPTECS 163 Human Cλ IGCλ Cλ Light Chain Constant Region Nucleotide ggtcagcccaaggctgccccatcggtcactctgttcccgccctcctctgaggagcttcaagccaacaaggc constant 6*01 Sequence cacactggtgtgcctgatcagtgacttctacccgggagctgtgaaagtggcctggaaggcagatggcag region ccccgtcaacacgggagtggagaccaccacaccctccaaacagagcaacaacaagtacgcggccagc agctacctgagcctgacgcctgagcagtggaagtcccacagaagctacagctgccaggtcacgcatgaa gggagcaccgtggagaagacagtggcccctgcagaatgttca 164 Cλ Light Chain Constant Region Amino GQPKAAPSVTLFPPSSEELQANKATLVCLISDFYPGAVKVAWKADGSPVNTGVETT Acid Sequence TPSKQSNNKYAASSYLSLTPEQWKSHRSYSCQVTHEGSTVEKTVAPAECS 165 Human Cλ IGCλ Cλ Light Chain Constant Region Nudeotide constant 7*02 Sequence ggtcagcccaaggctgccccatcggtcactctgttcccaccctcctctgaggagcttcaagccaacaaggc region cacactggtgtgtctcgtaagtgacttctacccgggagccgtgacagtggcctggaaggcagatggcagc cccgtcaaggtgggagtggagaccaccaaaccctccaaacaaagcaacaacaagtatgcggccagca gctacctgagcctgacgcccgagcagtggaagtcccacagaagctacagctgccgggtcacgcatgaa gggagcaccgtggagaagacagtggcccctgcagaatgctct 166 Cλ Light Chain Constant Region Amino GQPKAAPSVTLFPPSSEELQANKATLVCLVSDFYPGAVTVAWKADGSPVKVGVETT Acid Sequence KPSKQSNNKYAASSYLSLTPEQWKSHRSYSCRVTHEGSTVEKTVAPAECS 167 Recombinant Nucleotide Sequence ATGGGCTGGTCCTGCATCATCCTGTTTCTGGTGGCCACCGCCACCGGCGTGCAC Human OX40L AGCGATTACAAGGATGACGACGATAAGCGTATGAAACAGATCGAAGATAAAATT (Leader GAAGAGATCTTGAGCAAAATCTATCATATCGAAAACGAAATTGCGCGTATCAAAA sequence, AGCTGATTGGCGAACGTGGCGGTGGCAGCGGTGGCGGTAGCGGCGGTGGCAGC Isoleutine CAGGTGTCCCACCGATACCCCAGGATCCAGTCCATCAAGGTCCAGTTCACCGAG Zipper and TACAAAAAGGAGAAGGGATTCATCCTGACCTCCCAAAAGGAGGACGAGATCATG FLAG AAGGTGCAAAACAACTCCGTGATCATCAACTGCGACGGCTTCTACCTGATCTCCC Sequence TGAAGGGCTACTTCTCCCAGGAGGTGAACATCTCCCTGCACTACCAGAAGGACG Included) AGGAGCCCCTGTTCCAGCTGAAGAAGGTGAGGICCGTGAATTCCCTGATGGTGG CCAGCCTGACCTACAAGGACAAGGTCTACCTGAACGTGACCACCGACAACACCA GCCTGGACGACTTCCATGTCAACGGCGGCGAGCTGATCCTGATCCATCAGAACC CCGGCGAGTTTTGCGTCCTG 168 Amino Acid Sequence MGWSCIILFLVATATGVHSDYKDDDDKRMKQIEDKIEEILSKIYHIENEIARIKKLIG ERGGGSGGGSGGGSQVSHRYPRIQSIKVQFTEYKKEKGFILTSQKEDEIMKVQNNS VIINCDGFYLISLKGYFSQEVNISLHYQKDEEPLFQLKKVRSVNSLMVASLTYKDKVY LNVTTDNTSLDDFHVNGGELILIHQNPGEFCVL 169 Recombinant Nucleotide Sequence ATGGGCTGGTCCTGCATCATCCTGTTTCTGGTGGCCACCGCCACCGGCGTGCAC Rhesus OX40L AGCGATTACAAGGATGACGACGATAAGCGTATGAAACAGATCGAAGATAAAATT (Leader GAAGAGATCTTGAGCAAAATCTATCATATCGAAAACGAAATTGCGCGTATCAAAA Sequence, AGCTGATTGGCGAACGTGGCGGTGGCAGCGGTGGCGGTAGCGGCGGTGGCAGC FLAG and CAGGTGTCCCACCAATACCCCAGGATCCAGTCCATCAAGGTCCAGTTCACCGAGT Isoleucine ACAAAAAGGAGGAGGGATTCATCCTGACCTCCCAAAAGGAGGACGAGATCATGA zipper AGGTGCAAAACAACTCCGTGATCATCAACTGCGACGGCTTCTACCTGATCTCCCT included) GAAGGGCTACTTCTCCCAGGAGGTGAACATCTCCCTGCACTACCAGAAGGACGA GGAGCCCCTGTTCCAGCTGAAGAAGGTGAGGTCCGTGAATTCCCTGATGGTGGC CAGCCTGACCTACAAGGACAAGGTCTACCTGAACGTGACCACCGACAACACCAG CCTGGACGACTTCCATGTCAACGGCGGCGAGCTGATCCTGATCCATCAGAACCC CGGCGAGTTTTGCGTCCTG 170 Amino Acid Sequence MGWSCIILFLVATATGVHSDYKDDDDKRMKQIEDKIEEILSKIYHIENEIARIKKLIG ERGGGSGGGSGGGSQVSHQYPRIQSIKVQFTEYKKEEGFILTSQKEDEIMIWQNNS VIINCDGFYLISLKGYFSQEVNISLHYQKDEEPLFQLKKVRSVNSLMVASLTYKDKVY LNVTTDNTSLDDFHVNGGELILIHQNPGEFCVL 171 Recombinant ATGGGCTGGTCCTGCATCATCCTGTTTCTGGTGGCCACCGCCACCGGCGTGCAC Human Nucleotide Sequence AGCCTGCATTGCGTGGGCGACACCTATCCCTCCAACGACAGGTGCTGCCACGAG OX40R TGCAGGCCTGGAAACGGCATGGTGAGCAGGTGCAGCCGGTCCCAGAATACCGTG (Leader TGTAGGCCCTGCGGCCCCGGCTTTTACAACGACGTGGTGTCCTCCAAGCCCTGC Sequence and AAGCCCTGCACATGGTGCAACCTGCGGTCCGGCAGCGAGAGGAAGCAGCTCTGC Human Fc ACAGCCACCCAGGACACCGTCTGTAGGTGTAGGGCTGGCACCCAGCCTCTGGAC Sequence TCCTACAAGCCCGGCGTGGATTGTGCTCCTTGCCCTCCCGGCCATTTCTCCCCTG included) GCGACAACCAGGCTTGCAAGCCCTGGACCAACTGTACCCTGGCCGGCAAGCATA CACTGCAGCCTGCTTCCAACTCCTCCGACGCTATCTGCGAGGATAGGGACCCCC CTGCCACACAACCCCAGGAGACACAGGGCCCTCCTGCTAGGCCCATCACAGTCC AACCCACCGAAGCCTGGCCCAGGACATCCCAAGGCCCTTCCACCAGGCCTGTGG AAGTGCCTGGAGGAAGGGCTGTGGCCATTGAAGGTCGTATGGATGAACCCAAGT CCTGCGACAAGACCCACACCTGTCCCCCTTGTCCTGCCCCTGAACTGCTGGGCG GACCTTCCGTGTTCCTGTTCCCCCCAAAGCCCAAGGACACCCTGATGATCTCCCG GACCCCCGAAGTGACCTGCGTGGTGGTGGATGTGTCCCACGAGGACCCTGAAGT GAAGTTCAATTGGTACGTGGACGGCGTGGAAGTGCACAACGCCAAGACCAAGCC TAGAGAGGAACAGTACAACTCCACCTACCGGGTGGTGTCCGTGCTGACCGTGCT GCACCAGGATTGGCTGAACGGCAAAGAGTACAAGTGCAAGGTGTCCAACAAGGC CCTGCCTGCCCCCATCGAAAAGACCATCTCCAAGGCCAAGGGCCAGCCCCGGGA ACCCCAGGTGTACACACTGCCCCCTAGCAGGGACGAGCTGACCAAGAACCAGGT GTCCCTGACCTGTCTCGTGAAAGGCTTCTACCCCTCCGATATCGCCGTGGAATG GGAGTCCAACGGCCAGCCTGAGAACAACTACAAGACCACCCCCCCTGTGCTGGA CTCCGACGGCTCATTCTTCCTGTACAGCAAGCTGACAGTGGACAAGTCCCGGTG GCAGCAGGGCAACGTGTTCTCCTGCTCCGTGATGCACGAGGCCCTGCACAACCA CTACACCCAGAAGTCCCTGTCCCTGAGCCCCTGA 172 Amino Acid Sequence MGWSCIILFLVATATGVHSLHCVGDTYPSNDRCCHECRPGNGMVSRCSRSQNTVC RPCGPGFYNDVVSSKPCKPCTWCNLRSGSERKQLCTATQDTVCRCRAGTQPLDSY KPGVDCAPCPPGHFSPGDNQACKPWTNCTLAGKHTLQPASNSSDAICEDRDPPAT QPQETQGPPARPITVQPTEAWPRTSQGPSTRPVEVPGGRAVAIEGRMDEPKSCDK THTCPPCPAPELLGGPSVFLFPPKPKDTLMISRTPEVTCVVVDVSHEDPEVKFNWYV DGVEVHNAKTKPREEQYNSTYRVVSVLIVLHQDWLNGKEYKCKVSNKALPAPIEKT ISKAKGQPREPQVYTLPPSRDELTKNQVSLTCLVKGFYPSDIAVEWESNGQPENNY KTTPPVLDSDGSFFLYSKLTVDKSRWQQGNVFSCSVMHEALHNHYTQKSLSLSP 173 Cell Nucleotide Sequence ATGGAGAGGGTGCAGCCCCTCGAGGAGAACGTGGGAAACGCCGCCAGGCCTAG Expressed GTTCGAGAGGAACAAGCTGCTGCTGGTGGCTTCCGTGATCCAAGGACTCGGCCT OX40L GCTGCTCTGCTTCACCTACATCTGCCTCCACTTCAGCGCCCTGCAGGTGTCCCAC (CHO/MEF) CGATACCCCAGGATCCAGTCCATCAAGGTCCAGTTCACCGAGTACAAAAAGGAG (Leader AAGGGATTCATCCTGACCTCCCAAAAGGAGGACGAGATCATGAAGGTGCAAAAC sequence AACTCCGTGATCATCAACTGCGACGGCTTCTACCTGATCTCCCTGAAGGGCTACT included) TCTCCCAGGAGGTGAACATCTCCCTGCACTACCAGAAGGACGAGGAGCCCCIGT TCCAGCTGAAGAAGGTGAGGTCCGTGAATTCCCTGATGGIGGCCAGCCTGACCT ACAAGGACAAGGTCTACCTGAACGTGACCACCGACAACACCAGCCTGGACGACT TCCATGTCAACGGCGGCGAGCTGATCCTGATCCATCAGAACCCCGGCGAGTTTT GCGTCCTGTAA 174 Amino Acid Sequence MERVQPLEENVGNAARPRFERNKLLLVASVIQGLGLLLCFTYICLHFSALQVSHRYP RIQSIKVQFTEYKKEKGFILTSQKEDEIMKVQNNSVIINCDGFYLISLKGYFSQEVNI SLHYQKDEEPLFQLKKVRSVNSLMVASLTYKDKVYLNVTTDNTSLDDFHVNGGELI LIHQNPGEFC 175 Cell Nucleotide Sequence ATGTGCGTGGGGGCTCGGCGGCTGGGCCGCGGGCCGTGTGCGGCTCTGCTCCT Expressed CCTGGGCCTGGGGCTGAGCACCGTGACGGGGCTCCACTGTGTCGGGGACACCT OX40 ACCCCAGCAACGACCGGTGCTGCCACGAGTGCAGGCCAGGCAACGGGATGGTGA receptor GCCGCTGCAGCCGCTCCCAGAACACGGTGTGCCGTCCGTGCGGGCCGGGCTTCT (HT1080) ACAACGACGTGGTCAGCTCCAAGCCGTGCAAGCCCTGCACGTGGTGTAACCTCA GAAGTGGGAGTGAGCGGAAGCAGCTGTGCACGGCCACACAGGACACAGTCTGC CGCTGCCGGGCGGGCACCCAGCCCCTGGACAGCTACAAGCCTGGAGTTGACTGT GCCCCCTGCCCTCCAGGGCACTTCTCCCCAGGCGACAACCAGGCCTGCAAGCCC TGGACCAACTGCACCTTGGCTGGGAAGCACACCCTGCAGCCGGCCAGCAATAGC TCGGACGCAATCTGTGAGGACAGGGACCCCCCAGCCACGCAGCCCCAGGAGACC CAGGGCCCCCCGGCCAGGCCCATCACTGTCCAGCCCACTGAAGCCTGGCCCAGA ACCTCACAGGGACCCTCCACCCGGCCCGTGGAGGTCCCCGGGGGCCGTGCGGTT GCCGCCATCCTGGGCCTGGGCCTGGTGCTGGGGCTGCTGGGCCCCCTGGCCAT CCTGCTGGCCCTGTACCTGCTCCGGAGGGACCAGAGGCTGCCCCCCGATGCCCA CAAGCCCCCTGGGGGAGGCAGTTTCCGGACCCCCATCCAAGAGGAGCAGGCCGA CGCCCACTCCACCCTGGCCAAGATCTGA 176 Amino Acid Sequence MCVGARRLGRGPCAALLLLGLGLSTVTGLHCVGDTYPSNDRCCHECRPGNGMVSR CSRSQNTVCRPCGPGFYNDVVSSKPCKPCTWCNLRSGSERKQLCTATQDTVCRCR AGTQPLDSYKPGVDCAPCPPGHFSPGDNQACKPWINCTLAGKHTLQPASNSSDAI CEDRDPPATQPQETQGPPARPITVQPTEAWPRTSQGPSTRPVEVPGGRAVAAILGL GLVLGLLGPLAILLALYLLRRDQRLPPDAHKPPGGGSFRTPIQEEQADAHSTLAKI 177 OX40L15B07 Amino Acid Sequence of OX40L15B07 EVQLVESGGGLVQAGGSLRLSCAASRSIGRLDRMGWYRHRTGEPRELVATITGGSS (Seq ID No 179 in WO2011/073180, Table INYGDFVKGRFTISIDNAKNIVYLQMNNLKPEDTAVYYCNFNKYVTSRDTWGQGT A-1) QVTVSS 178 OX40L01B11 Amino Acid Sequence of OX40L01B11 EVQLVESGGGLVQAGGSLRLSCVASGRSFSTYIMGWFRQAPGKEREFVATISRSGI (Seq ID No 180 in WO2011/073180, Table TIRSADSVKGRFTISRDNAKNIVYLQMNSLKPEDTAVYYCAAGPYVEQTLGLYQTL A-1) GPWDYWGQGTQVTVSS 179 OX40L01E07 Amino Acid Sequence of OX40L01E07 EVQLVESGGGLVQAGGSLRLSCAASGRTFSSIYAKGWFRQAPGKEREFVAAISRSG (Seq ID No 181 in WO2011/073180, Table RSTSYADSVKGRFTISRDNAKNTVYLQMNSLKPEDTAVYYCAAVGGATIVTASEW A-1) DYWGLGTQVTVSS 180 OX40L01E10 Amino Acid Sequence of OX40L01E10 EVQLVESGGGLVQAGDSLRLSCAASGLTFSSFAMGWFRQAPGKEREFVAAISRSGY (Seq ID No 182 in WO2011/073180, Table GTSEADSVRDRFIISRDNAKNIVTLHLSRLKPEDTAVYYCAAEHTLGRPSRSQINYL A-1) YWGQGTQVTVSS 181 OX40L18E09 Amino Acid Sequence of OX40L18E09 EvQLVESGGGLVQAGGSLRLSCAASRNILSLNTMGVVYRHAPGKPRELVARISSNSK (Seq ID No 183 in WO2011/073180, Table TDYADSVKGRFTISRDNAKNTVLLQMNSLKPEDTGVYYCNLNVWRTSSDYWGQG A-1) TQVTVSS 182 OX40L19A07 Amino Acid Sequence of OX40L19A07 EVQLVESGGGLVQAGGSLRLSCAASGFTLDDYAIAWFRQAPGKEREGVSRIKISNG (Seq ID No 184 in WO2011/073180, Table RTIYAGSVKGRFTISSDNAKNTVYLQMNSLNAEDTAVYYCAADRSSLLFGSNWDR A-1) KARYDYWGQGTQVTVSS 183 OX40L19D08 Amino Acid Sequence of OX40L19D08 EVQLVESGGGLVQAGASLRLSCAASGRRFISNYAMGWFRQAPGQERAFVAAISRSG (Seq ID No 185 in WO2011/073180, Table SITYYTDSVKGRFSISRDYAKSTVYLQMDNLKPEDTAVYYCAADGGAVRDLTTNLP A-1) DYWGRGTQVTVSS 184 OX40L075 Amino Acid Sequence of OX40L075 (Seq EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGRSFSTYIMGWFRQAPGKEREFVATISRSGI ID No 199 in WO2011/073180, Table A-2) TTRSADSVKGRFTISRDNSKNTVYLQMNSLRPEDTAVYYCAAGPYVEQTLG LYQTLGPWDYWGQGTLVTVSS 185 OX40L024 Amino Acid Sequence of OX40L024 (Seq EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGRTFSSIYAKGWFRQAPGKEREFV ID No 200 in WO2011/073180, Table A-2) AAISRSG RSTSYADSVKG RFTISRD NAKNTVYLQM NSLRPEDTAVYYCAA VGGATTVTASEWDYWGLGTLVTVSS 186 OX40L025 Amino Acid Sequence of OX40L025 (Seq EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGRTFSSIYAKGWFRQAPGKEREFV ID No 201 in WO2011/073180, Table A-2) AAISRSG RSTSYADSVKG RFTISRD NSKNTVYLQM NSLRPEDTAVYYCAA VGGATTVTASEWDYWGLGTLVTVSS 187 OX40L026 Amino Acid Sequence of OX40L026 (Seq EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGRTFSSIYAKGWFRQAPGKEREFV ID No 202 in WO2011/073180, Table A-2) AAISRSG RSTSYADSVKG RFTISRD NAKNTVYLQM NSLRPEDTAVYYCAA VGGATTVTASEWDYWGQGTLVTVSS 188 OX40L027 Amino Acid Sequence of OX40L027 (Seq EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGRTFSSIYAKGWFRQAPGKEREFV ID No 203 in WO2011/073180, Table A-2) AAISRSG RSTSYADSVKG RFTISRD NSKNTVYLQM NSLRPEDTAVYYCAA VGGATTVTASEWDYWGQGTLVTVSS 189 OX40L028 Amino Acid Sequence of OX40L028 (Seq DVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGRTFSSIYAKGWFRQAPGKEREFV ID No 204 in WO2011/073180, Table A-2) AAISRSG RSTSYADSVKG RFTISRD NAKNTVYLQM NSLRPEDTAVYYCAA VGGATTVTASEWDYWGLGTLVTVSS 190 OX40L039 Amino Acid Sequence of OX40L039 (Seq DVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGRTFSSIYAKGWFRQAPGKEREFV ID No 205 in WO2011/073180, Table A-2) AAISRSG RSTSYADSVKG RFTISRD NSKNTVYLQM NSLRPEDTAVYYCAA VGGATTVTASEWDYWGQGTLVTVSS 191 OX40L030 Amino Acid Sequence of OX40L030 (Seq DVQLVESGGGLVQAGGSLRLSCAASRSIGRLDRMGWYRHRTGEPRELV ID No 206 in WO2011/073180, Table A-2) ATITGGSSINYG D FVKG RFTISID NAKNTVYLQM N N LKPEDTAVYYCN FN KYVTSRDTWGQGTQVTVSS 192 OX40L040 Amino Acid Sequence of OX40L040 (Seq DVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASRSIGRLDRMGWYRHRTGEPRELV ID No 207 in WO2011/073180, Table A-2) ATITGGSSINYGD FVKG RFTISRD NSKNTVYLQM NSLRPEDTAVYYCN FN KYVTSRDTWGQGTLVTVSS 193 OX40L041 Amino Acid Sequence of OX40L041 (Seq DVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASRSIGRLDRMGWYRHATGEPRELV ID No 208 in WO2011/073180, Table A-2) ATITGGSSINYG D FVKG RFTISRDNSKNTVYLQM NSLRPEDTAVYYCN FN KYVTSRDTWGQGTLVTVSS 194 OX40L042 Amino Acid Sequence of OX40L042 (Seq DVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASRSIGRLDRMGWYRHRPGEPRELV ID No 209 in WO2011/073180, Table A-2) ATITGGSSINYG D FVKG RFTISRDNSKNTVYLQM NSLRPEDTAVYYCN FN KYVTSRDTWGQGTLVTVSS 195 OX40L043 Amino Acid Sequence of OX40L043 (Seq DVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASRSIGRLDRMGWYRHRTGKPRELV ID No 210 in WO2011/073180, Table A-2) ATITGGSSINYG D FVKG RFTISRDNSKNTVYLQM NSLRPEDTAVYYCN FN KYVTSRDTWGQGTLVTVSS 196 OX40L044 Amino Acid Sequence of OX40L044 (Seq DVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASRSIGRLDRMGWYRHAPGEPRELV ID No 211 in WO2011/073180, Table A-2) ATITGGSSINYG D FVKG RFTISRDNSKNTVYLQM NSLRPEDTAVYYCN FN KYVTSRDTWGQGTLVTVSS 197 OX40L045 Amino Acid Sequence of OX40L045 (Seq DVQLVESGGG LVQPGGSLRLSCAASRSIG RLD RMGWYRHATG KPRE LV ID No 212 in WO2011/073180, Table A-2) ATITGGSSINYG D FVKG RFTISRDNSKNTVYLQM NSLRPEDTAVYYCN FN KYVTSRDTWGQGTLVTVSS 198 OX40L046 Amino Acid Sequence of OX40L046 (Seq DVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASRSIGRLDRMGWYRHRPGKPRELV ID No 213 in WO2011/073180, Table A-2) ATITGGSSINYG D FVK GRFTISRDNSKNTVYLQM NSLRPEDTAVYYCN FN KYVTSRDTWGQGTLVTVSS 199 OX40L047 Amino Acid Sequence of OX40L047 (Seq DVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASRSIGRLDRMGWYRHAPGKPRELV ID No 214 in WO2011/073180, Table A-2) ATITGGSSINYG D FVKG RFTISRDNSKNNYLQM NSLRPEDTAVYYCN FN KYVTSRDTWGQGTLVTVSS 200 OX40L048 Amino Acid Sequence of OX40L048 (Seq DVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASRSIGRLDRMGWYRHRTGEPRELV ID No 215 in WO2011/073180, Table A-2) ATITGGSSINYADFVKG RFTISRD NSKNTVYLQM NSLRPEDTAVYYCN FN KYYTSRDTWGQGTLVTVSS 201 OX40L049 Amino Acid Sequence of OX40L049 (Seq DVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASRSIGRLDRMGWYRHRTGEPRELV ID No 216 in WO2011/073180, Table A-2) ATITGGSSINYG DSVKG RFTISRDNSKNTVYLQM NSLRPEDTAVYYCN FN KYVTSRDTWGQGTLVTVSS 202 OX40L050 Amino Acid Sequence of OX40L050 (Seq DVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASRSIGRLDRMGWYRHRTGEPRELV ID No 217 in WO2011/073180, Table A-2) ATITGGSSINYADSVKG RFTISRD NSKNTVYLQM NSLRPEDTAVYYCN FN KYVTSRDTWGQGTLVTVSS 203 OX40L053 Amino Acid Sequence of OX40L053 (Seq DVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASRSIGRLDRMGWYRHRTGEPRELV ID No 218 in WO2011/073180, Table A-2) ATITGGSSINYGDFVKGRFTISIDNSKNTVYLQM NSLRPEDTAVYYCN FNK YVTSRDTVVGQGTLVTVSS 204 OX40L054 Amino Acid Sequence of OX40L054 (Seq DVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASRSIGRLDRMGWYRHRTGEPRELV ID No 219 in WO2011/073180, Table A-2) ATITGGSSINYG D FVKG RFTISRDNAKNTVYLQM NSLRPEDTAVYYCN FN KYVTSRDTWGQGTLVTVSS 205 OX40L055 Amino Acid Sequence of OX40L055 (Seq DVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASRSIGRLDRMGWYRHRTGEPRELV ID No 220 in WO2011/073180, Table A-2) ATITGGSSINYGDFVKGRFTISRDNSKNTVYLQM NN LRPEDTAVYYCN FN KYVTSRDTWGQGTLVTVSS 206 OX40L056 Amino Acid Sequence of OX40L056 (Seq DVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASRSIGRLDRMGWYRHRPGKPRELV ID No 221 in WO2011/073180, Table A-2) ATITGGSSINYADSVKG RFTISRD NSKNIVYLQM NSLRPEDTAVYYCN FN KYVTSRDTWGQGTLVTVSS 207 OX40L069 Amino Acid Sequence of OX40L069 (Seq DVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASRSIGRLDRMGWYRHRPGKPRELV ID No 222 in WO2011/073180, Table A-2) ATITGGSSINYADSVKG RFTISID NSKNTVYLQM NSLRPE DTAVYYCN FN K YVTSRDTWGQGTLVTVSS 208 OX40L070 Amino Acid Sequence of OX40L070 (Seq DVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASRSIGRLDRMGWYRHRPGKPRELV ID No 223 in WO2011/073180, Table A-2) ATITGGSSINYADSVKG RFTISRD NSKNTVYLQM N N LRPEDTAVYYCN FN KYVTSRDTWGQGTLVTVSS 209 OX40L071 Amino Acid Sequence of OX40L071 (Seq DVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASRSIGRLDRMGWYRHRPGKPRELV ID No 224 in WO2011/073180, Table A-2) ATITGGSSINYADSVKG RFTISI DNSKNTVYLQM N N LRPEDTAVYYCN FN KYYTSRDTWGQGTLVWSS 210 OX40L082 Amino Acid Sequence of OX40L082 (Seq EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASRSIGRLDRMGWYRHRPGEPRELVA ID No 225 in WO2011/073180, Table A-2) TITGGSSINYGDSVKGRFTISIDNSKNNYLQM NSLRPEDTAVYYCNFNKY VTS RDTWGQGTLVTVSS 211 OX40L083 Amino Acid Sequence of OX40L083 (Seq EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASRSIGRLDRMGWYRHRPGKPRELV ID No 226 in WO2011/073180, Table A-2) ATITGGSSINYGDSVKGRFTISIDNSKNTVYLQMNSLRPEDTAVYYCN FNK YVTSRDTWGQGTLVTVSS 212 OX40L Amino acid sequence of OX40L EVQLLESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFTFNSYAMSWVRQAPGKGLEW benchmark benchmark antibody heavy chain (Seq ID VSIISGSGG FMADSVKG RFTISRDNSRTTLYLQM NSLRAEDTAVYYCA antibody No: 177 in WO2011/073180, Table A-5) KDRLVAPGTFDYWGQGALVWSSASTKG PSVFPLAPSSKSTSGGTAALG heavy chain CLVKDYFPEPVTVSWNSGALTSGVHTFPAVLQSSG LYSLSSVVTVPSSSL GTQTYICNVNH KPSNTKVDKWEPKSCDKTHTCPPCPAPELLGGPSVFLF P PKPKDTLM IS RTPEVTCVVVDVSH E D PEVKFNWYVDGVEVH NAKTKP REEQYNSTYRVVSVLTVLHQDWLNG KEYKCKVNS NKALPAPI EKTISKAKG QPREPQVYTLPPSRDELTKNQVSLTCLVKG FYPSDIAVEWESNGQPE N N YKTIPPVLDSDGSFFLYSKLTVD KSRWQQ GNVFSCSVM H EALH N HYTQ KSLSLSPGK 213 OX40L Amino acid sequence of OX40L DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQGISSWLAWYQQKPEKAPKSLIY benchmark benchmark antibody light chain (Seq ID AASSLQSGVPSRFSGSGSGTDFTLTISSLQPED FATYYCQQYNSYPYTFG antibody No: 178 in WO2011/073180, Table A-5) QGTKLEIKRTVAAPSVFIFPPSD EQLKSGTASVVCLL N N FYPREAKVQWK light VDNALQSG NSQESVTEQDSKDSTYSLSSTLTLSKADYEKH KVYACEVTH chain QGLSSPVTKSFNRGEC 214 κ light Amino acid sequence of kappa light chain DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQGISSWLAWYQQKPEKAPKSLIYAASSLQS chain variable region of LC.001 (Seq ID GVPSRFSGSGSGTDFILTISSLQPEDFATYYCQQYNSYPYTFGQGTKLEIK variable  No: 1 in WO2006/029879) region of LC.001 215 γ heavy Amino acid sequence of γ heavy chain EVQLLESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFTFNSYAMSWVRQAPGKGLEVVVSIISGSG chain variable region of LC.001 (Seq ID GFTYYADSVKGRFTISRDNSRTTLYLQMNSLRAEDTAVYYCAKDRLVAPGTFDYW variable No: 2 in WO2006/029879) GQGALVWSS region of LC.001 216 κ light Amino acid sequence of kappa light chain EIVLTQSPGTLSLSPGERATLSCRASQSVSSNYLAWYQQKPGQAPRLLIYGASSRAT chain variable region of LC.005 (Seq ID GIPDRFSGSGSGTDFTLTISRLEPEDFAVYYCQQYGSSFTFGPGTKVDIK variable No: 3 in WO2006/029879) region of LC.005 217 γ heavy Amino acid sequence of γ heavy chain QVQLVESGGGVVQPGRSLRLSCAASGFTFSNFGMHWVRQAPGKGLEWVAAIWYD chain variable region of LC.005 (Seq ID GHDKYYSYYVKGRFTISRDNSKNTLFLQMNSLRAEDTAVYYCARDSSSWYRYFDY variable No: 4 in WO2006/029879) WGQGTLVTVSS region of LC.005 218 κ light Amino acid sequence of kappa light chain EIVLTQSPGTLSLSPGERATLSCRASQSVSSSYLAWYQQKPGQAPRLLIYGASSRAT chain variable region of LC.010 (Seq ID GIPDRFSGSGSGTDFTLTISRLEPEDFAVYYCQQYGSSFTFGPGTKVDIK variable No: 5 in WO2006/029879) region of LC.010 219 γ heavy Amino acid sequence of γ heavy chain QVQLVESGGGVVQPGRSLRLSCAASGFTFSNFGMHWVRQAPGKGLEWVAAIWYD chain variable region of LC.010 (Seq ID GHDKYYAYYVKGRFTISRDNSKNTLFLQMNSLRAEDTAVYYCARDSSSWYRYFDY variable No: 6 in WO2006/029879) WGQGTLVTVSS region of LC.010 220 κ light Amino acid sequence of kappa light chain QVQLVESGGGVVQPGRSLRLSCAASGFTFSNFGMHWVRQAPGKGLEWVAAIWYD chain variable region of LC.029 (Seq ID GHDKYYSYYVKGRFTISRDNSKNTLFLQMNSLRAEDTAVYYCARDSSSWYRYFDY variable No: 7 in WO2006/029879) WGQGTLVTVSS region of LC.029 221 γ heavy Amino acid sequence of γ heavy chain QVQLVESGGGVVQPGRSLRLSCAASGFTFSSYTMHWVRQAPGKGLEWVAVIWYD chain variable region of LC.029 (Seq ID GSNKYYVDSVKGRFTISRDNSKNTLYLQMNSLRAEDTAVYYCARKNWSFDFWGQ variable No: 8 in WO2006/029879) GTLVTVSS region of LC.029 222 κ light Amino acid sequence of kappa light chain EIVLTQSPATLSLSPGERATLSCRASQGVSRYLAWYQQKPGQAPRLLIYDASNRAT chain variable region of LC.019 (Seq ID GIPARVSGSGPGTDFTLTISSLEPEDFAVDYCQQRSNWQYTFGQGTKLEI variable No: 9 in WO2006/029879) region of LC.019 223 γ heavy Amino acid sequence of γ heavy chain QKQLVEFGGGVVQPGRSLRLSCAASGFTFSNYGMHWVRQAPGKGLEWVAVIWND chain variable region of LC.019 (Seq ID No: 10 GSNKYYVDSVKGRFIISRDNSKNTLYLQMNSLRAEDTAVYYCARDRMGIYYYGMD variable in WO2006/029879) VWGQGTTVTVSS region of LC.019 224 κ light Amino acid sequence of kappa light chain EIVLTQSPATLSLSPGERATLSCRASQSVSSYLAWYQQKPGQAPRLLIYDASNRATG chain variable region of LC.033 (Seq ID No: 11 IPARFSGSGSGTDFILTISSLEPEDFAVYYCQQRSNWTFGQGTINEI variable in WO2006/029879) region of LC.033 225 γ heavy Amino acid sequence of γ heavy chain EVQLLESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFTFNSYAMSWVRQAPGKGLEWVSIISGSG chain variable region of LC.033 (Seq ID No: 12 GFTYYADSVKGRFTISRDNSRTTLYLQMNSLRAEDTAVYYCAKDRLVAPGTFDYW variable in WO2006/029879) GQGALVTVSS region of LC.033 226 mutant κ Amino acid sequence of mutant kappa EIVLTQSPGTLSLSPGERATLSCRASQSVSSNYLAWYQQKPGQAPRLLIYGASSRAT light light chain variable region of LC.033 GIPDRFSGSGSGTDFTLTISRLEPEDFAVYYCQQYGSSFTFGPGTKVDIK chain  (Seq ID No: 16 in WO2006/029879) variable region of LC.033 227 γ heavy Amino acid sequence of γ heavy chain EVQLLESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFTFSSYAMNWVRQAPGKGLEWVSIISGSG chain variable region of LC.059 (Seq ID No: 17 GFTYYADSVKGRFTISRDNSKNTLYLQMNRLRAEDTAIYFCAKDDIPAAGTFDPWG variable in WO2006/029879) QGTLVTVSS region of LC.059 228 κ light Amino acid sequence of kappa light chain AIQLTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQGISSALAWYQQKPGKAPKLLIYDVSSLESG chain variable region of LC.060 (Seq ID No: 18 VPSRFSGSGSGTDFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCQQFNSYWTFGQGTKVEIK variable in WO2006/029879) region of LC.060 229 γ heavy Amino acid sequence of γ heavy chain EVQLLESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFTFSSYAMSWVRQAPGKGLEWVSLISGSG chain variable region of LC.060 (Seq ID No: 19 GLTKYADSVKGRFTISRDNSKRTLYLQMNSLRAEDTAVYYCAKDILVTGALDYWGQ variable in WO2006/029879) GTLVTVSS region of LC.060 230 γ heavy Amino acid sequence of γ heavy chain EVQLLESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFTFSSYAMNWVRQAPGKGLEVVVSIISGSG chain variable region of LC.063 (Seq ID No: 20 GFTYYADSVKGRFTISRDNSKKTLYLQMSRLRAEDTAIYFCAKDDIPAAGTFDPWG variable in WO2006/029879) QGTLVTVSS region of LC.063 231 8E12 light Amino acid sequence of 8E12 light chain DILMTQTPLSLPVSLGDQASISCRSSQSIVHGNGNTYLEWHLQKPGQSPKLLIYRVS chain variable region (Seq ID No: 13 in NRFSGVPDRFSGSGSGTDFTLKINRVEAEDLGVYYCFQGSHVPYTFGGGTKVEIKR variable US7,812,133) region 232 8E12 heavy Amino acid sequence of 8E12 heavy chain DIVMTQTPLSLPVSLGDQASMYCRSSQSPVHSNGNTYLHWYLQKPGQSPKLLIYKV chain  variable region (Seq ID No: 14 in SNRFSGVPDRFSGSGSGTDFTLKISRVEAEDLGVYFCSQSTHIPWTFGGGTKVEIKR variable US7,812,133) region 233 13G5 light Amino acid sequence of 13G5 light chain QVQLQQPGAELVRPGASVkLSCKASGYTFTSYWLNWVKQRPGQGLEWIVMIDPSD chain  variable region (Seq ID No: 15 in SETHYNQVFKDKATLTVDKSSSTAYMQLSSLTSEDSAVYYCIRGRGNFYGGSHAME variable US7,812,133) YWGQGTLLTVSS region 234 13G5 heavy Amino acid sequence of 13G5 heavy chain QVQLQQPGAELVKPGTSVKLSCKASGYSFTSYWMHGVRQRPGQGLEWIGEIDPSN chain variable region (Seq ID No: 16 in GRTNYNEKFKSKATLTVDKSSSTAYIQLSSLTSEDSAVYYCTRERSPRYFDVWGAG variable US7,812,133) TTLTVSS region IMGT indicates that CDR is determined using IMGT nomenclature; KABAT indicates that CDR is determined using Kabat nomenclature. The numbering in the sequence correlation table takes precedence over any inconsistent numbering elsewhere in this text.

Statements of Invention (Biomarkers)

-   1. A method of normalising T-cell signalling in a subject comprising     combining T-cells from said subject with an anti-OX40 or an     anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and optionally a second     therapeutic agent, which method reduces the level (e.g. expression     or amount) of RORC, and whereby T-cell signalling is normalised. -   2. A method of reducing the level (e.g. expression or amount) of     RORC in a subject, comprising combining T-cells from said subject     with an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and     optionally a second therapeutic agent, which method reduces the     level (e.g. expression or amount) of RORC. -   3. A method of reducing or inhibiting Th/Tc17 based activation of     T-cells in a subject comprising combining T-cells from said subject     with an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and     optionally a second therapeutic agent, which method reduces the     level (e.g. expression or amount) of RORC, and whereby Th/Tc17     activation of T-cells is reduced. -   4. A method of reducing or inhibiting Th/Tc17 based activation of     T-cells in a subject comprising combining T-cells from said subject     with an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and     optionally a second therapeutic agent, which method downregulates or     reduces the level (e.g. expression or amount) of one or more (e.g.     3, 4 or 5) of the genes listed in Table 17 (FIG. 14G) or Table 17     (FIG. 14F), and whereby Th/Tc17 based activation of T-cells is     reduced or inhibited. -   5. A method according to statement 4, wherein the one or more (e.g.     3, 4 or 5) genes is listed in Table 17 (FIG. 14G); optionally     selected from: IL12RB1, IL6, CCL2, IFNG, IL17A, TNF, IL18, IL23R,     CXCL1, IL17F, CXCL9; for example, selected from: IL6, CCL2, IFNG,     IL17A, TNF, IL18, IL23R; e.g. selected from: IL6, CCL2, IFNG; and     alternatively selected from CCR5, IL12RB2 and IFNG. -   6. A method according to statement 4, wherein the one or more (e.g.     3, 4 or 5) genes is listed in Table 17 (FIG. 14F); optionally     selected from: selected from: MGAM, CYP4F3, MMP9, TNFAIP6, CD163,     HERC5, TYMP, IFIT2, C3AR1, LILRA3, SAMD9L, IFIT1, IFIT3, KCNJ15,     IFI44, EGR1, EGR2, SAMD9, RSAD2, FFAR2, ANLN, DUSP4, UBE2T, UHRF1,     KIF11, TTK, RAD54B, E2F8, KIF15, HIST1H2BB, GTSE1, AKAP12, CENPF,     CASC5, MKI67, PRC1, PRR11, RACGAP1, SPAG5 and ARHGAP11A; for     example, selected from: MGAM, CYP4F3, MMP9, TNFAIP6, CD163, HERC5,     TYMP, IFIT2, C3AR1, LILRA3, ANLN, DUSP4, UBE2T, UHRF1, KIF11, TTK,     RAD54B, E2F8, KIF15 and HIST1H2BB; e.g. selected from: MGAM, CYP4F3,     MMP9, TNFAIP6, CD163, ANLN, DUSP4, UBE2T, UHRF1 and KIF11. -   7. A method of normalising cytotoxicity in a subject, comprising     combining T-cells from said subject with an anti-OX40 or an     anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and optionally a second     therapeutic agent, which method reduces the level (e.g. expression     or amount) of Granzyme A, and whereby the cytotoxicity is     normalised. -   8. A method of reducing the level (e.g. expression or amount) of     Granzyme A in a subject, comprising combining T-cells from said     subject with an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment     thereof, and optionally a second therapeutic agent, which method     reduces the level (e.g. expression or amount) of Granzyme A. -   9. A method of reducing or inhibiting Th/Tc1 based activation of     T-cells in a subject comprising combining T-cells from said subject     with an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and     optionally a second therapeutic agent, which method downregulates or     reduces the level (e.g. expression or amount) of Granzyme A, and     whereby Th/Tc1 based activation of T-cells is reduced or inhibited. -   10. A method according to any one of statements 7 to 10, wherein the     levels (e.g. expression or amount) of Granzyme A before the     combination step are at least 1.5-fold greater in the subject as     compared to the levels (e.g. expression or amount) of Granzyme A in     a sample taken from a healthy donor. -   11. A method according to any one of statements 7 to 11, wherein the     levels (e.g. expression or amount) of Granzyme A after the     combination step are at least 1.5-fold lower in the subject as     compared to the levels (e.g. expression or amount) of Granzyme A in     said sample taken before the combination step. -   12. A method according to any one of statements 7 to 11, wherein the     levels (e.g. expression or amount) of Granzyme A after the     combination step are within 1.5-fold of the levels (e.g. expression     or amount) of Granzyme A in a sample taken from a healthy donor. -   13. A method of reducing or inhibiting Th/Tc1 based activation of     T-cells in a subject comprising combining said cells with an     anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and     optionally a second therapeutic agent, which method downregulates or     reduces the level (e.g. expression or amount) of one or more (e.g.     3, 4 or 5) of the genes listed in Table 16 (FIG. 14E), and whereby     Th/Tc1 based activation of T-cells is reduced or inhibited. -   14. A method according to statement 13, wherein the one or more     (e.g. 3, 4 or 5) genes is selected from: BCL2L14, SH2D1A, SAMD3,     STAT4, SLA2, SLAMF1, KLRD1, F2R, CCR5, IL12RB2, IFNG, TYMS, CASC5,     IL10, RRM2, P2RX5, GIMAP4, MKI67, GZMK, CD38, CTLA4, MYBL1, IRF4,     SH2D1A, BCL2L14, PRF1, IL21 and HS3ST3B1X; for example, selected     from: SLAMF1, KLRD1, F2R, CCR5, IL12RB2, IFNG, TYMS, CASC5, IL10,     RRM2, P2RX5, GIMAP4 and MKI67; e.g. F2R, CCR5, IL12RB2, IFNG, TYMS     and CASC5; and alternatively selected from CCR5, IL12RB2 and IFNG. -   15. A method of activating, upregulating or enhancing the Type 1     interferon (IFN) pathway or the Reactome HSA-909733 Interferon     alpha/beta signalling pathway in a subject comprising combining said     cells with an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment     thereof, and a second therapeutic agent, which method activates,     upregulates or enhances the Type 1 interferon (IFN) pathway or the     Reactome HSA-909733 Interferon alpha/beta signalling pathway. -   16. A method according to statement 15, wherein the activation,     upregulation or enhancement is of the Type 1 IFN pathway -   17. A method according to statement 15, wherein the activation,     upregulation or enhancement is of the Reactome HSA-909733 Interferon     alpha/beta signalling pathway, wherein optionally activation,     upregulation or enhancement is of one or more (e.g. 3, 4 or 5) of     the genes is selected from IGS15, IFIT3, RSAD2, IFIT1, IFIT2, IFIT3,     MX1, OASL, OAS2 and RSAD2; or is selected from from: IGS15, IFIT3     and RSAD2; or is alternatively selected from: IFIT1, IFIT2, IFIT3,     MX1, OASL, OAS2 and RSAD2. -   18. A method according to statement 17, which method upregulates or     enhances the level (e.g. expression or amount) of one or more (e.g.     3, 4 or 5) of the genes listed in Table 14 (FIG. 15D) or Table 15. -   19. A method according to statement 18, which method upregulates or     enhances the level (e.g. expression or amount) of one or more (e.g.     3, 4 or 5) of the genes listed in Table 14 (FIG. 15D); optionally     selected from: TYMP, ISG15, IFI44, IRF7, RSAD2, C1QA, CCL2, CXCL10,     XAF1, IFIT5, PROS1, IFI6, PLSCR1, SERPING1, SAMD9L, C3AR1, GOS2,     IL8, HERC5, CMPK2, MMP9, IFIT1, IFIT3, RSAD2, CYP4F3, MGAM, CD163,     TNFAIP6, IFI27, MX1, ISG15, MX2, IFI44, IFIT2, OAS2, OASL, EPSTI1     and LILRA3; for example, selected from: ISG15, MX1, IFI44, IFI27,     C3AR1, C1QA, CCL2, CXCL10, GOS2, IL8, HERC5, CMPK2, MMP9, IFIT1,     IFIT3, RSAD2, CYP4F3, MGAM, CD163 and TNFAIP6; e.g. selected from:     IFI27, MMP9, RSAD2, C3AR1, CD163, CXCL10, GOS2, IL8, HERC5, CMPK2,     MMP9, IFIT1 and IFIT3; or may be selected from: CXCL10, CD163, IL8,     CMPK2, IFI27, MMP9 and HERC5. -   20. A method according to statement 18, which method upregulates or     enhances the level (e.g. expression or amount) of one or more (e.g.     3, 4 or 5) of the genes listed in Table 15; optionally selected     from: HERC6, MMP25, GOS2, KCNJ15, IL8, OASL, DDX58, TYMP, MX2, OAS2,     IFI44, CMPK2, HERC5, RSAD2, MMP9, CYP4F3, MGAM, CD163, IL8, TNFAIP6,     EGR1, IFIT3, EGR2, C3AR1, LILRA3, MX1, IFIT2, SAMD9L, IFIT1, MMP25     and ISG15; for example, selected from: MMP25, GOS2, KCNJ15, IL8,     TYMP, OAS2, IFI44, CMPK2, HERC5, RSAD2, MMP9, CYP4F3, MGAM, CD163,     IL8, TNFAIP6, EGR1, IFIT3, EGR2, C3AR1, LILRA3, MX1, IFIT2, SAMD9L     and IFIT1; e.g. selected from: IL8, TYMP, IFI44, CMPK2, HERC5,     RSAD2, MMP9, CYP4F3, MGAM, CD163, IL8, TNFAIP6, EGR1, IFIT3, C3AR1,     LILRA3, IFIT2 and IFIT1; or may be selected from: IL8, CMPK2, HERC5,     RSAD2, MMP9, CYP4F3, MGAM, EGR1, IFIT3 and IFIT1. -   21. A method of upregulating or enhancing the KEGG hsa04630:Jak-STAT     signalling pathway in a subject comprising combining said cells with     an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and     optionally a second therapeutic agent, which method upregulates the     KEGG hsa04630:Jak-STAT signalling pathway. -   22. A method according to statement 21, which method upregulates or     enhances the level (e.g. expression or amount) of one or more (e.g.     3, 4 or 5) of the genes listed in Table 14 (FIG. 15C); optionally     selected from: IFNA16, OSM, CBLB, IL6, PIK3R1, CCND2, JAK3, PIAS1,     STAT4, IL22, IL4R, IL12RB2, IL26, SOCS2, IL13RA1, CSF2RA, CSF3R,     CSF2RB, OSM, IFNGR1, JAK2, STAT3, SOS1, IL2RA, CISH, IL6ST, SOCS1,     IRF9, PIK3CB, PIM1, SOCS3, STAM2 and IFNGR2; for example, selected     from: CCND2, IL6, STAT4, IL22, IL4R, IL12RB2, IL26, SOCS2, IL13RA1,     CSF2RA, CSF3R, CSF2RB, OSM, IFNGR1, JAK2, STAT3, SOS1, IL2RA, CISH,     IL6ST, SOCS1, IRF9, PIM1 and SOCS3; e.g. selected from: CCND2, IL6,     IL22, IL12RB2, IL26, SOCS2, IL13RA1, CSF2RA, CSF3R, CSF2RB, OSM,     IFNGR1, JAK2, STAT3, SOS1, IL2RA, IL6ST, SOCS1 and SOCS3; or may be     selected from: IL6, IL22, SOCS2, IL13RA1, CSF2RA, CSF3R, CSF2RB,     STAT3, IL2RA, SOCS1 and SOCS3; and alternatively may be selected     from: IL6, SOCS2, IL13RA1, CSF2RA, IL2RA and SOCS1. -   23. A method according to statement 21, which method upregulates or     enhances the level (e.g. expression or amount) of one or more (e.g.     3, 4 or 5) of the genes listed in Table 14 (FIG. 15C); optionally     selected from: IL6R, IL6ST, IL26, OSM, IL2RA, IL10RB, CSF3R,     IL32RA1, STAT1, STAT2, STAT3, SOCS1, SOCS2, PIM1, SOS1, SOS2, CISH,     PIAS1 and SPRY1; optionally selected from: OSM, IL2RA, IL10RB, CSF3R     and IL13RA1; or selected from STAT1, STAT2 and STAT3; or     alternatively selected from SOCS1, SOCS2, PIM1, SOS1, SOS2, CISH,     PIAS1 and SPRY1; or selected from transcripts encoding     pro-inflammatory cytokines or cytokine receptors (optionally     selected from: IL6, IL6R, IL6ST and IL26); or selected from     transcripts encoding anti-inflamatory cytokines or cytokine     receptors (optionally selected from OSM, IL2RA, IL10RB, CSF3R and     IL32RA1). -   24. A method according to any one of statements 1 to 23, wherein the     subject has or is at risk of an OX40L-mediated disease. -   25. A method according to any statement 24, wherein the subject has     or is at risk of an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition,     e.g. selected from graft versus host disease (GvHD), allogenic     transplant rejection, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), Crohn's     disease, ulcerative colitis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE),     diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, multiple sclerosis,     atherosclerosis, uveitis, ankylosing spondylitis and contact     hypersensitivity. -   26. A method of treating or reducing the risk of a disease or     condition (e.g. an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition) in     a subject, the method comprising administering to said subject a     therapeutically effective amount or prophylactically effective     amount of an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment     thereof, and optionally a second therapeutic agent, which method     normalises T-cell signalling, or reduces or inhibits Th/Th17 based     activation of T-cells, and whereby said disease or condition is     treated, or the risk of said disease or condition is reduced in said     subject. -   27. A method according to statement 26, wherein the T-cell     signalling is normalised, or wherein the Th/Th17 based activation of     T-cells is reduced or inhibited by reducing the level (e.g.     expression or amount) of RORC in a population of T-cells isolated     from said subject. -   28. A method according to statement 26, wherein the T-cell     signalling is normalised, or wherein the Th/Th17 based activation of     T-cells is reduced or inhibited by downregulation or reduction of     the level (e.g. expression or amount) of one or more (e.g. 3, 4     or 5) of the genes listed in Table 17 (FIG. 14G) or Table 17 (FIG.     14F). -   29. A method according to statement 28, wherein the one or more     (e.g. 3, 4 or 5) genes is listed in Table 17 (FIG. 14G); optionally     selected from: IL12RB1, IL6, CCL2, IFNG, IL17A, TNF, IL18, IL23R,     CXCL1, IL17F, CXCL9; for example, selected from: IL6, CCL2, IFNG,     IL17A, TNF, IL18, IL23R; e.g. selected from: IL6, CCL2, IFNG. -   30. A method according to statement 28, wherein the one or more     (e.g. 3, 4 or 5) genes is listed in Table 17 (FIG. 14F); optionally     selected from: selected from: MGAM, CYP4F3, MMP9, TNFAIP6, CD163,     HERC5, TYMP, IFIT2, C3AR1, LILRA3, SAMD9L, IFIT1, IFIT3, KCNJ15,     IFI44, EGR1, EGR2, SAMD9, RSAD2, FFAR2, ANLN, DUSP4, UBE2T, UHRF1,     KIF11, TTK, RAD54B, E2F8, KIF15, HIST1H2BB, GTSE1, AKAP12, CENPF,     CASC5, MKI67, PRC1, PRR11, RACGAP1, SPAG5 and ARHGAP11A; for     example, selected from: MGAM, CYP4F3, MMP9, TNFAIP6, CD163, HERC5,     TYMP, IFIT2, C3AR1, LILRA3, ANLN, DUSP4, UBE2T, UHRF1, KIF11, TTK,     RAD54B, E2F8, KIF15 and HIST1H2BB; e.g. selected from: MGAM, CYP4F3,     MMP9, TNFAIP6, CD163, ANLN, DUSP4, UBE2T, UHRF1 and KIF11. -   31. A method of treating or reducing the risk of a disease or     condition (e.g. an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition) in     a subject, the method comprising administering to said subject a     therapeutically effective amount or prophylactically effective     amount of an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment     thereof, and optionally a second therapeutic agent, which method     normalises cytotoxicity, or reduces or inhibite Th/Tc1 based     activation of T-cells, and whereby said disease or condition is     treated, or the risk of said disease or condition is reduced in said     subject. -   32. A method according to statement 31, wherein the cytotoxicity is     normalised, or wherein the Th/Tc1 based activation of T-cells is     reduced or inhibited by reducing the level (e.g. expression or     amount) of Granzyme A in a T-cell population isolated from said     subject. -   33. A method according to statement 31, wherein the cytotoxicity is     normalised, or wherein the Th/Tc1 based activation of T-cells is     reduced or inhibited by downregulation or reduction of the level     (e.g. expression or amount) of one or more (e.g. 3, 4 or 5) of the     genes listed in Table 16 (FIG. 14E); optionally wherein the one or     more (e.g. 3, 4 or 5) genes is selected from: BCL2L14, SH2D1A,     SAMD3, STAT4, SLA2, SLAMF1, KLRD1, F2R, CCR5, IL12RB2, IFNG, TYMS,     CASC5, IL10, RRM2, P2RX5, GIMAP4, MKI67, GZMK, CD38, CTLA4, MYBL1,     IRF4, SH2D1A, BCL2L14, PRF1, IL21 and HS3ST3B1X; for example,     selected from: SLAMF1, KLRD1, F2R, CCR5, IL12RB2, IFNG, TYMS, CASC5,     IL10, RRM2, P2RX5, GIMAP4 and MKI67; e.g. F2R, CCR5, IL12RB2, IFNG,     TYMS and CASC5. -   34. An anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and     optionally a second therapeutic agent for use in treating or     reducing the risk of an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or     condition characterised by an elevation or increase of at least     1.5-fold in the levels (e.g. expression or amount) of Granzyme A as     compared to the levels (e.g. expression or amount) in a sample taken     from a healthy donor. -   35. Use of an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment     thereof, and optionally a second therapeutic agent for the treatment     or prevention of an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition     characterised by an elevation or increase of at least 1.5-fold in     the levels (e.g. expression or amount) of Granzyme A as compared to     the levels (e.g. expression or amount) in a sample taken from a     healthy donor. -   36. Use of an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment     thereof, and optionally a second therapeutic agent in the     manufacture of a medicament for the treatment or prevention of an     autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition characterised by an     elevation or increase of at least 1.5-fold in the levels (e.g.     expression or amount) of Granzyme A as compared to the levels (e.g.     expression or amount) in a sample taken from a healthy donor. -   37. A composition comprising an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody     or fragment thereof, and optionally a second therapeutic agent for     the treatment or prevention of an autoimmune or alloimmune disease     or condition characterised by an elevation or increase of at least     1.5-fold in the levels (e.g. expression or amount) of Granzyme A as     compared to the levels (e.g. expression or amount) in a sample taken     from a healthy donor. -   38. A method of treating or reducing the risk of a disease or     condition in a subject in need thereof, comprising:     -   a. Performing an assay to measure the levels (e.g. expression or         amount) of Granzyme A in a sample obtained from the subject; and     -   b. Administering an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or         fragment thereof, and optionally a second therapeutic agent to         the subject when the levels (e.g. expression or amount) of         Granzyme A in the sample is determined in the assay to be at         least 1.5-fold greater than in a sample taken from a healthy         human donor. -   39. An anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and     optionally a second therapeutic agent for use in therapy of a     subject, wherein the antibody or fragment thereof is to be     administered to a subject who has, or has been determined to have an     elevation or increase of at least 1.5-fold in the levels (e.g.     expression or amount) of Granzyme A as compared to the levels (e.g.     expression or amount) in a sample taken from a healthy donor. -   40. Use of an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment     thereof, and optionally a second therapeutic agent for therapy of a     subject who has, or has been determined to have an elevation or     increase of at least 1.5-fold in the levels (e.g. expression or     amount) of Granzyme A as compared to the levels (e.g. expression or     amount) in a sample taken from a healthy donor. -   41. Use of an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment     thereof, and optionally a second therapeutic agent in the     manufacture of a medicament for use in therapy of a subject, wherein     the antibody or fragment thereof is to be administered to a subject     who has, or has been determined to have an elevation or increase of     at least 1.5-fold in the levels (e.g. expression or amount) of     Granzyme A as compared to the levels (e.g. expression or amount) in     a sample taken from a heathy donor. -   42. A method of determining a subject as having, or as being at risk     of, an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition, which disease     or condition is suitable for treatment with an anti-OX40 or an     anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and optionally a second     therapeutic agent, comprising:     -   a. performing an assay that detects the levels (e.g. expression         or amount) of Granzyme A in a sample obtained from said subject;         and     -   b. determining the subject as having said disease or condition         if there is an elevation or increase of at least 1.5-fold in the         levels (e.g. expression or amount) of Granzyme A as compared to         the levels (e.g. expression or amount) in a sample taken from a         heathy donor. -   43. A method according to statement 42 further comprising the step     of:     -   c. administering to said subject an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L         antibody or fragment thereof, and optionally a second         therapeutic agent, which antibody or fragment thereof:         -   i. reduces or inhibit Th/Tc1 based activation of T-cells;             and/or         -   ii. normalises cytotoxicity; and/or         -   iii. reduces the levels (e.g. expression or amount) of             Granzyme A;         -   in a sample taken from said subject, if said subject has             been determined as having a disease or condition in step b). -   44. A method for treating an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or     condition with an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment     thereof, and optionally a second therapeutic agent, comprising the     steps of:     -   a. determining whether the subject is a candidate for treatment         by detecting the levels (e.g. expression or amount) of Granzyme         A in a sample from the subject;     -   b. administering said antibody or fragment thereof to the         subject if the subject has an elevation or increase of at least         1.5-fold in the levels (e.g. expression or amount) of Granzyme A         as compared to the levels (e.g. expression or amount) in a         sample taken from a healthy donor. -   45. A method, comprising:     -   a. obtaining at least two samples derived from a subject who has         or is at risk of an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or         condition, wherein said at least two samples comprise a first         sample taken at a first time point, and a second sample taken at         a subsequent time point,     -   b. determining the levels (e.g. expression or amount) of         Granzyme A in said first and second samples;     -   c. treating said subject to:         -   i. reduce or inhibit Th/Tc1 based activation of T-cells;             and/or         -   ii. normalise cytotoxicity; and/or         -   iii. reduce the levels (e.g. expression or amount) of             Granzyme A;             -   by administering an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody                 or fragment thereof, and optionally a second therapeutic                 agent, if the levels (e.g. expression or amount) of                 Granzyme A in said second sample are elevated as                 compared to said first sample, in order to treat or                 reduce the risk of said autoimmune or alloimmune disease                 or condition. -   46. A method according to statement 45, wherein in step c), the     levels (e.g. expression or amount) of Granzyme A in said second     sample is greater than 1.5-fold of the levels (e.g. expression or     amount) of Granzyme A in said first sample, for example is greater     than 2-fold or greater than 3-fold of the levels (e.g. expression or     amount) of Granzyme A in said first sample. -   47. A method according to any one of statements 43 to 46, further     comprising the steps of     -   d. obtaining a third sample derived from said subject taken at a         time point subsequent to the second sample;     -   e. determining the levels (e.g. expression or amount) of         Granzyme A in said third sample;     -   f. treating said subject to:         -   i. reduce or inhibit Th/Tc1 based activation of T-cells;             and/or         -   ii. normalise cytotoxicity; and/or         -   iii. reduce the levels (e.g. expression or amount) of             Granzyme A;             -   by administering an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody                 or fragment thereof, and optionally a second therapeutic                 agent, if the levels (e.g. expression or amount) of                 Granzyme A in said second sample are elevated as                 compared to said first sample, in order to treat or                 reduce the risk of said autoimmune or alloimmune disease                 or condition. -   48. A method according to statement 47, wherein steps d) to f) are     repeated as necessary until the levels (e.g. expression or amount)     of Granzyme A reaches a therapeutically-effective, or a     prophylactically-effective levels, e.g. a substantially constant     level in said subject. -   49. A method according to any one of statements 43 to 48, wherein in     step c), or in step f) the levels (e.g. expression or amount) of     Granzyme A in said second sample or third sample is greater than     double the levels (e.g. expression or amount) as compared to said     first sample or second sample, for example is greater than three     times, or is greater than 4 times the levels (e.g. expression or     amount) as compared to said first sample or second sample. -   50. A method according to any one of statements 42 to 49, wherein     said first sample is collected:     -   i. before the onset of said disease or condition; or     -   ii. after the onset of said disease or condition; and     -   optionally wherein said second sample is collected no longer         than one month, e.g. no longer than one week after the first         sample. -   51. A method according to any one of statements 42 to 50, wherein     the autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition is a transplant,     and wherein in step c) the treatment is in order to reduce the risk     of transplant rejection, optionally wherein the first sample is     taken before the transplant, and the second sample is taken after     the transplant. -   52. A method according to statement 51, wherein in step a), the     first sample is collected no longer than a week, e.g. no longer than     6 days, no longer than 5 days, no longer than 4 days, or no longer     than 3 days, such as no longer than 2 days before said transplant. -   53. A method according to statement 51 or statement 52, wherein the     second sample is collected no longer than 6 days, no longer than 5     days, no longer than 4 days, or no longer than 3 days, such as no     longer than 2 days after the first sample or after said transplant. -   54. A method according to any one of statements 51 to 53, wherein     the subject is given a prophylactic dose of an anti-OX40 or an     anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and optionally a second     therapeutic agent before said transplant, and the first sample is     taken before administration of said combination and wherein the     second sample is taken after the transplant or after administration     of the combination (preferably, where in the second sample is taken     after the transplant). -   55. A method according to any one of statements 51 to 53, wherein     the subject is given a therapeutic dose of an anti-OX40 or an     anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and optionally a second     therapeutic agent after the transplant, and wherein the first sample     is taken before said transplant, and the second sample is taken     after the transplant. -   56. A method according to any one of statements 51 to 53, wherein     the subject is given a therapeutic dose of an anti-OX40 or an     anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and optionally a second     therapeutic agent after the transplant, and wherein the first sample     is taken before said transplant, and the second sample is taken     after the administration of said combination. -   57. A method according to any one of statements 41 to 56, wherein     the second sample is taken no longer than one month after the first     sample, such as no longer than one week, no longer than 6 days, no     longer than 5 days, no longer than 4 days, or no longer than 3 days,     e.g. no longer than 2 days after the first sample, and optionally     wherein the third sample is taken no longer than one month after the     second sample, such as no longer than one week, no longer than 6     days, no longer than 5 days, no longer than 4 days, or no longer     than 3 days, e.g. no longer than 2 days after the second sample. -   58. In vitro use of the levels (e.g. expression or amount) of RORC,     or the levels (e.g. expression or amount) of Granzyme A, as a     diagnostic for an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition in a     subject, which disease or condition can be treated or prevented with     an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and     optionally a second therapeutic agent. -   59. Use of a biomarker of an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or     condition, wherein the biomarker is the levels (e.g. expression or     amount) of RORC, or wherein the biomarker is the levels (e.g.     expression or amount) of Granzyme A, in vitro as a diagnostic for an     autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition, which disease or     condition can be treated or prevented with an anti-OX40 or an     anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and optionally a second     therapeutic agent. -   60. A method, an antibody for the use, or a use according to any one     of statements 10 to 12, 24, 25 or 31 to 59, wherein the levels (e.g.     expression or amount) of Granzyme A are determined (or is     determinable) by microarray analysis, e.g. target hybridization of     RNA to GeneChip Rhesus Macaque Genome Array (Affymetrix), and for     example further comprising processing and normalising the resultant     fluorescent signals using the Robust Multichip Averaging (RMA)     Method. -   61. A method, an antibody for the use, or a use according to any one     of statements 10 to 12, 24, 25 or 31 to 59, wherein the levels (e.g.     expression or amount) of Granzyme A are determined (or is     determinable) by flow cytometry. -   62. A method, an antibody for the use, or a use according to any     preceding statement, wherein the levels (e.g. expression or amount)     of Granzyme A before administration of the antibody or fragment     thereof are greater than 2-fold (or greater than 4-fold, or 6-fold,     or 8-fold; for example 10-fold, or 15-fold, or 20-fold) the levels     (e.g. expression or amount) of Granzyme A in a sample taken from a     healthy donor. -   63. A method, an antibody for the use, or a use according to any     preceding statement, wherein the levels (e.g. expression or amount)     of Granzyme A before administration of the antibody or fragment     thereof are greater than 30-fold (or greater than 40-fold, 50-fold     or 60-fold; for example, greater than 70-fold, 80-fold or 90-fold;     e.g. greater than 100-fold, greater than 125-fold or greater than     150-fold) the levels (e.g. expression or amount) of Granzyme A in a     sample taken from a heathy donor. -   64. A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition     according to any preceding statement, wherein the antibody is a     depleting antibody that specifically binds OX40 (in particular human     OX40), optionally wherein the antibody is engineered for enhanced     ADC, ADCC and/or CDC. -   65. A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition     according to any preceding statement, wherein the antibody is an     antagonistic or blocking antibody. -   66. A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition     according to statement 65, wherein the antibody specifically binds     to OX40L (in particular human OX40L). -   67. A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition     according to statement 66, wherein the antibody antagonises specific     binding of OX40 to OX40L, e.g. as determined using SPR or ELISA. -   68. A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition     according to any preceding statement, wherein the antibody is a     humanized, human or fully human antibody. -   69. A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition     according to any preceding statement, wherein the antibody is a     fragment of an antibody selected from the list of multispecific     antibodies (eg. bi-specific antibodies), intrabodies, single-chain     Fv antibodies (scFv), camelized antibodies, Fab fragments, F(ab′)     fragments, disulfide-linked Fvs (sdFv), anti-idiotypic (anti-Id)     antibodies, and epitope-binding fragments thereof. -   70. A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition     according to any preceding statement, wherein the antibody or     fragment enables greater than 80% stem cell donor chimerism by day     12 in a Rhesus macaque model of haploidentical hematopoietic stem     cell transplantation. -   71. A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition     according to any preceding statement, wherein the antibody or     fragment expresses as a stably transfected pool in Lonza GS-Xceed™     at level greater than 1.5 g/L in a fed batch overgrow culture using     Lonza version 8 feed system with an overgrow period of 14 days. -   72. A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition     according to any preceding statement, wherein the antibody or     fragment thereof comprises a HCDR3 of from 16 to 27 amino acids and     derived from the recombination of a human VH gene segment, a human D     gene segment and a human JH gene segment, wherein the human JH gene     segment is IGHJ6 (e.g. IGHJ6*02). -   73. A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition     according to any preceding statement, wherein the antibody or     fragment thereof comprises a CDR selected from:     -   a. the HCDR3 of antibody 2D10 (Seq ID No:40 or Seq ID No:46);     -   b. the HCDR3 of antibody 10A7 (Seq ID No:8 or SEQ ID No: 14);     -   c. the HCDR3 of antibody 09H04 (Seq ID No:72 or Seq ID No:78);     -   d. the HCDR3 of antibody 19H01 (Seq ID No:100 or Seq ID No:         106);     -   e. a CDR3 of any of the nanobodies having the variable region         amino acid sequence of Seq ID Nos: 177 to 213;     -   f. an HCDR3 of any of the antibodies having the variable region         amino acid sequence of Seq ID Nos: 215, 217, 219, 221, 223, 225,         227, 229 or 230; or     -   g. an HCDR3 of any of the antibodies having the variable region         amino acid sequence of Seq ID Nos: 232 or 234. -   74. A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition     according to any preceding statement, wherein the antibody or     fragment thereof comprises:     -   a. the CDRs of antibody 2D10 (Seq ID No:40 or Seq ID No:46 for         CDRH3, SEQ ID No:38 or SEQ ID No:44 for CDRH2, SEQ ID No:36 or         SEQ ID No:42 for CDRH1, SEQ ID No:50 or SEQ ID No:56 for CDRL1,         SEQ ID No:52 or SEQ ID No:58 for CDRL2 and SEQ ID No:54 or SEQ         ID No:60 for CDRL3);     -   b. the CDRs of antibody 10A7 (Seq ID No:8 or SEQ ID No:14 for         CDRH3, SEQ ID No:6 or SEQ ID No:12 for CDRH2, SEQ ID No:4 or SEQ         ID No:10 for CDRH1, SEQ ID No:18 or SEQ ID No:24 for CDRL1, SEQ         ID No:20 or SEQ ID No:26 for CDRL2 and SEQ ID No:22 or SEQ ID         No:28 for CDRL3);     -   c. the CDRs of antibody 09H04 (Seq ID No:72 or Seq ID No:78 for         CDRH3, SEQ ID No:70 or SEQ ID No:76 for CDRH2, SEQ ID No:68 or         SEQ ID No:74 for CDRH1, SEQ ID No:82 or SEQ ID No:88 for CDRL1,         SEQ ID No:84 or SEQ ID No:90 for CDRL2 and SEQ ID No:86 or SEQ         ID No:92 for CDRL3);     -   d. the CDRs of antibody 19H01 (Seq ID No:100 or Seq ID No:106         for CDRH3, SEQ ID No:98 or SEQ ID No: 104 for CDRH2, SEQ ID         No:96 or SEQ ID No: 102 for CDRH1, SEQ ID No:110 or SEQ ID         No:116 for CDRL1, SEQ ID No:112 or SEQ ID No:118 for CDRL2 and         SEQ ID No:114 or SEQ ID No:120 for CDRL3);     -   e. the CDRs of any of the nanobodies having the variable region         amino acid sequence of Seq ID Nos: 177 to 213;     -   f. the heavy chain CDRs of any of the antibodies having the         heavy chain variable region amino acid sequence of Seq ID Nos:         215, 217, 219, 221, 223, 225, 227, 229 or 230, and the light         chain CDRs of any of the antibodies having the light chain         variable region amino acid sequence of Seq ID Nos: 216, 218,         220, 222, 224, 226 or 228; or     -   g. the heavy chain CDRs of any of the antibodies having the         heavy chain variable region amino acid sequence of Seq ID Nos:         232 or 234, and the light chain CDRs of any of the antibodies         having the light chain variable region amino acid sequence of         Seq ID Nos:231 or 233. -   75. A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition     according to any preceding statement, wherein the antibody or     fragment thereof comprises the VH and/or VL domains selected from     the following:     -   a. the VH and/or VL domains of antibody 2D10 (Seq ID No:34 for         VH and/or Seq ID No:48 for VL);     -   b. the VH and/or VL domains of antibody 10A7 (Seq ID No:2 for VH         and/or Seq ID No:16 for VL);     -   c. the VH and/or VL domains of antibody 09H04 (Seq ID No:66 for         VH and/or Seq ID No:80 for VL);     -   d. the VH and/or VL domains of antibody 19H01 (Seq ID No:94 for         VH and/or Seq ID No: 108 for VL);     -   e. a VH domain of any of the nanobodies having the variable         region amino acid sequence of Seq ID Nos: 177 to 213;     -   f. a VH domain of any of the antibodies having the heavy chain         variable region amino acid sequence of Seq ID Nos: 215, 217,         219, 221, 223, 225, 227, 229 or 230, and a VL domain of any of         the antibodies having the light chain variable region amino acid         sequence of Seq ID Nos: 216, 218, 220, 222, 224, 226 or 228; or     -   g. a VH domain of any of the antibodies having the heavy chain         variable region amino acid sequence of Seq ID Nos: 232 or 234,         and a VL domain of any of the antibodies having the light chain         variable region amino acid sequence of Seq ID Nos:231 or 233. -   76. A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition     according to any preceding statement, wherein the antibody is     oxelumab. -   77. A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition     according to any preceding statement, wherein the Granzyme A is     measured in a sample of blood, e.g. peripheral blood. -   78. A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition     according to any preceding statement, wherein the subject is a human     patient. -   79. A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition     according to any preceding statement, wherein the autoimmune or     alloimmune disease or condition is mediated by a deficiency in Treg     cells. -   80. A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition     according to any preceding statement, wherein the autoimmune or     alloimmune disease or condition is selected from graft versus host     disease (GvHD), allogenic transplant rejection, inflammatory bowel     disease (IBD), Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, systemic lupus     erythematosus (SLE), diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis,     multiple sclerosis, atherosclerosis, uvetitis, ankylosing     spondylitis and contact hypersensitivity. -   81. A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition     according to statement 80, wherein the autoimmune or alloimmune     disease or condition is selected from GvHD and allogenic transplant     rejection. -   82. A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition     according to statement 80, wherein the autoimmune or alloimmune     disease or condition is selected from inflammatory bowel disease     (IBD), Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. -   83. A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition     according to statement 81, wherein the allogenic transplant     rejection is rejection of a cell, tissue or organ transplant (e.g.     liver, lung, heart, kidney or bowel), or of a blood transplant (e.g.     autologous or allogeneic), for example where the blood is bone     marrow-derived, is cord-blood derived (umbilical), or is     peripheral-blood derived. -   84. A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition     according to any preceding statement, wherein the second therapeutic     agent is an IL-2 modulating agent, for example an IL-2 inhibiting     agent, such as a calcinueirn inhibitor or an mTOR inhibitor (for     example the agent is selected from the group consisting of rapamycin     (sirolimus), tacrolimus, ciclosporin, corticosteroids (e.g.     methylprednisolone), anti-IL2R antibodies (e.g. basilixumab),     anti-IL-2 antibodies and anti-CD24-Fc fusion protein). -   85. A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition     according to any preceding statement, wherein the second therapeutic     agent is independently selected from the group consisting of     methotrexate, mycophenolate mofetil, anti-CD28 antibodies,     anti-IL12/IL-23 antibodies (e.g. ustekinumab), anti-CD20 antibodies     (e.g.rituximab), anti-CD30 antibodies (e.g. brentuximab), CTLA4-Fc     molecules (e.g. abatacept), CCR5 receptor antagonists (e.g.     maraviroc), anti-CD40L antibodies, anti-VLA4 antibodies (e.g.     natalizumab), anti-LFA1 antibodies, fludarabine, anti-CD52     antibodies (e.g. alemtuzumab), anti-CD45 antibodies,     cyclophosphamide, anti-thymocyte globulins, anti-complement C5     antibodies (e.g. eculizumab), anti-a4b7 integrin antibodies (e.g.     vedolizumab), anti-IL6 antibodies (e.g. tocilizumab), anti-CD25     antibodies (e.g. daclizumab), anti-TCONVFa /TCONVFa-Fc molecules     (e.g. etanercept, adalimumab, infliximab, golimumab or certolizumab     pegol) and Vorinostat. -   86. A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition     according to any preceding statement, wherein the second therapeutic     agent is independently selected from the group consisting of     rapamycin (sirolimus), tacrolimus, ciclosporin, corticosteroids     (e.g. methylprednisolone), methotrexate, mycophenolate mofetil,     anti-CD28 antibodies, CTLA4-Fc molecules (e.g. abatacept),     anti-CD40L antibodies, anti-LFA1 antibodies, anti-CD52 antibodies     (e.g. alemtuzumab), cyclophosphamide and anti-thymocyte globulins. -   87. A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition     according to any preceding statement, wherein the second therapeutic     agent is rapamycin. -   88. A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition     according to any preceding statement, wherein the second therapeutic     agent is tacrolimus.

Statements of Invention (IL17A)

1. A method of reducing the level (e.g. expression or amount) of IL-17A in a subject, comprising combining T-cells from said subject with an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and optionally a second therapeutic agent, which method reduces the level (e.g. expression or amount) of IL-17 (e.g. IL-17A).

2. An anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and optionally a second therapeutic agent for use in treating or reducing the risk of an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition characterised by an elevation or increase of at least 1.5-fold in the levels (e.g. expression or amount) of IL-17 (e.g. IL-17A) as compared to the levels (e.g. expression or amount) in a sample taken from a healthy donor.

3. Use of an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and optionally a second therapeutic agent for the treatment or prevention of an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition characterised by an elevation or increase of at least 1.5-fold in the levels (e.g. expression or amount) of IL-17 (e.g. IL-17A) as compared to the levels (e.g. expression or amount) in a sample taken from a healthy donor.

4. Use of an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and optionally a second therapeutic agent in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment or prevention of an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition characterised by an elevation or increase of at least 1.5-fold in the levels (e.g. expression or amount) of IL-17 (e.g. IL-17A) as compared to the levels (e.g. expression or amount) in a sample taken from a healthy donor.

5. A method according to any one of statements 1 to 4, wherein the subject has or is at risk of an IL-17A-mediated disease.

6. A method of treating or preventing an IL-17A-mediated disease in a subject comprising administering to said subject a therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and optionally a second therapeutic agent, which method reduces the level (e.g. expression or amount) of IL-17 (e.g. IL-17A), and whereby the IL-17A-mediated disease is thereby treated or prevented.

7. An anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and optionally a second therapeutic agent for use in treating or reducing the risk of an IL-17A-mediated disease, whereby the level (e.g. expression or amount) of IL-17 (e.g. IL-17A) is reduced, and whereby the IL-17A-mediated disease is thereby treated or prevented.

8. Use of an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and optionally a second therapeutic agent for the treatment or prevention of an IL-17A-mediated disease, whereby the level (e.g. expression or amount) of IL-17 (e.g. IL-17A) is reduced, and whereby the IL-17A-mediated disease is thereby treated or prevented.

9. Use of an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and optionally a second therapeutic agent in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment or prevention of an IL-17A-mediated disease.

10. A method, use or antibody for the use according to any one of statements 5 to 9, wherein the IL-17A-mediated disease is selected from an inflammatory disease or condition, an autoimmune disease or condition, an alloimmune disease or condition and an infectious disease or condition, optionally selected from colorectal cancer (CRC), colon cancer, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, glioma, asthma, COPD, cystic fibrosis, transplant rejection (e.g. lung transplant rejection), multiple sclerosis, arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), reactive arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, atherosclerosis, spondyloarthropathies, juvenile-onset spondyloarthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, Chron's disease, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), psoriasis, ankylosing spondylitis, type 1 diabetes, stroke, depression, Behcet's disease, allograft rejection, nephritic syndrome, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, undifferentiated SpA, vitiligo, cardiovascular diseases, Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection, in particular selected from colorectal cancer (CRC), colon cancer, asthma, COPD, cystic fibrosis, transplant rejection (e.g. lung transplant rejection), multiple sclerosis, arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), psoriatic arthritis, atherosclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease, Chron's disease, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), psoriasis, ankylosing spondylitis, type 1 diabetes and allograft rejection

11. A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition according to any preceding statement, wherein the antibody is a depleting antibody that specifically binds OX40 (in particular human OX40), optionally wherein the antibody is engineered for enhanced ADC, ADCC and/or CDC.

12. A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition according to any preceding statement, wherein the antibody is an antagonistic or blocking antibody.

13. A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition according to statement 12, wherein the antibody specifically binds to OX40L (in particular human OX40L).

14. A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition according to statement 13, wherein the antibody antagonises specific binding of OX40 to OX40L, e.g. as determined using SPR or ELISA.

15. A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition according to any preceding statement, wherein the antibody is a humanized, human or fully human antibody.

16. A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition according to any preceding statement, wherein the antibody is a fragment of an antibody selected from the list of multispecific antibodies (eg. bi-specific antibodies), intrabodies, single-chain Fv antibodies (scFv), camelized antibodies, Fab fragments, F(ab′) fragments, disulfide-linked Fvs (sdFv), anti-idiotypic (anti-Id) antibodies, and epitope-binding fragments thereof.

17. A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition according to any preceding statement, wherein the antibody or fragment enables greater than 80% stem cell donor chimerism by day 12 in a Rhesus macaque model of haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

18. A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition according to any preceding statement, wherein the antibody or fragment expresses as a stably transfected pool in Lonza GS-Xceed™ at level greater than 1.5 g/L in a fed batch overgrow culture using Lonza version 8 feed system with an overgrow period of 14 days.

19. A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition according to any preceding statement, wherein the antibody or fragment thereof comprises a HCDR3 of from 16 to 27 amino acids and derived from the recombination of a human VH gene segment, a human D gene segment and a human JH gene segment, wherein the human JH gene segment is IGHJ6 (e.g. IGHJ6*02).

20. A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition according to any preceding statement, wherein the antibody or fragment thereof comprises a CDR selected from:

a. the HCDR3 of antibody 2D10 (Seq ID No:40 or Seq ID No:46);

b. the HCDR3 of antibody 10A7 (Seq ID No:8 or SEQ ID No: 14);

c. the HCDR3 of antibody 09H04 (Seq ID No:72 or Seq ID No:78);

d. the HCDR3 of antibody 19H01 (Seq ID No:100 or Seq ID No: 106);

e. a CDR3 of any of the nanobodies having the variable region amino acid sequence of Seq ID Nos: 177 to 213;

f. an HCDR3 of any of the antibodies having the variable region amino acid sequence of Seq ID Nos: 215, 217, 219, 221, 223, 225, 227, 229 or 230; or

g. an HCDR3 of any of the antibodies having the variable region amino acid sequence of Seq ID Nos: 232 or 234.

21. A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition according to any preceding statement, wherein the antibody or fragment thereof comprises:

a. the CDRs of antibody 2D10 (Seq ID No:40 or Seq ID No:46 for CDRH3, SEQ ID No:38 or SEQ ID No:44 for CDRH2, SEQ ID No:36 or SEQ ID No:42 for CDRH1, SEQ ID No:50 or SEQ ID No:56 for CDRL1, SEQ ID No:52 or SEQ ID No:58 for CDRL2 and SEQ ID No:54 or SEQ ID No:60 for CDRL3);

b. the CDRs of antibody 10A7 (Seq ID No:8 or SEQ ID No:14 for CDRH3, SEQ ID No:6 or SEQ ID No:12 for CDRH2, SEQ ID No:4 or SEQ ID No:10 for CDRH1, SEQ ID No:18 or SEQ ID No:24 for CDRL1, SEQ ID No:20 or SEQ ID No:26 for CDRL2 and SEQ ID No:22 or SEQ ID No:28 for CDRL3);

c. the CDRs of antibody 09H04 (Seq ID No:72 or Seq ID No:78 for CDRH3, SEQ ID No:70 or SEQ ID No:76 for CDRH2, SEQ ID No:68 or SEQ ID No:74 for CDRH1, SEQ ID No:82 or SEQ ID No:88 for CDRL1, SEQ ID No:84 or SEQ ID No:90 for CDRL2 and SEQ ID No:86 or SEQ ID No:92 for CDRL3);

d. the CDRs of antibody 19H01 (Seq ID No:100 or Seq ID No:106 for CDRH3, SEQ ID No:98 or SEQ ID No:104 for CDRH2, SEQ ID No:96 or SEQ ID No:102 for CDRH1, SEQ ID No:110 or SEQ ID No:116 for CDRL1, SEQ ID No:112 or SEQ ID No:118 for CDRL2 and SEQ ID No:114 or SEQ ID No:120 for CDRL3);

e. the CDRs of any of the nanobodies having the variable region amino acid sequence of Seq ID Nos: 177 to 213;

f. the heavy chain CDRs of any of the antibodies having the heavy chain variable region amino acid sequence of Seq ID Nos: 215, 217, 219, 221, 223, 225, 227, 229 or 230, and the light chain CDRs of any of the antibodies having the light chain variable region amino acid sequence of Seq ID Nos: 216, 218, 220, 222, 224, 226 or 228; or

g. the heavy chain CDRs of any of the antibodies having the heavy chain variable region amino acid sequence of Seq ID Nos: 232 or 234, and the light chain CDRs of any of the antibodies having the light chain variable region amino acid sequence of Seq ID Nos:231 or 233.

22. A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition according to any preceding statement, wherein the antibody or fragment thereof comprises the VH and/or VL domains selected from the following:

a. the VH and/or VL domains of antibody 2D10 (Seq ID No:34 for VH and/or Seq ID No:48 for VL);

b. the VH and/or VL domains of antibody 10A7 (Seq ID No:2 for VH and/or Seq ID No:16 for VL);

c. the VH and/or VL domains of antibody 09H04 (Seq ID No:66 for VH and/or Seq ID No:80 for VL);

d. the VH and/or VL domains of antibody 19H01 (Seq ID No:94 for VH and/or Seq ID No: 108 for VL);

e. a VH domain of any of the nanobodies having the variable region amino acid sequence of Seq ID Nos: 177 to 213;

f. a VH domain of any of the antibodies having the heavy chain variable region amino acid sequence of Seq ID Nos: 215, 217, 219, 221, 223, 225, 227, 229 or 230, and a VL domain of any of the antibodies having the light chain variable region amino acid sequence of Seq ID Nos: 216, 218, 220, 222, 224, 226 or 228; or

g. a VH domain of any of the antibodies having the heavy chain variable region amino acid sequence of Seq ID Nos: 232 or 234, and a VL domain of any of the antibodies having the light chain variable region amino acid sequence of Seq ID Nos:231 or 233.

23. A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition according to any preceding statement, wherein the antibody is oxelumab.

24. A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition according to any preceding statement, wherein the subject is a human patient.

25. A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition according to any preceding statement, wherein the autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition is mediated by a deficiency in Treg cells.

26. A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition according to any preceding statement, wherein the second therapeutic agent is an IL-2 modulating agent, for example an IL-2 inhibiting agent, such as a calcinueirn inhibitor or an mTOR inhibitor (for example the agent is selected from the group consisting of rapamycin (sirolimus), tacrolimus, ciclosporin, corticosteroids (e.g. methylprednisolone), anti-IL2R antibodies (e.g. basilixumab), anti-IL-2 antibodies and anti-CD24-Fc fusion protein).

27. A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition according to any preceding statement, wherein the second therapeutic agent is independently selected from the group consisting of methotrexate, mycophenolate mofetil, anti-CD28 antibodies, anti-IL12/IL-23 antibodies (e.g. ustekinumab), anti-CD20 antibodies (e.g.rituximab), anti-CD30 antibodies (e.g. brentuximab), CTLA4-Fc molecules (e.g. abatacept), CCR5 receptor antagonists (e.g. maraviroc), anti-CD40L antibodies, anti-VLA4 antibodies (e.g. natalizumab), anti-LFA1 antibodies, fludarabine, anti-CD52 antibodies (e.g. alemtuzumab), anti-CD45 antibodies, cyclophosphamide, anti-thymocyte globulins, anti-complement C5 antibodies (e.g. eculizumab), anti-a4b7 integrin antibodies (e.g. vedolizumab), anti-IL6 antibodies (e.g. tocilizumab), anti-CD25 antibodies (e.g. daclizumab), anti-TCONVFa/TCONVFa-Fc molecules (e.g. etanercept, adalimumab, infliximab, golimumab or certolizumab pegol) and Vorinostat.

28. A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition according to any one of statements 1 to 26, wherein the second therapeutic agent is independently selected from the group consisting of rapamycin (sirolimus), tacrolimus, ciclosporin, corticosteroids (e.g. methylprednisolone), methotrexate, mycophenolate mofetil, anti-CD28 antibodies, CTLA4-Fc molecules (e.g. abatacept), anti-CD40L antibodies, anti-LFA1 antibodies, anti-CD52 antibodies (e.g. alemtuzumab), cyclophosphamide and anti-thymocyte globulins.

29. A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition according to any preceding statement, wherein the second therapeutic agent is rapamycin or a derivative thereof.

30. A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition according to any preceding statement, wherein the second therapeutic agent is tacrolimus.

Statements of Invention (T_(N) and T_(CM) Cells)

-   -   1. A method of preventing a reduction in the proportion (e.g.         number or level) of naïve T-cells (T_(N)), and/or preventing an         increase in the proportion (e.g. number or level) of central         memory T-cells (T_(CM)) comprising combining said cells with an         anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof and         optionally a second therapeutic agent, which antibody (or         combination) prevents reduction of the proportion (e.g. number         or level) of T_(N) cells, and whereby the proportion of said         T_(N) cells is not substantially reduced and/or which antibody         (or combination) prevents an increase in the proportion (e.g.         number or level) of T_(CM) cells, and whereby the proportion of         said T_(N) cells is not substantially increased.     -   2. The method according to statement 1, wherein the method         prevents reduction in the proportion (e.g. the number or level)         of T_(N) cells and wherein the proportion of T_(N) cells is at         least 10 T_(N) cells/L⁻⁶, for example at least 20 T_(N)         cells/L⁻⁶, or at least 30 T_(N) cells/L⁻⁶, or at least 40 T_(N)         cells/L⁻⁶, or at least 50 T_(N) cells/L⁻⁶ after combining said         cells with said antibody (or combination).     -   3. The method according to statement 1, wherein the method         prevents reduction in the proportion (e.g. the number or level)         of T_(N) cells and wherein the proportion of T_(N) cells is         above 5% of the total population of T-cells after combining said         T_(N) cells with said antibody (or combination).     -   4. The method according to statement 1, wherein the method         prevents an increase in the proportion (e.g. the number or         level) of T_(CM) cells and wherein the proportion of T_(CM)         cells is at least 10 T_(CM) cells/L⁻⁶, for example at least 20         T_(CM) cells/L⁻⁶, or at least 30 T_(CM) cells/L⁻⁶, or at least         40 T_(CM) cells/L⁻⁶, or at least 50 T_(CM) cells/L⁻⁶ after         combining said cells with said antibody (or combination).     -   5. The method according to statement 1, wherein the method         prevents an increase in the proportion (e.g. the number or         level) of T_(CM) cells and wherein the proportion of T_(CM)         cells is above 15% of the total population of T-cells after         combining said T_(CM) cells with said antibody (or combination).     -   6. A method of altering the ratio of cell types in a T-cell         population in a sample, the method comprising:

(a) providing said population, wherein the population comprises a mixture of different T-cell types, wherein the population comprises T_(N) cells and/or T_(CM),

(b) providing an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and optionally a second therapeutic agent; and

(c) combining said cell population with an amount of said antibody (or combination) effective to alter the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T_(N) cells and/or T_(CM) cells in said population.

-   -   7. A method of treating or reducing the risk of an         OX40L-mediated disease or condition (e.g. an autoimmune or         alloimmune disease or condition) in a subject, the method         comprising combining a population of T-cells with an anti-OX40         or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and optionally a         second therapeutic agent, wherein the antibody (or combination)         prevents reduction in the proportion (e.g. number or level) of         T_(N) cells, and whereby the proportion of said T_(N) cells is         not reduced and/or wherein the antibody (or combination)         prevents an increase in the proportion (e.g. number or level) of         T_(CM) cells, and whereby the proportion of said T_(CM) cells is         not increased.     -   8. A method according to statement 7, wherein the combining of         cells and the antibody (or combination) is by administering said         antibody (or combination) in a therapeutically effective amount         or prophylactically effective amount to said subject, and         whereby said disease or condition is treated, or the risk of         said disease or condition is reduced in said subject.     -   9. A method of treating or reducing the risk of a disease or         condition (e.g. an OX40L-mediated disease or condition, or an         autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition, or an autoimmune         or alloimmune disease or condition characterised by a ratio of         Treg:Tconv of less than 1.5:100) in a subject comprising         administering to said subject a therapeutically effective amount         or a prophylactically effective amount of an anti-OX40 or an         anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and optionally a second         therapeutic agent thereof;

wherein the antibody (or combination) prevents reduction in the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T_(N) cells, and whereby said proportion (e.g. number or level) of T_(N) cells is not reduced, and/or

wherein the antibody (or combination) prevents an increase in the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T_(CM) cells, and whereby the proportion of said T_(CM) cells is not increased; and wherein the disease or condition is thereby treated, or the risk of said disease or condition is reduced.

-   -   10. An anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof,         and optionally a second therapeutic agent for use in treating or         reducing the risk of an anti-OX40L-mediated disease or         condition, or an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition,         or an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition         characterised by a ratio of Treg:Tconv of less than 1.5:100 in a         subject;

wherein the antibody (or combination) prevents reduction in the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T_(N) cells, and whereby said proportion (e.g. number or level) of T_(N) cells is not reduced and/or wherein the antibody (or combination) prevents an increase in the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T_(CM) cells, and whereby the proportion of said T_(CM) cells is not increased; and

wherein the disease or condition is thereby treated, or the risk of said disease or condition is reduced.

-   -   11. Use of an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment         thereof, and optionally a second therapeutic agent for the         treatment or prevention of an anti-OX40L-mediated disease or         condition, or an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition,         or an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition         characterised by a ratio of Treg:Tconv of less than 1.5:100 in a         subject;

wherein the antibody (or combination) prevents reduction in the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T_(N) cells, and whereby said proportion (e.g. number or level) of T_(N) cells is not reduced and/or wherein the antibody (or combination) prevents an increase in the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T_(CM) cells, and whereby the proportion of said T_(CM) cells is not increased; and

wherein the disease or condition is thereby treated, or the risk of said disease or condition is reduced.

-   -   12. A composition comprising an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L         antibody or fragment thereof, and optionally a second         therapeutic agent for the treatment or prevention of an         anti-OX40L-mediated disease or condition, or an autoimmune or         alloimmune disease or condition, or an autoimmune or alloimmune         disease or condition characterised by a ratio of Treg:Tconv of         less than 1.5:100 in a subject;

wherein the antibody (or combination) prevents reduction in the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T_(N) cells, and whereby said proportion (e.g. number or level) of T_(N) cells is not reduced and/or wherein the antibody (or combination) prevents an increase in the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T_(CM) cells, and whereby the proportion of said T_(CM) cells is not increased; and

wherein the disease or condition is thereby treated, or the risk of said disease or condition is reduced.

-   -   13. A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition         according to any preceding statement, wherein the antibody is a         depleting antibody that specifically binds OX40 (in particular         human OX40), optionally wherein the antibody is engineered for         enhanced ADC, ADCC and/or CDC.     -   14. A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition         according to any preceding statement, wherein the antibody is an         antagonistic or blocking antibody.     -   15. A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition         according to statement 14, wherein the antibody specifically         binds to OX40L (in particular human OX40L).     -   16. A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition         according to statement 15, wherein the antibody antagonises         specific binding of OX40 to OX40L, e.g. as determined using SPR         or ELISA.     -   17. A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition         according to any preceding statement, wherein the antibody is a         humanized, human or fully human antibody.     -   18. A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition         according to any preceding statement, wherein the antibody is a         fragment of an antibody selected from the list of multispecific         antibodies (eg. bi-specific antibodies), intrabodies,         single-chain Fv antibodies (scFv), camelized antibodies, Fab         fragments, F(ab′) fragments, disulfide-linked Fvs (sdFv),         anti-idiotypic (anti-Id) antibodies, and epitope-binding         fragments thereof.     -   19. A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition         according to any preceding statement, wherein the antibody or         fragment enables greater than 80% stem cell donor chimerism by         day 12 in a Rhesus macaque model of haploidentical hematopoietic         stem cell transplantation.     -   20. A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition         according to any preceding statement, wherein the antibody or         fragment expresses as a stably transfected pool in Lonza         GS-Xceed™ at level greater than 1.5 g/L in a fed batch overgrow         culture using Lonza version 8 feed system with an overgrow         period of 14 days.     -   21. A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition         according to any preceding statement, wherein the antibody or         fragment thereof comprises a HCDR3 of from 16 to 27 amino acids         and derived from the recombination of a human VH gene segment, a         human D gene segment and a human JH gene segment, wherein the         human JH gene segment is IGHJ6 (e.g. IGHJ6*02).     -   22. A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition         according to any preceding statement, wherein the antibody or         fragment thereof comprises a CDR selected from:         -   a. the HCDR3 of antibody 2D10 (Seq ID No:40 or Seq ID             No:46);         -   b. the HCDR3 of antibody 10A7 (Seq ID No:8 or SEQ ID No:             14);         -   c. the HCDR3 of antibody 09H04 (Seq ID No:72 or Seq ID             No:78);         -   d. the HCDR3 of antibody 19H01 (Seq ID No:100 or Seq ID No:             106);         -   e. a CDR3 of any of the nanobodies having the variable             region amino acid sequence of Seq ID Nos: 177 to 213;         -   f. an HCDR3 of any of the antibodies having the variable             region amino acid sequence of Seq ID Nos: 215, 217, 219,             221, 223, 225, 227, 229 or 230; or         -   g. an HCDR3 of any of the antibodies having the variable             region amino acid sequence of Seq ID Nos: 232 or 234.     -   23. A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition         according to any preceding statement, wherein the antibody or         fragment thereof comprises:         -   a. the CDRs of antibody 2D10 (Seq ID No:40 or Seq ID No:46             for CDRH3, SEQ ID No:38 or SEQ ID No:44 for CDRH2, SEQ ID             No:36 or SEQ ID No:42 for CDRH1, SEQ ID No:50 or SEQ ID             No:56 for CDRL1, SEQ ID No:52 or SEQ ID No:58 for CDRL2 and             SEQ ID No:54 or SEQ ID No:60 for CDRL3);         -   b. the CDRs of antibody 10A7 (Seq ID No:8 or SEQ ID No:14             for CDRH3, SEQ ID No:6 or SEQ ID No:12 for CDRH2, SEQ ID             No:4 or SEQ ID No:10 for CDRH1, SEQ ID No:18 or SEQ ID No:24             for CDRL1, SEQ ID No:20 or SEQ ID No:26 for CDRL2 and SEQ ID             No:22 or SEQ ID No:28 for CDRL3);         -   c. the CDRs of antibody 09H04 (Seq ID No:72 or Seq ID No:78             for CDRH3, SEQ ID No:70 or SEQ ID No:76 for CDRH2, SEQ ID             No:68 or SEQ ID No:74 for CDRH1, SEQ ID No:82 or SEQ ID             No:88 for CDRL1, SEQ ID No:84 or SEQ ID No:90 for CDRL2 and             SEQ ID No:86 or SEQ ID No:92 for CDRL3);         -   d. the CDRs of antibody 19H01 (Seq ID No:100 or Seq ID             No:106 for CDRH3, SEQ ID No:98 or SEQ ID No: 104 for CDRH2,             SEQ ID No:96 or SEQ ID No: 102 for CDRH1, SEQ ID No:110 or             SEQ ID No:116 for CDRL1, SEQ ID No:112 or SEQ ID No:118 for             CDRL2 and SEQ ID No:114 or SEQ ID No:120 for CDRL3);         -   e. the CDRs of any of the nanobodies having the variable             region amino acid sequence of Seq ID Nos: 177 to 213;         -   f. the heavy chain CDRs of any of the antibodies having the             heavy chain variable region amino acid sequence of Seq ID             Nos: 215, 217, 219, 221, 223, 225, 227, 229 or 230, and the             light chain CDRs of any of the antibodies having the light             chain variable region amino acid sequence of Seq ID Nos:             216, 218, 220, 222, 224, 226 or 228; or         -   g. the heavy chain CDRs of any of the antibodies having the             heavy chain variable region amino acid sequence of Seq ID             Nos: 232 or 234, and the light chain CDRs of any of the             antibodies having the light chain variable region amino acid             sequence of Seq ID Nos:231 or 233.     -   24. A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition         according to any preceding statement, wherein the antibody or         fragment thereof comprises the VH and/or VL domains selected         from the following:         -   a. the VH and/or VL domains of antibody 2D10 (Seq ID No:34             for VH and/or Seq ID No:48 for VL);         -   b. the VH and/or VL domains of antibody 10A7 (Seq ID No:2             for VH and/or Seq ID No:16 for VL);         -   c. the VH and/or VL domains of antibody 09H04 (Seq ID No:66             for VH and/or Seq ID No:80 for VL);         -   d. the VH and/or VL domains of antibody 19H01 (Seq ID No:94             for VH and/or Seq ID No: 108 for VL);         -   e. a VH domain of any of the nanobodies having the variable             region amino acid sequence of Seq ID Nos: 177 to 213;         -   f. a VH domain of any of the antibodies having the heavy             chain variable region amino acid sequence of Seq ID Nos:             215, 217, 219, 221, 223, 225, 227, 229 or 230, and a VL             domain of any of the antibodies having the light chain             variable region amino acid sequence of Seq ID Nos: 216, 218,             220, 222, 224, 226 or 228; or         -   g. a VH domain of any of the antibodies having the heavy             chain variable region amino acid sequence of Seq ID Nos: 232             or 234, and a VL domain of any of the antibodies having the             light chain variable region amino acid sequence of Seq ID             Nos:231 or 233.     -   25. A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition         according to any preceding statement, wherein the antibody is         oxelumab.     -   26. A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition         according to any preceding statement, wherein the subject is a         human patient.     -   27. A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition         according to any preceding statement, wherein the autoimmune or         alloimmune disease or condition is mediated by a deficiency in         Treg cells.     -   28. A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition         according to any preceding statement, wherein the autoimmune or         alloimmune disease or condition is selected from graft versus         host disease (GvHD), allogenic transplant rejection,         inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), Crohn's disease, ulcerative         colitis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), diabetes,         rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, multiple sclerosis,         atherosclerosis, uvetitis, ankylosing spondylitis and contact         hypersensitivity.     -   29. A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition         according to statement 28, wherein the autoimmune or alloimmune         disease or condition is selected from GvHD and allogenic         transplant rejection.     -   30. A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition         according to statement 28, wherein the autoimmune or alloimmune         disease or condition is selected from inflammatory bowel disease         (IBD), Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.     -   31. A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition         according to statement 29, wherein the allogenic transplant         rejection is rejection of a cell, tissue or organ transplant         (e.g. liver, lung, heart, kidney or bowel), or of a blood         transplant (e.g. autologous or allogeneic), for example where         the blood is bone marrow-derived, is cord-blood derived         (umbilical), or is peripheral-blood derived.     -   32. A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition         according to any preceding statement, wherein the second         therapeutic agent is an IL-2 modulating agent, for example an         IL-2 inhibiting agent, such as a calcinueirn inhibitor or an         mTOR inhibitor (for example the agent is selected from the group         consisting of rapamycin (sirolimus), tacrolimus, ciclosporin,         corticosteroids (e.g. methylprednisolone), anti-IL2R antibodies         (e.g. basilixumab), anti-IL-2 antibodies and anti-CD24-Fc fusion         protein).     -   33. A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition         according to any preceding statement, wherein the second         therapeutic agent is independently selected from the group         consisting of methotrexate, mycophenolate mofetil, anti-CD28         antibodies, anti-IL12/IL-23 antibodies (e.g. ustekinumab),         anti-CD20 antibodies (e.g.rituximab), anti-CD30 antibodies (e.g.         brentuximab), CTLA4-Fc molecules (e.g. abatacept), CCR5 receptor         antagonists (e.g. maraviroc), anti-CD40L antibodies, anti-VLA4         antibodies (e.g. natalizumab), anti-LFA1 antibodies,         fludarabine, anti-CD52 antibodies (e.g. alemtuzumab), anti-CD45         antibodies, cyclophosphamide, anti-thymocyte globulins,         anti-complement C5 antibodies (e.g. eculizumab), anti-a4b7         integrin antibodies (e.g. vedolizumab), anti-IL6 antibodies         (e.g. tocilizumab), anti-CD25 antibodies (e.g. daclizumab),         anti-TCONVFa/TCONVFa-Fc molecules (e.g. etanercept, adalimumab,         infliximab, golimumab or certolizumab pegol) and Vorinostat.     -   34. A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition         according to any one of statements 1 to 33, wherein the second         therapeutic agent is independently selected from the group         consisting of rapamycin (sirolimus), tacrolimus, ciclosporin,         corticosteroids (e.g. methylprednisolone), methotrexate,         mycophenolate mofetil, anti-CD28 antibodies, CTLA4-Fc molecules         (e.g. abatacept), anti-CD40L antibodies, anti-LFA1 antibodies,         anti-CD52 antibodies (e.g. alemtuzumab), cyclophosphamide and         anti-thymocyte globulins.     -   35. A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition         according to any preceding statement, wherein the second         therapeutic agent is rapamycin.     -   36. A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition         according to any preceding statement, wherein the second         therapeutic agent is tacrolimus. 

1. A method of preventing reduction in the proportion of regulatory T-cells (Tregs) comprising combining said cells with a combination of (i) an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof and (ii) a second therapeutic agent, which combination prevents reduction of the proportion of Treg cells, and whereby the proportion of said Treg cells is not substantially reduced.
 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the proportion (e.g. the number or level) of Treg cells is at least 4×10⁶ Treg/litre, for example at least 5×10⁶ Treg/litre, or at least 6×10⁶ Treg/litre, or at least 7×10⁶ Treg/litre, or at least 8×10⁶ Treg/litre after combining said cells with said combination.
 3. A method of altering the ratio of cell types in a T-cell population in a sample, the method comprising a. providing said population, wherein the population comprises a mixture of different T-cell types, wherein the population comprises Treg cells, b. providing a combination of (i) an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and (ii) a second therapeutic agent; and c. combining said cell population with an amount of said combination effective to alter the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Treg cells in said population.
 4. A method according to claim 3, wherein in step a), the population further comprises Tconv cells.
 5. A method according to claim 4, wherein the ratio of Treg:Tconv in the population of step a) is less than 1.5:100.
 6. A method according to claim 4 or claim 5, wherein the ratio of Treg:Tconv in the population of step c) is increased to greater than 2:100.
 7. A method according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the method is carried out ex vivo in a sample of blood extracted from a human donor subject.
 8. A method according to claim 7, wherein blood produced by said method is introduced to a recipient human subject.
 9. A method according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the method is carried out in vivo in a human subject.
 10. A method according to claim 9, wherein the subject has or is at risk of an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition characterised by a ratio of Treg:Tconv of less than 1.5:100.
 11. A method of treating or reducing the risk of a disease or condition (e.g. an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition characterised by a ratio of Treg:Tconv of less than 1.5:100) in a subject, the method comprising combining a population of T-cells with combination of (i) an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and (ii) a second therapeutic agent, which combination prevents reduction in the proportion of (e.g. number or level) of Treg cells, and whereby the proportion of said Treg cells is not reduced.
 12. A method according to any one of claims 9 to 11, wherein the combining of cells and the combination is by administering said combination in a therapeutically effective amount or prophylactically effective amount to said subject, and whereby said disease or condition is treated, or the risk of said disease or condition is reduced in said subject.
 13. A method of treating or reducing the risk of a disease or condition (e.g. an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition characterised by a ratio of Treg:Tconv of less than 1.5:100) in a subject comprising administering to said subject a therapeutically effective amount or a prophylactically effective amount of combination of (i) an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and (ii) a second therapeutic agent thereof, which combination prevents reduction in the proportion of (e.g. number or level) Treg cells, and whereby said proportion of Treg cells is not reduced, wherein the disease or condition is thereby treated, or the risk of said disease or condition is reduced.
 14. A combination of (i) an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and (ii) a second therapeutic agent for use in treating or reducing the risk of an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition characterised by a ratio of Treg:Tconv of less than 1.5:100 in a subject.
 15. Use of a combination of (i) an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and (ii) a second therapeutic agent for the treatment or prevention of an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition characterised by a ratio of Treg:Tconv of less than 1.5:100 in a subject.
 16. Use of a combination of (i) an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and (ii) a second therapeutic agent in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment or prevention of an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition characterised by a ratio of Treg:Tconv of less than 1.5:100 in a subject.
 17. A composition comprising a combination of (i) an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and (ii) a second therapeutic agent for the treatment or prevention of an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition characterised by a ratio of Treg:Tconv of less than 1.5:100 in a subject.
 18. A method of treating or reducing the risk of a disease or condition in a subject in need thereof, comprising: i. Performing an assay to measure the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Treg cells and the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Tconv cells in a sample obtained from the subject; and ii. Administering a combination of (i) an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and (ii) a second therapeutic agent to the subject when the ratio of Treg:Tconv cells in the sample is determined in the assay to be less than 1.5:100.
 19. A combination of (i) an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and (ii) a second therapeutic agent for use in therapy of a subject, wherein the antibody or fragment thereof is to be administered to a subject who has, or has been determined to have, a ratio of Treg:Tconv cells of less than 1.5:100.
 20. Use of a combination of (i) an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and (ii) a second therapeutic agent for therapy of a subject who has, or has been determined to have, a ratio of Treg:Tconv cells of less than 1.5:100.
 21. Use of a combination of (i) an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and (ii) a second therapeutic agent in the manufacture of a medicament for use in therapy of a subject, wherein the antibody or fragment thereof is to be administered to a subject who has, or has been determined to have, a ratio of Treg:Tconv cells of less than 1.5:100.
 22. A method according to any one of claims 5, 10, 14 to 18, or 42 to 53, a combination for the use according to claim 14 or 19, or the use according to any one of claims 15, 16, 20, 21, 54 or 55 wherein the ratio of Treg:Tconv cells is (or is determined to be) less than 1.25:100.
 23. A method, a combination for the use, or the use according to claim 22, wherein the ratio of Treg:Tconv cells is (or is determined to be) less than 1:100, or less than 0.75:100, or less than 0.5:100.
 24. A method according to any one of claims 5, 10, 14 to 18, 23 or 24, a combination for the use according to claim 14, 19, 23 or 24 or the use according to any one of claims 15, 16, 20, 21, 23, or 24, wherein the ratio of Treg:Tconv cells is determined (or is determinable) by flow cytometry.
 25. A method of treating a disease or condition in a subject in need thereof, comprising: a. Performing an assay to measure the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Ki-67⁺ T-cells in a sample obtained from the subject; and b. Administering a combination of (i) an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and optionally (ii) a second therapeutic agent to the subject when the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Ki-67⁺ T-cells is greater than 30% of the total number of CD4⁺ and/or CD8⁺ T-cells.
 26. A combination of (i) an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and (ii) a second therapeutic agent for use in therapy of a subject, wherein the antibody or fragment thereof is to be administered to a subject who has, or has been determined to have, a proportion (e.g. number or level) of Ki-67⁺ T-cells of greater than 30% of the total number of CD4⁺ and/or CD8⁺ T-cells.
 27. Use of a combination of (i) an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and (ii) a second therapeutic agent for therapy of a subject who has, or has been determined to have, a proportion (e.g. number or level) of Ki-67⁺ T-cells of greater than 30% of the total number of CD4⁺ and/or CD8⁺ T-cells.
 28. Use of a combination of (i) an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and (ii) a second therapeutic agent in the manufacture of a medicament for use in therapy of a subject, wherein the antibody or fragment thereof is to be administered to a subject who has, or has been determined to have, a proportion (e.g. number or level) of Ki-67⁺ T-cells of greater than 30% of the total number of CD4⁺ and/or CD8⁺ T-cells.
 29. A method of determining a subject as having, or as being at risk of, an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition (for example, an autoimmune or alloimune disease or condition characterised by a ratio of Treg:Tconv of less than 1.5:100), which disease or condition is suitable for treatment with a combination of (i) an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and (ii) a second therapeutic agent, comprising: a. performing an assay that detects the proportion of Ki-67⁺ T-cells in a sample obtained from said subject; and b. determining the subject as having said disease or condition if the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Ki-67⁺ T-cells is greater than 30% of the total number of CD4⁺ and/or CD8⁺ T-cells.
 30. A method according to claim 29 further comprising the step of: c. administering to said subject a combination of(i) an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and (ii) a second therapeutic agent, which combination prevents reduction in the proportion (e.g. number or level) of said Treg cells in the blood of said subject, if said subject has been determined as having a disease or condition in step b).
 31. A method according to claim 29 further comprising the step of: c. administering to said subject a combination of(i) an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and (ii) a second therapeutic agent, which combination increases the ratio of Treg:Tconv cells in the blood of said subject, if said subject has been determined as having a disease or condition in step b).
 32. A method for treating an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition (for example, an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition characterised by a ratio of Treg:Tconv of less than 1.5:100) with a combination of (i) an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and (ii) a second therapeutic agent, comprising the steps of: a. determining whether the subject is a candidate for treatment by detecting the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Ki-67⁺ T-cells obtained from a sample from the subject; b. administering said combination to the subject if the subject has a proportion (e.g. number or level) of Ki-67⁺ T-cells of greater than 30% of the total number of CD4⁺ and/or CD8⁺ T-cells.
 33. A method according to any one of claim 25, or 29 to 32, a combination for the use according to claim 26, or the use according to claim 27 or claim 28, wherein the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Ki-67⁺ T-cells is greater than 35% (for example greater than 40%, greater than 45%, e.g. greater than 50%) of the total number of CD4⁺ and/or CD8⁺ T-cells.
 34. A method, combination for the use, or the use according to claim 33, wherein the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Ki-67⁺ T-cells is greater than 55% (for example greater than 60%, greater than 65%, e.g. greater than 70%, or greater than 80%) of the total number of CD4⁺ and/or CD8⁺ T-cells.
 35. A method according to any one of claim 25, or 29 to 34, a combination for the use according to any one of claims 26, 33 or 34 or the use according to any one of claims 27, 28, 33 or 34, wherein the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Ki-6⁷ T-cells is determined (or is determinable) by flow cytometry.
 36. A method according to claim 18, 22 to 25, or 29 to 35 a combination for the use according to claim 19, 22 to 24, 26, or 33 to 35 or the use according to any one of claims 20 to 24, 27, 28, or 33 to 35 wherein the therapy is the treatment or prevention of an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition characterised by a ratio of Treg:Tconv of less than 1.5:100, preferably wherein the therapy is the treatment of an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition characterised by a ratio of Treg:Tconv of less than 1.5:100.
 37. A method, comprising: a. obtaining at least two T-cell samples derived from a subject who has or is at risk of an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition characterised by a ratio of Treg:Tconv of less than 1.5:100, wherein said at least two samples comprise a first sample taken at a first time point, and a second sample taken at a subsequent time point, b. determining the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Treg cells in said first and second samples; c. treating said subject to prevent reduction of the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Treg cells by administering a combination of (i) an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and (ii) a second therapeutic agent, if the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Treg cells in said second sample are reduced as compared to said first sample, in order to treat or reduce the risk of said autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition characterised by a ratio of Treg:Tconv of less than 1.5:100.
 38. A method according to claim 37, wherein in step c), the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Treg cells in said second sample is less than 50% of the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Treg cells in said first sample, for example is less than 60% of the proportion, or preferably is less than 70% of the proportion of Treg cells in said first sample.
 39. A method, comprising: a. obtaining at least two T-cell samples derived from a subject who has, or is at risk of, an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition (for example an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition characterised by a ratio of Treg:Tconv of less than 1.5:100), wherein said at least two samples comprise a first sample taken at a first time point, and a second sample taken at a subsequent time point, b. determining the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Ki-67⁺ T-cells in said first and second samples; c. treating said subject to prevent reduction of the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Treg cells by administering a combination of (i) an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and (ii) a second therapeutic agent, if the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Ki-67⁺ T-cells in said second sample is reduced as compared to said first sample, in order to treat or reduce the risk of said disease or condition.
 40. A method according to any one of claims 37 to 39, further comprising the steps of d. obtaining a third sample derived from said subject taken at a time point subsequent to the second sample; e. determining the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Treg cells in said third sample; f. treating said subject to prevent reduction of the proportion (e.g. number or lecel) of Treg cells by administering a combination of (i) an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and (ii) a second therapeutic agent, if the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Treg cells in said third sample is reduced as compared to said second or said first sample.
 41. A method according to claim 40, wherein steps d) to f) are repeated as necessary until the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Treg cells reaches a therapeutically-effective, or a prophylactically-effective levels, e.g. a substantially constant level in said subject.
 42. A method, comprising: a. obtaining at least two T-cell samples derived from a subject who has, or is at risk of, an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition (for example an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition characterised by a ratio of Treg:Tconv of less than 1.5:100), wherein said at least two samples comprise a first sample taken at a first time point, and a second sample taken at a subsequent time point, b. determining the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Ki-67⁺ T-cells in said first and second samples; c. treating said subject to increase the ratio of Treg:Tconv cells by administering a combination of (i) an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and (ii) a second therapeutic agent, if the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Ki-67⁺ T-cells in said second sample is elevated as compared to said first sample, in order to treat or prevent said disease or condition.
 43. A method according to claim 42, further comprising the steps of d. obtaining a third sample derived from said subject taken at a time point subsequent to the second sample; e. determining the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Ki-67⁺ T-cells in said third sample; f. treating said subject to increase the ratio of Treg:Tconv cells by administering a combination of (i) an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and (ii) a second therapeutic agent, if the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Ki-67⁺ T-cells in said third sample is elevated as compared to said second or said first sample.
 44. A method according to claim 43, wherein steps d) to f) are repeated as necessary until the ratio of Treg:Tconv cells reaches a therapeutically-effective, or a prophylactically-effective ratio, e.g. a substantially constant ratio in said subject.
 45. A method according to any one of claims 39 to 44, wherein in step c), or in step f) the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Ki-67⁺ T-cells in said second sample or third sample is greater than double the proportion (e.g. number or level) as compared to said first sample or second sample, for example is greater than three times, or is greater than 4 times the proportion (e.g. number or level) as compared to said first sample or second sample.
 46. A method according to any one of claims 37 to 45, wherein said first sample is collected: iii. before the onset of said disease or condition; or iv. after the onset of said disease or condition; and optionally wherein said second sample is collected no longer than one month, e.g. no longer than one week after the first sample.
 47. A method according to any one of claims 37 to 46, wherein the autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition characterised by a ratio of Treg:Tconv of less than 1.5:100 is a transplant, and wherein in step c) the treatment is in order to reduce the risk of transplant rejection, optionally wherein the first sample is taken before the transplant, and the second sample is taken after the transplant.
 48. A method according to claim 47, wherein in step a), the first sample is collected no longer than a week, e.g. no longer than 6 days, no longer than 5 days, no longer than 4 days, or no longer than 3 days, such as no longer than 2 days before said transplant.
 49. A method according to claim 47 or claim 48, wherein the second sample is collected no longer than 6 days, no longer than 5 days, no longer than 4 days, or no longer than 3 days, such as no longer than 2 days after the first sample or after said transplant.
 50. A method according to any one of claims 47 to 48, wherein the subject is given a prophylactic dose of a combination of (i) an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and (ii) a second therapeutic agent before said transplant, and the first sample is taken before administration of said combination and wherein the second sample is taken after the transplant or after administration of the combination (preferably, where in the second sample is taken after the transplant).
 51. A method according to any one of claims 47 to 48, wherein the subject is given a therapeutic dose of a combination of (i) an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and (ii) a second therapeutic agent after the transplant, and wherein the first sample is taken before said transplant, and the second sample is taken after the transplant.
 52. A method according to any one of claims 47 to 48, wherein the subject is given a therapeutic dose of a combination of (i) an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and (ii) a second therapeutic agent after the transplant, and wherein the first sample is taken before said transplant, and the second sample is taken after the administration of said combination.
 53. A method according to any one of claims 37 to 52, wherein the second sample is taken no longer than one month after the first sample, such as no longer than one week, no longer than 6 days, no longer than 5 days, no longer than 4 days, or no longer than 3 days, e.g. no longer than 2 days after the first sample, and optionally wherein the third sample is taken no longer than one month after the second sample, such as no longer than one week, no longer than 6 days, no longer than 5 days, no longer than 4 days, or no longer than 3 days, e.g. no longer than 2 days after the second sample.
 54. In vitro use of the ratio of Treg:Tconv cells, or the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Treg cells, as a diagnostic for an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition characterised by a ratio of Treg:Tconv of less than 1.5:100 in a subject, which disease or condition can be treated or prevented with a combination of (i) an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and (ii) a second therapeutic agent.
 55. Use of a biomarker of an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition characterised by a ratio of Treg:Tconv of less than 1.5:100, wherein the biomarker is the ratio of Treg:Tconv cells, or wherein the biomarker is the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Treg cells, in vitro as a diagnostic for an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition characterised by a ratio of Treg:Tconv of less than 1.5:100, which disease or condition can be treated or prevented with a combination of (i) an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and (ii) a second therapeutic agent.
 56. A method of preventing the increase (or expansion) of T(eff+mem) cells, (optionally whilst preventing reduction in the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Treg cells, optionally, as defined in any one of claims 1 to 10) in a population of T-cells in a sample, said method comprising contacting said sample with an effective amount of a combination of (i) an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and (ii) a second therapeutic agent.
 57. A method according to claim 56, wherein the proportion (e.g. number or level) of said T(eff+mem) cells is at least maintained in said sample, optionally wherein the sample is from a subject.
 58. A method according to claim 56, wherein the proportion (e.g. number of level) of said T(eff+mem) cells is less than 400×10⁶ T(eff+mem)/litre, or less than 300×10⁶ T(eff+mem)/litre, or less than 250×10⁶ T(eff+mem)/litre.
 59. In vitro use of the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Ki-67⁺ T-cells, as a diagnostic for an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition (for example, an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition characterised by a ratio of Treg:Tconv of less than 1.5:100) in a subject, which disease or condition can be treated or prevented with a combination of (i) an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and (ii) a second therapeutic agent.
 60. Use of a biomarker of an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition (for example an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition characterised by a ratio of Treg:Tconv of less than 1.5:100), wherein the biomarker is the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Ki-67⁺ T-cells, in vitro as a diagnostic (e.g. as a diagnostic for an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition, for example, an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition characterised by a ratio of Treg:Tconv of less than 1.5:100), which disease or condition can be treated or prevented with a combination of (i) an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and (ii) a second therapeutic agent.
 61. A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition according to any one of claims 25 to 36, 39 to 53, 59, or 60, wherein the Ki-67⁺ T-cells are CD4⁺ and/or CD8⁺.
 62. A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition according to claim 61, wherein the Ki-67⁺ T-cells are circulating T-cells.
 63. A method according to any one of claims 3 to 10, 12, 18, 22 to 25, 30 to 33 to 36, 42 to 53, 56 to 58, 61 or 62, a combination for the use according to any one of claims 14, 19, 21 to 24, or 33 to 36, or a use according to any one of claims 15, 16, 20 to 24, 27, 28, or 33 to 36, or the composition according to claim 17, wherein the combination prevents reduction of the proportion (e.g. number or level) of Treg cells.
 64. A method, a combination for the use, a use, or a composition according to claim 63, wherein the Treg cells are increased to a number or level of 4×10⁶ Treg/litre, for example at least 5×10⁶ Treg/litre, or at least 6×10⁶ Treg/litre, or at least 7×10⁶ Treg/litre, or at least 8×10⁶ Treg/litre.
 65. A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition according to claim 63, wherein the Treg cells are increased to at least 4×10⁶ Treg/litre, for example at least 5×10⁶ Treg/litre, or at least 6×10⁶ Treg/litre, or at least 7×10⁶ Treg/litre, or at least 8×10⁶ Treg/litre after administration said combination.
 66. A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition according to claim 65, wherein the Treg cells are increased to at least 10×10⁶ Treg/litre, or at least 12×10⁶ Treg/litre, or at least 14×10⁶ Treg/litre, or at least 16×10⁶ Treg/litre after combining said cells with said combination.
 67. A method according to any one of claims 4 to 13, 18, 22 to 25, 30 to 33 to 53, 56 to 58, or 61 to 66, a combination for the use according to any one of claims 14, 19, 21 to 24, 26, 33 to 36, or 66, or a use according to any one of claims 15, 16, 20 to 24, 27, 28, 33 to 36, or 66, or the composition according to any one of claim 17, or 63 to 66, wherein the combination prevents the increase (or expansion) of T(eff+mem) cells.
 68. A method, a combination for the use, a use, or a composition according to claim 67, wherein the T(eff+mem) cells are maintained at a proportion (e.g. number or level) of less than 200×10⁶ T(eff+mem)/litre, or less than 150×10⁶ T(eff+mem)/litre, or less than 100×10⁶ T(eff+mem)/litre.
 69. A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition according to claim 67, wherein the T(eff+mem) cells are maintained within a range of from 10 to 500×10⁶ T(eff+mem)/litre, or from 20 to 300×10⁶ T(eff+mem)/litre, or from 100 to 200×10⁶ T(eff+mem)/litre, or from 30 to 100×10⁶ T(eff+mem)/litre.
 70. A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition according to claim 69, wherein the T(eff+mem) cells are maintained at a proportion (e.g. number or level) of at least 10×10⁶ T(eff+mem)/litre, or at least 12×10⁶ T(eff+mem)/litre, or at least 15×10⁶ T(eff+mem)/litre or at least 17×10⁶ T(eff+mem)/litre.
 71. A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition according to any preceding claim, wherein the antibody is a depleting antibody that specifically binds OX40 (in particular human OX40), optionally wherein the antibody is engineered for enhanced ADC, ADCC and/or CDC.
 72. A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition according to any preceding claim, wherein the antibody is an antagonistic or blocking antibody.
 73. A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition according to claim 72, wherein the antibody specifically binds to OX40L (in particular human OX40L).
 74. A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition according to claim 73, wherein the antibody antagonises specific binding of OX40 to OX40L, e.g. as determined using SPR or ELISA.
 75. A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition according to any preceding claim, wherein the antibody is a humanized, human or fully human antibody.
 76. A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition according to any preceding claim, wherein the antibody is a fragment of an antibody selected from the list of multispecific antibodies (eg. bi-specific antibodies), intrabodies, single-chain Fv antibodies (scFv), camelized antibodies, Fab fragments, F(ab′) fragments, disulfide-linked Fvs (sdFv), anti-idiotypic (anti-Id) antibodies, and epitope-binding fragments thereof.
 77. A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition according to any preceding claim, wherein the antibody or fragment enables greater than 80% stem cell donor chimerism by day 12 in a Rhesus macaque model of haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
 78. A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition according to any preceding claim, wherein the antibody or fragment expresses as a stably transfected pool in Lonza GS-Xceed^(T)M at level greater than 1.5 g/L in a fed batch overgrow culture using Lonza version 8 feed system with an overgrow period of 14 days.
 79. A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition according to any preceding claim, wherein the antibody or fragment thereof comprises a HCDR3 of from 16 to 27 amino acids and derived from the recombination of a human VH gene segment, a human D gene segment and a human JH gene segment, wherein the human JH gene segment is IGHJ6 (e.g. IGHJ6*02).
 80. A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition according to any preceding claim, wherein the antibody or fragment thereof comprises a CDR selected from: a. the HCDR3 of antibody 2D10 (Seq ID No:40 or Seq ID No:46); b. the HCDR3 of antibody 10A7 (Seq ID No:8 or SEQ ID No: 14); c. the HCDR3 of antibody 09H04 (Seq ID No:72 or Seq ID No:78); d. the HCDR3 of antibody 19H01 (Seq ID No:100 or Seq ID No: 106); e. a CDR3 of any of the nanobodies having the variable region amino acid sequence of Seq ID Nos: 177 to 213; f. an HCDR3 of any of the antibodies having the variable region amino acid sequence of Seq ID Nos: 215, 217, 219, 221, 223, 225, 227, 229 or 230; or g. an HCDR3 of any of the antibodies having the variable region amino acid sequence of Seq ID Nos: 232 or
 234. 81. A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition according to any preceding claim, wherein the antibody or fragment thereof comprises: a. the CDRs of antibody 2D10 (Seq ID No:40 or Seq ID No:46 for CDRH3, SEQ ID No:38 or SEQ ID No:44 for CDRH2, SEQ ID No:36 or SEQ ID No:42 for CDRH1, SEQ ID No:50 or SEQ ID No:56 for CDRL1, SEQ ID No:52 or SEQ ID No:58 for CDRL2 and SEQ ID No:54 or SEQ ID No:60 for CDRL3); b. the CDRs of antibody 10A7 (Seq ID No:8 or SEQ ID No:14 for CDRH3, SEQ ID No:6 or SEQ ID No:12 for CDRH2, SEQ ID No:4 or SEQ ID No:10 for CDRH1, SEQ ID No:18 or SEQ ID No:24 for CDRL1, SEQ ID No:20 or SEQ ID No:26 for CDRL2 and SEQ ID No:22 or SEQ ID No:28 for CDRL3); c. the CDRs of antibody 09H04 (Seq ID No:72 or Seq ID No:78 for CDRH3, SEQ ID No:70 or SEQ ID No:76 for CDRH2, SEQ ID No:68 or SEQ ID No:74 for CDRH1, SEQ ID No:82 or SEQ ID No:88 for CDRL1, SEQ ID No:84 or SEQ ID No:90 for CDRL2 and SEQ ID No:86 or SEQ ID No:92 for CDRL3); d. the CDRs of antibody 19H01 (Seq ID No:100 or Seq ID No:106 for CDRH3, SEQ ID No:98 or SEQ ID No: 104 for CDRH2, SEQ ID No:96 or SEQ ID No:102 for CDRH1, SEQ ID No:110 or SEQ ID No:116 for CDRL1, SEQ ID No:112 or SEQ ID No:118 for CDRL2 and SEQ ID No:114 or SEQ ID No:120 for CDRL3); e. the CDRs of any of the nanobodies having the variable region amino acid sequence of Seq ID Nos: 177 to 213; f. the heavy chain CDRs of any of the antibodies having the heavy chain variable region amino acid sequence of Seq ID Nos: 215, 217, 219, 221, 223, 225, 227, 229 or 230, and the light chain CDRs of any of the antibodies having the light chain variable region amino acid sequence of Seq ID Nos: 216, 218, 220, 222, 224, 226 or 228; or g. the heavy chain CDRs of any of the antibodies having the heavy chain variable region amino acid sequence of Seq ID Nos: 232 or 234, and the light chain CDRs of any of the antibodies having the light chain variable region amino acid sequence of Seq ID Nos:231 or
 233. 82. A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition according to any preceding claim, wherein the antibody or fragment thereof comprises the VH and/or VL domains selected from the following: a. the VH and/or VL domains of antibody 2D10 (Seq ID No:34 for VH and/or Seq ID No:48 for VL); b. the VH and/or VL domains of antibody 10A7 (Seq ID No:2 for VH and/or Seq ID No:16 for VL); c. the VH and/or VL domains of antibody 09H04 (Seq ID No:66 for VH and/or Seq ID No:80 for VL); d. the VH and/or VL domains of antibody 19H01 (Seq ID No:94 for VH and/or Seq ID No: 108 for VL); e. a VH domain of any of the nanobodies having the variable region amino acid sequence of Seq ID Nos: 177 to 213; f. a VH domain of any of the antibodies having the heavy chain variable region amino acid sequence of Seq ID Nos: 215, 217, 219, 221, 223, 225, 227, 229 or 230, and a VL domain of any of the antibodies having the light chain variable region amino acid sequence of Seq ID Nos: 216, 218, 220, 222, 224, 226 or 228; or g. a VH domain of any of the antibodies having the heavy chain variable region amino acid sequence of Seq ID Nos: 232 or 234, and a VL domain of any of the antibodies having the light chain variable region amino acid sequence of Seq ID Nos:231 or
 233. 83. A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition according to any preceding claim, wherein the antibody is oxelumab.
 84. A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition according to any preceding claim, where in the Treg cells, and/or the T(eff+mem) cells, and/or the Tconv cells are CD4⁺ and/or CD8⁺.
 85. A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition according to claim 84, wherein the Treg cells, and/or the T(eff+mem) cells, and/or the Tconv cells are circulating T-cells.
 86. A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition according to claim 84 or 85, wherein the Treg cells, and/or the T(eff+mem) cells, and/or the Tconv cells are in a sample of blood, e.g. peripheral blood.
 87. A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition according to any preceding claim, wherein the subject is a human patient.
 88. A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition according to claim 87, wherein the subject is at risk of an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition characterised by a ratio of Treg:Tconv of less than 1.5:100.
 89. A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition according to claim 88, wherein the subject has an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition characterised by a ratio of Treg:Tconv of less than 1.5:100.
 90. A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition according to any preceding claim, wherein the autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition characterised by a ratio of Treg:Tconv of less than 1.5:100 is mediated by a deficiency in Treg cells.
 91. A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition according to any one of claims 88 to 90, wherein the autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition characterised by a ratio of Treg:Tconv of less than 1:100, or less than 0.75:100, or less than 0.5:100.
 92. A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition according to any preceding claim, wherein the autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition is selected from graft versus host disease (GvHD), allogenic transplant rejection, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, multiple sclerosis, atherosclerosis, uvetitis, ankylosing spondylitis and contact hypersensitivity.
 93. A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition according to claim 92, wherein the autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition is selected from GvHD and allogenic transplant rejection.
 94. A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition according to claim 92, wherein the autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition is selected from inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.
 95. A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition according to claim 93, wherein the allogenic transplant rejection is rejection of a cell, tissue or organ transplant (e.g. liver, lung, heart, kidney or bowel), or of a blood transplant (e.g. autologous or allogeneic), for example where the blood is bone marrow-derived, is cord-blood derived (umbilical), or is peripheral-blood derived.
 96. A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition according to any preceding claim, wherein the second therapeutic agent is an IL-2 modulating agent, for example an IL-2 inhibiting agent, such as a calcinueirn inhibitor or an mTOR inhibitor (for example the agent is selected from the group consisting of rapamycin (sirolimus), tacrolimus, ciclosporin, corticosteroids (e.g. methylprednisolone), anti-IL2R antibodies (e.g. basilixumab), anti-IL-2 antibodies and anti-CD24-Fc fusion protein).
 97. A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition according to any preceding claim, wherein the second therapeutic agent is independently selected from the group consisting of methotrexate, mycophenolate mofetil, anti-CD28 antibodies, anti-IL12/IL-23 antibodies (e.g. ustekinumab), anti-CD20 antibodies (e.g.rituximab), anti-CD30 antibodies (e.g. brentuximab), CTLA4-Fc molecules (e.g. abatacept), CCR5 receptor antagonists (e.g. maraviroc), anti-CD40L antibodies, anti-VLA4 antibodies (e.g. natalizumab), anti-LFA1 antibodies, fludarabine, anti-CD52 antibodies (e.g. alemtuzumab), anti-CD45 antibodies, cyclophosphamide, anti-thymocyte globulins, anti-complement C5 antibodies (e.g. eculizumab), anti-a4b7 integrin antibodies (e.g. vedolizumab), anti-IL6 antibodies (e.g. tocilizumab), anti-CD25 antibodies (e.g. daclizumab), anti-TCONVFa/TCONVFa-Fc molecules (e.g. etanercept, adalimumab, infliximab, golimumab or certolizumab pegol) and Vorinostat.
 98. A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition according to any one of claims 1 to 97, wherein the second therapeutic agent is independently selected from the group consisting of rapamycin (sirolimus), tacrolimus, ciclosporin, corticosteroids (e.g. methylprednisolone), methotrexate, mycophenolate mofetil, anti-CD28 antibodies, CTLA4-Fc molecules (e.g. abatacept), anti-CD40L antibodies, anti-LFA1 antibodies, anti-CD52 antibodies (e.g. alemtuzumab), cyclophosphamide and anti-thymocyte globulins.
 99. A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition according to any preceding claim, wherein the second therapeutic agent is rapamycin.
 100. A method, a combination for the use, a use or a composition according to any preceding claim, wherein the second therapeutic agent is tacrolimus.
 101. A method of normalising T-cell signalling in a subject comprising combining T-cells from said subject with an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and optionally a second therapeutic agent, which method reduces the level (e.g. expression or amount) of RORC, and whereby T-cell signalling is normalised.
 102. A method of reducing the level (e.g. expression or amount) of RORC in a subject, comprising combining T-cells from said subject with an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and optionally a second therapeutic agent, which method reduces the level (e.g. expression or amount) of RORC.
 103. A method of reducing or inhibiting Th/Tc17 based activation of T-cells in a subject comprising combining T-cells from said subject with an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and optionally a second therapeutic agent, which method reduces the level (e.g. expression or amount) of RORC, and whereby Th/Tc17 activation of T-cells is reduced.
 104. A method of normalising cytotoxicity in a subject, comprising combining T-cells from said subject with an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and optionally a second therapeutic agent, which method reduces the level (e.g. expression or amount) of Granzyme A, and whereby the cytotoxicity is normalised.
 105. A method of reducing the level (e.g. expression or amount) of Granzyme A in a subject, comprising combining T-cells from said subject with an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and optionally a second therapeutic agent, which method reduces the level (e.g. expression or amount) of Granzyme A.
 106. A method of activating, upregulating or enhancing the Type 1 interferon (IFN) pathway or the Reactome HSA-909733 Interferon alpha/beta signalling pathway in a subject comprising combining said cells with an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and a second therapeutic agent, which method activates, upregulates or enhances the Type 1 interferon (IFN) pathway or the Reactome HSA-909733 Interferon alpha/beta signalling pathway.
 107. A method of upregulating or enhancing the KEGG hsa04630:Jak-STAT signalling pathway in a subject comprising combining said cells with an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and optionally a second therapeutic agent, which method upregulates the KEGG hsa04630:Jak-STAT signalling pathway.
 108. A method of reducing the level (e.g. expression or amount) of IL-17A in a subject, comprising combining T-cells from said subject with an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and optionally a second therapeutic agent, which method reduces the level (e.g. expression or amount) of IL-17 (e.g. IL-17A).
 109. An anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and optionally a second therapeutic agent for use in treating or reducing the risk of an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition characterised by an elevation or increase of at least 1.5-fold in the levels (e.g. expression or amount) of IL-17 (e.g. IL-17A) as compared to the levels (e.g. expression or amount) in a sample taken from a healthy donor.
 110. A method of treating or preventing an IL-17A-mediated disease in a subject comprising administering to said subject a therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and optionally a second therapeutic agent, which method reduces the level (e.g. expression or amount) of IL-17 (e.g. IL-17A), and whereby the IL-17A-mediated disease is thereby treated or prevented.
 111. A method of preventing a reduction in the proportion (e.g. number or level) of naïve T-cells (T_(N)), and/or preventing an increase in the proportion (e.g. number or level) of central memory T-cells (T_(CM)) comprising combining said cells with an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof and optionally a second therapeutic agent, which antibody (or combination) prevents reduction of the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T_(N) cells, and whereby the proportion of said T_(N) cells is not substantially reduced and/or which antibody (or combination) prevents an increase in the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T_(CM) cells, and whereby the proportion of said T_(N) cells is not substantially increased.
 112. A method of treating or reducing the risk of an OX40L-mediated disease or condition (e.g. an autoimmune or alloimmune disease or condition) in a subject, the method comprising combining a population of T-cells with an anti-OX40 or an anti-OX40L antibody or fragment thereof, and optionally a second therapeutic agent, wherein the antibody (or combination) prevents reduction in the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T_(N) cells, and whereby the proportion of said T_(N) cells is not reduced and/or wherein the antibody (or combination) prevents an increase in the proportion (e.g. number or level) of T_(CM) cells, and whereby the proportion of said T_(CM) cells is not increased. 